A
B
ST
R
A
C
T
SA G E R E I
M
E R D U N
L E
V
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:St
ab le
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s ot
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of A
nt
hr a c e n e
-D
eg
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ng
B
a ct
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ain
aB
i
o r e a cto r
T
r e at
in
g P
ol
y
cy
cl i
cA
r om
at
i
cH y
d
r o c a rb
o n-C
o nt
am i
n ate
d S
oi l
(
U
nd
e rt
h
ed i
r e ct
io n
of
M
i
ch
a el A i
t
k
e n)
I
n ap
ri
o r stu
d
y
e x am i
nin
g
t
h
ed
eg
r ad
ati
o n of
a nth
r a c e n ein
u ntr e a
te
d
s oi l f
r om
af
o rm
e rm
a n uf
a ct
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-g
a sp l
a nt
(
M
G P
)
, a n a -P
r o
t
e ob
a ct
e ri
um d
e si
g
n at
ed
"a n
t
h
r a c e n eg
r o up 1
"(
A G
l
)
w
a si
d
e nti f
i ed
a st
h
ed
om i
n a nt
b
a cte r
i
al
a nt
h
r a c e n ed
eg
r ad
e rb
a s ed
o nr e c o v e r e
d
1
6 S
rR
N
A g
e n e s eq
u e n c e sdu r
i
ng
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ab l
e-is o
to
p
ep
r ob i
ng
(
S
I P
)
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ow
e v e r,
q
u a nt
it
at
iv e r e a
l
-t
i m
eP C R
a n al
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sis o
f A
G l 1 6 S
rR
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g
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t
h
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t
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ed i
n ala
b
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l
e, sl
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h
a s eb i
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in
d i
c at
ed
t
h
at th
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a ni
sm
sw
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l i k
el
y
t
h
ep
ri m
a ry
d
eg
r ad
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a nt
h
r a c e n e aft
e rb i
ol
og
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l
tr e a
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.T h i
s st
ud
y
u s ed S I P w i
t
h
[
U
-^ -^
C
J
a nt
h
r a c e n eto
i
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i
f y 1 6 8
rR
N
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ate
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t
om
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th
P A H
d
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at
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i
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h
i
z ob
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nk
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th b
oth l
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g
h
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P
A H d
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t
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c o nd i
t
io n s
i
n ab i
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ap
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h
at
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om i
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eg
r ad
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t
h
at
A C K
N
O
W
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M
E N
T S
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w
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t
ot
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M
i k
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t
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a nd
D
a vi
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a n at
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w
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a nk J i l l
fo r
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a r e ad
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ap
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r oj
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.T
o al l m
y
f
ri
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s a nd
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m i l
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m
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ed m
et
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l
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o rth
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g
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t
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nd
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in
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ia
, a nd
M
o ni
c af
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re n
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w
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s up p
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!
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nd
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a st t
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,b
e c a u s ew i
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T
A
B L E
O
F C O N T E N T
S
L I S T O F T A B L E S
vi
L I S T O F F I G U R E S
vi i
L I S T O F
A
B B R E V I A T I O N S
xI
.I
nt
rod
u ct
i
o n1
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L i
t
erat
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2
A
P
r op
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ol
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cl i
cA
rom
at
i
cH y d
roc a rb
o n s2
B
P
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cl i
cA
r om
at
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nth
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n vi
ronm
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2
1
.W
at
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4
2
C
1
2
D
1
2
3
4
5
E
1
2
F
1
2
3
4
G
1
2
S
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4
H
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t
h E f f
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f P
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cA
rom
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E
xp
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e alth
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h
um
a n s5
F i
sh
a si
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c o nt
am i
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o n6
B i
orem
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at
io n
6
B io a v a
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ab i l it
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a nd
t
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ci
t
y
7
B i
o st
i m
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o aug m
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at
i
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B i
ot
i
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ab i
oti
cf
a ct
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n-s
i
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at
i
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E
x-si
tu
b i
o r em
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t
i
o n9
D
eg
r ad
at
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n of P
oly
cy
cl i
cA
r om
at
i
cH y d
r o carbo
n s9
P
ath
w
ay
s a s s o ci
at
ed
w
i
t
h P A H
ut
i l i
z at
i
o n/ d
eg
r ad
at
i
on9
M
i
c r o o rg
a ni
sm
s ass o ci
at
ed w it
h P A H
ut
i l i
zati
on/ d
eg
r ad
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i
o n1 1
A
nt
h
rac en e1 1
C h
em i
c al
a nd p h
y
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l p
r op
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i
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P
r op
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eg
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at
i
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at
h w
ay
12
P
r e vi
o u s stu
d i
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ng
ant
h
r a c e n ed
eg
r ad
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C
o n c e r n s ab
o ut
a nt
h
r ace n ef
r om
t
h
ei
nt
er n at
i
on al
c om m
u nit
y
14
M
an uf
act
u r ed
-G
a sP l
a nt
s15
H i
s t o ric a
l i
nfo r
m
at
io n
15
P
ri
o r c a s e st
ud i
e s of P A H d
eg
r ad
at
i
on at
M
G P
sit
e s16
H
S t
ab l
e-I
s ot
op
eP
r ob i
ng
17
I I
I
M
at
e ri
al
s a nd
M
et
ho
d
s2 0
A
C h
em ic
al
s a nd So
i l
2 0
B
P
r el i m i
n ary E
xp
e ri m
ent
s2 0
1
A
t t
em
p t t
oi
s ola
te
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th
r a c e n eg
roup 1
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2
. "A
nt
h
r a c e n eg
ro up 1
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ea s u r em
e nt
sin
b i
o r e a ct
o r-tr e a
te
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2 1
3
.E f f
ect
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n c uba
ti
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m
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of
t
h
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or e act
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-
t
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ed
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2 2
4
E f f
e ct
s of
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oni
um
ni
t
r ate c o
n c entr a
t
i
on on sl
u r ry
p H
,m i
n er al iz
at
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an
t
h
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s ap
p
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C
.S
ta
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e -I
s ot
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ng E
xp
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ent
2 4
1
.D
N
A
e x tra ct
i
o n,
m
ol
e c ul
ar a n aly
sis
, a nd
anth
r a c en ed i
s ap p
e ar an c e2 5
2
I d
ent
i f
i c at
i
on of f
r a ct
i
o n s c o nt
ain
i
ng
' ^C
-e n ri
ch
ed D N A
2 6
3
C l
o ni
ng
of 16 S
rR N A g
ene sfr
om h
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2
7
4
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u a nt
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o n of i d
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i f
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a cte r
i
a2 8
I V
.R
es ul
ts
2 9
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P
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xp
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s2 9
1
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c r eeni
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o r "an
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2
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nt
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r o up 1
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-t
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3 0
3
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e ct
of i
nc uba
t
io n
m
ed iu
m
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t
h
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t
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s oi l
3 2
4
.E f f
e ct
s of
am m
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um
ni
t
r ate c o n c e n
tr a
t
i
o n o n sl
ur ry p H
,m i
n e r al iz at
i
o n, a nd
a n
t
h
r ac en ed i
s ap p
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B
.S
ta
b le
-I
s ot
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eP
r ob i
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xp
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3 7
1
.A
nth
ra ce n ed i
s ap p
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2
I d
e nt
i f
icat
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f f
r a cti
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ai
ni
ng
' ^C
-en ri
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d D N A
3 9
3
.P h y l
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c a naly
si
s of
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d 16 S
rR N A g
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rom
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ra ct
i
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4
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u a nt
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if
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a ct
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5
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er sp
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5 7
6
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u ant
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-
d
et
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sd
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th
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n c ub
at
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V
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A
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nth
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1
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r e sen c ei
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oi l
and B io
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5 9
B
P G 2 P
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6 0
C
.I d
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nt
h
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6 1
1
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t
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F
R
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L I
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A
B L E
S
T
ab l
e1:
q P C R p
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s st
ud
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4
8
L
I S T
O
F F I G U
R
E S
F i g
u r e1:
16 P
ol
y
cy
cl i
cA
r om
at
ic
H
y d
r o c a rb
o n s o nE P
A
's
P
rio r
it
y
P
ol l
ut
a nt
L
i
st
3
F i
g
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:P
r op
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t
h w
ay
sf
o rM
i
c r ob i
al C
at
ab
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m
of P
ol
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cy
cl i
cA
r om
ati
cH y
d
r o c a rb
o n s(
C
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g
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a1
9 9
2
)
1 0
F
i
g
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:P
r op
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at
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w
ay f
o rA
nt
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o n(
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al
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)
1 3
F i
g
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o c ati
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l i
sb
u ry
M
a n uf
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l
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1 6
F i
g
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b
u nd
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al 16
S
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N A
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t
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l
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ed
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(
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a r s)
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1 1 4
h
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t
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p H
m
e a s u r em
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g
H 2 0
, si m
ul
ate
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g
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at
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h N
a nd P
;
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at
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3
1
F i
g
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:A b
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a n c e of A G l
16 S
rR N
A g
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t
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)
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h
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t
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p H
m
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g
H
2
0
, si m
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at
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at
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a nd
P ;
r.
b
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n c ub
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f
o r e a ch
c o nd it
i
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F i
g
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:A b
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a ct
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l
16 8
rR
N A
g
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th
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0 h
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5
t
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th
p H
m
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at
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N
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at
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o n s of
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ri p l i
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at
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c o n
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i
o n3
3
F i
g
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:A b
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A
G
l 1
6 8
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F i g
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[
14 C
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3
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15
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4
F i g
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6
F i
g
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9
F i
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F i
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F
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3
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D N A
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F
i
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4
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9 d i
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F i
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nd
e r st
a nd in
g
t
h
ep
r o c e s s of b i
o r em
ed ia
t
io n
a nd i d
e nt
i f
y
in
g
m ic r o o r
g
a nis
m
st
h
at
c a nd
eg
r ad
eP
A
H
s a r ei m
p
o rt
a nt
st
ep
si
nt
h
el
o ng
-te r
m
r ed
u ct
i
o n of
P
A
H
sin
o u ra
tm
o sp
h
e r e,w
ate r
w
ay
s, a nd
s oi l
s.T
h i
sp
r oj
e ct
h
el p
st
ob
r o ad
e nt
h
ek
n ow l
ed
g
e of h
ow
m i
c r ob i
al
c om m
u nit
i
e s ad
ap t
to
b i
o st
i m
ul
at
ed
c o nd it
i
o n st
od
eg
r ad
e a nth
r a c e n ein
P A
H
-c o n
ta
m in a
t
ed
s oi l
sin
e ng
i
n e e r ed b i
o r e a ct
o r sy
st
em
s.T h
e ob
j
e ct
iv e s o
f
t
h i
s r e s e a r ch
p
r oj
e ct
w
e r et
oi d
e nt
i f
y
t
h
eb
a ct
e ri
a r e sp
o n si b l
ef
o rd
eg
r ad i
ng
a nt
h
r a c e n ei
n ab i
o r e a ct
o rt
r e at
in
g
PA
H
-c o nta
m i
n at
ed
s oi l
, a n
d
t
o c om
p
a r et
h
o s e o rg
a ni
sm
st
oth
em i
c r ob
e si d
e nt
i f
i ed
a sd
om in a n
t
a nth
r a c e n ed
eg
r ad
e r si
nt
h
eI
I
.L i t
e r at
u r eR
e vi
ew
T
h
i
sl i
t
e r at
u r e r e vi
ew
p
r o vi
d
e si
nf
o rm
at
i
o n ab
o ut
p
ol y
cy
cl i
c a r om
at
ic
h
y
d
r o c a rb
o n si
n cl
ud i
ng p
r op
e rt
ie s
,p
r e s e n c ei
nt
h
e e n vir o n
m
e nt
,h
e al
t
h
eff
e ct
s,b io r e
m
ed ia
t
io n
a nd d
eg
r ad
at
io n
,i
nf
o rm
at
i
o n o n a nt
h
r a c e n e, a nd p
ri
o rs t
ud ie s e x a
m in
i
ng
P
A
H
-c o nt
am in a
t
ed
s oi l f
r om m
a n uf
a ct
u r ed
-g
a sp
l
a nt
sA
.P
r op
e rt
i
e s of P
ol y
cy
cl i
cA
r om
at i
cH
y
d
r o c a rb
o n sP
ol
y
cy
cl i
c a r om
at
ic
h
y
dr o c a r
b
o n s(
PA H
s)
a r e o rg
a ni
c c om p
o u nd
s c o nt
ai
ni
ng
f
u s ed
a r om
at
i
c ri
ng
s a nd
a r e cl
a s si f
i ed i
nt
ot
w
og
r o up
s;
h i
g
h m
ol
e c ul
a rw
ei
g
h
t
(
H
M
W )
w i
t
h
4
o rm
o r e a r om
at
ic r
in
g
s, a nd l
ow m
ol
e c ul
a rw
ei
g
h
t
(
L
M
W )
c om
p
o s ed
of 3
o rf
ew
e ra r o
m
at
i
c ri
ng
s(
G
n a nd i
et
al
.2 0 1 1 ; I g
w
o -E
z
i k
p 2
0 10
)
.T
h
ei
rl
ow w
at
e r s ol
ub i l i
t
y
,lo
w
v a
p
o rp
r e s s u r e, a nd h i gh
o ct
a n ol
-w
at
e rp
a rt
i
t
i
o n c o ef f
i cie n
t
s(
K
q w)
, c o nt
r ol
t
h
et
r a n sp
o rt
a n
d d i
st
ri
b
ut
i
o n of P A
H
s(
I
nt
e r n at
i
o n al
A
g
e n cy
f
o rR
e s e a r ch
o nC
a n c e r2
0 10
)
a nd
p
r om
ot
e a c c um
ul
at
i
o ni
nt
h
e e n vi
r on
m
e nt
(
J
oh
n s e n et
al
.2 0 0 5
)
.S i
xt
e e nP A H
s a r e o nt
h
eU S
E
n vir o n
m
e nt
al P
r ot
e ct
i
o nA
g
e n cy
(
E P A
)
P
ri
o ri
t
y
P
ol lu
t
a nt
L i
s t
(
F i
g
u r e1
) (
U S
E P A
1 9 8 2
)
d
u et
op
r ob
ab l
e c a r ci
n og
e ni
c a nd
m
ut
ag
e ni
cp
r op
e rt
ie s
(
I
nt
e r n at
io n a
l
A g
e n cy
f
o rR
e s e a r ch
o nC
a
nc e
r2 0 10
)
a nd
t
h
eir
p
e r si
st
e nt
a nd
ub i
q
ui
t
o us
na
t
u r ei
nt
h
e e n vir o n
m
e nt
.B
.P
ol y
cy
cl i
cA
r om
at i
cH
y d
r o c a rb
o n si
nt h
eE
n vi
r o nm
e nt
P A H
s e nt
e rt
h
e e n vir o n
m
e nt t
hr o u
g
h b
ot
h
n at
u r al
a nd
a nt
h
r op
og
e ni
cp
r o c e s s e s.N
at
u r al
s o u r c es o
f P A H
si
n clu
d
e v olc a n
ic e r u
p t
io n s a n
d f
o r est
f
i r e s
.T h
em
aj
o ri
t y
of
P
A
H
sin
t
h
e e n vi
r o nm
e
nt
a r eg
e n e r at
ed
t
h
r o ug
h h
um
a n a ct
i
vi
t
ie s
, sp
e ci f
i c al l
y
in c o
m
p
le
t
ef
o s si l f
u el
c om b
u st
io n
s u ch
a sf
r om
g
a s ol i
n e a nd d i
e s el
e ng
i
n e s(
B
a ck 19 9
1
;
C
a v al
c a nt
ee
t
al
2 0 1 2
;
N
i k
ol
a o u et
al
1 9 8 4
)
, r e si d
e nt
i
al w
o od b
u r ni
ng
(W
a ng
et
al
.2
0
1
0
)
, a nd
N
ap h
t
h
al
e n eA
c e n ap h
t
h
y
le n e
A
c e n ap
h
t
h
e n eF l
u o r e n eA
nt
hr a c e n e
P
h
e n a nt
h
r e n eF l
u o r a nt
h
e n eP y
r e n eC h
ry
s e n eB
e n z[
a]
a nt
h
r a c e n eB
en
z o[
b
]
f l
u o r a nt
h
e n eB
e n z o[
k
]
f lu o r a n
t
h
e n eB
e n z o[
a]
p
y
r e n eI
nd
e n o[
1
,2
,3
-c
d
j
p y
r e n eB
e n z o[
g
,
h
,i
]
p
e ry
le n e
D i b
e n z[
a,h
]
a nt
h
r a c e n eF
i g
u r e1
:16
P
ol
y
cy
cl i
cA
r om
at
i
cH
y
d
r o c a rb
o n s on
E P A
'(
R i
b
ei
r o et
al
.2 0 1 2
)
,
w
a st
ei
n cin e r a
t
i
o n(
L
i
u et
al
.2 0 1 0
;
P
a rk
et
al 2
0 0 9
;
W
a ng
et
al
.2 0 0 9
;
Z
h
a oe
t
al
.2
0
0 8
)
,
b i
om
a s s c om b
u st
i
o n(
C
oh
n et
al
.2
0
1 1
)
, a nd d i
sp
o s al
of
r e si du e s
fr o
m m
a n uf
a ct
u r ed
-g
a sp
la n
t
s,w
o od
t
r e at
m
e nt
op
e r at
i
o n st
h
at
i
n v ol
v ed
c r e o s ot
e, a nd
oi l
r e
fi
n e ri
e s(
B
r at
v ei
t
et
al
.2 0
0 7 ; E
ri k
s s o n et
al
2
0 0 0
;
O
t t
e19
9 4
;
T
h
a v am
a ni
et
al
.2 0 1
1
)
.O
n c e r el
e a s ed i
nt
ot
h
e e n vir o n
m
e nt
,P A H
s c a nb
ed i
st
ri b
ut
ed w
o rl d w i d
et
h
r o ug
h
t
h
ea
t
m
o sp h
e ric
g l
ob
al
t
ra
n sp
o rt
sy
st
em
a nd
c o nt
am i
n at
et
h
ea
t
m
o sp h
e r e,w
at
e r s, s ed i m
e
nt
s,a n
d
s oi l
s.1
.W
at
e r a nd
s ed i
m
e nt
W
at
e r s a nd
s edi m
e nt
s of
aq
u at
ic
e n vi
r o nm
e nt
s c a nb
e c o nt
am in a
t
ed w i
t
h
P
A H
st
hr o u
g
h w
a st
ew
at
e rd i
s ch
a rg
e s(
A
ug
u st
o et
al
.2 0 1 1
;
Q
i
et
al 2 0 1 1
)
, r u n o
f f
of
c o al
t
a rs e a
l
a nt
u s ed
o n r o ad
s a nd
p
a rk i
ng
lo
t
s(
B
om m
a ri
t
o et
al
.2
0
1 0
;
B
ry
e r et
al
.2
0
10
)
,
s
h i
p p
in
g
t
r af fi
c(
C
o nt
in
i
et
al
.2 0
1 1
)
, sh i
p p
in
g
a c ci d
e nt
s(
G
ui
t
a rt
et
al
.2 0 0 8 ; R
og
ow
sk
a et
a
l
.2 0 10
)
, a nd
oi l
sp
i
l
ls
(
A l l
a n et
al 2 0 12
)
.R i
v e r s,l
ak
e s, a nd
e st
u a ri
e s,i
n cl
ud i
ng
t
h
eM
i
s si
s si
p
p i R i
v e r(
B
r u n s o n et
al
19 9 8
;
O
v e rt
o n et
al
.2 0 0
4
)
,
P
ot
om
a cR
i
v e r,(
F
o st
e r a nd
C
ui 2 0 0 8
)
,t
h
eG
r e at
L
ak
e s(
K l
e ck
a et
al
.2
0 10
)
, a nd
Y
a ng
t
z e e st
u a ry
(
H
ui
et
al
.2
0 0 9
;
L i
e
t
al
.2 0 12
)
,h
a v e al l b
e e ni d
e nt
i f
i ed
a sh
a vin
g d
et
e ct
ab l
el
e v el
s of P
A
H
s.D
u et
ot
h
eh
y
d
r op
h
ob i
c n at
u r e of
P
A
H
s, s ed i m
e nt
s of w
at
e rw
ay
s a r e cla s s
i f
i ed
a s si
nk
sf
o rt
h
e s ec o
m
p
o u nd
s a nd
p
o s eh
e al
t
h
ris
k
sf
o r a ni m
als
l i
vin
g
i
ni m p
a ct
ed
aq
u at
ic
e n vi
r o nm
e nt
s(
H
a r ri
s et
al
.2 0 1 1 ; L
e v e ng
o od
a nd S
ch
a ef f
e r2 0
1
1
)
.2
.So
i l
S
oi l
s c a nb
e c om
e c o nt
am in a
t
ed w i
t
h
P
A H
sd
u et
of
al l
o ut
f
r om
t
h
e at
m
o sp
h
e r ea n