Wireless Sensor Network and IOT
Wireless Sensor Network and IOT
Wireless Sensor Network and IOT
Wireless Sensor Network and IOT
in Precision Agriculture
in Precision Agriculture
-- Recent Development and Future Trend
Recent Development and Future Trend
Naiqian Zhang
Naiqian Zhang
Kansas State University
Kansas State University
For 5
For 5thth Continuous Professional Development (CPD) EventContinuous Professional Development (CPD) Event
THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS THE SOUTH AFRICAN INSTITUTE OF AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERS
S t b 28
S t b 28 20102010 September 28,
September 28, 20102010
Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa Pretoria, Gauteng, South Africa
Where is KSU?
Where is KSU?
Seattle Boston
Los Angeles
•
Founded in 1863
Kansas State University
•
Morrill Act of 1862; “Education
of the Children of the Working
Class”
•
“Land-grant” University
•
Emphases:
–
Agriculture
–
Engineering
Engineering
–
Domestic Arts
Kansas State University
• 19,500 undergraduate
students
• 2,500 graduate
students
• 1,300 faculty
• 2,700 support staff
pp
Kansas State University
2010 Season
2010 Season
4 wins!
We are “Wildcats”
Topics
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Introduction
Wireless Sensor Network
Wireless Sensor Network
Internet of Things
Internet of Things
Internet of Things
Internet of Things
M2M
M2M
A
A
li
li
ti
ti
E
E
l
l
Application Examples
Application Examples
Wireless Sensor Network
WSN:
WSN:
A
A large number of
large number of
networked,
networked, low
low--cost, low
cost,
low--ltif
ti
l
ltif
ti
l
d
d
ll i t lli
ll i t lli
t
t
power, multifunctional
power, multifunctional
, and
, and
small, intelligent
small, intelligent
sensor
sensor
nodes.
nodes.
Radio
Radio--frequency transceiver
frequency transceiver
Sensors
Sensors
Microcontroller
Microcontroller
Power source
Power source
Available Technologies
Wireless communication is one of the fastest growing,
Wireless communication is one of the fastest growing,
cutting
cutting--edge technologies:
edge technologies:
Mobile phone users (Frost and Sullivan, 2006)
Mobile phone users (Frost and Sullivan, 2006)
Global: 2 billions
Global: 2 billions
Global: 2 billions
Global: 2 billions
Asia: 800 millions (40%)
Asia: 800 millions (40%)
U.S: 160 millions
U.S: 160 millions
21% increase from 3
21% increase from 3--rd quarter, 2005, to 3
rd quarter, 2005, to 3--rd quarter,
rd quarter,
2006
Available Technologies
3G, International Mobile Telecommunication
3G, International Mobile Telecommunication--2000
2000
GSM EDGEGSM EDGE CDMA2000 CDMA2000
Services
Services
voicevoice videovideo data data
Features
Features
Simultaneous voice and data servicesSimultaneous voice and data services
high data rate high data rate
14 Mbit/s downlink 14 Mbit/s downlink
Internet Access in China
22 6% 350 25% 16% 22.6% 250 300 il.) 20% 4 6% 6.2% 7.3% 8.5% 10.5% 100 150 200 Nu m b e r( m 10% 15% Ra ti o (% ) 137 210 111 95 79.5 59.1 33.7 22.5 8.9 2.1 0.67 298 4.6% 1.7% 2.6% 0.07% 0.02% 0.0005% 0 50 100 199 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 200 2006 200 2008 0% 5% 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 YearNumber of Netizen Popularization ratio
Totally 298 mil. Internet users (22.6 % population), >97% township have Internet access
.
Telephone Users in China
641 69.5% 63% 74.3% 900 1000 1100 70% 80% 335 547 461 393 56.9% 49.7% 41.2% 600 700 800 er (m il. ) 40% 50% 60% o (% ) 368 145 206 270 335 17.7% 32.7% 25.5% 300 400 500 Nu m b e 20% 30% 40% Ra ti o 341 24 87 109 145 180 214 263 312 350 366 43 85 145 8.9% 12.1% 0 100 200 0% 10% 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 YearFi xed Tel ephone- l i ne User Mobi l e Phone User Penet r at i on Rat e of Tel ephone 74.3 % population and 99.5% rural villages have telephone access, 2008.p p g p
Text Messages sent in China
530 440 600 700 800 500 600C
0 015 USD
699.7 327 233 400 500 600 y ear t o tal (b il .) 300 400 per -c api taCost: 0.015 USD per message
217 7 304.6 430 580.6 70 168 106 0.77 1.48 100 200 300 SM S-y 100 200 SM S p 1 18.9 90 137.1 217.7 0.77 0 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 Year 0 SMS/Year SMS Percapita/Year SMS/Year SMS Percapita/Year
The first mobile phone was used in 1987. It reached 531 million users by 2008. In 2008, 770 billions short messages were sent; the “per capita” was 530.
Recent National/Local News
The need
WSN using Satellite Communications
WSN using Satellite Communications
WSN using Satellite Communications
WSN using Satellite Communications
erase
Available Technologies
ZigBee PRO (ZigBee 2007)
ZigBee PRO (ZigBee 2007)
Available Technologies
Wireless HART
Wireless HART
6LoWPAN (“IPv6 over low power wireless personal area networks”)WSN using Satellite Communications
WSN using Satellite Communications
g
g
Orbcomm low-Earth
orbiting satellites (29)
orbiting satellites (29)
Two-way data
communication
Focused on
Machine-to-machine
(M2M) applications
Over 500,000
existing subscribers
erase
existing subscribers
WSN using Satellite Communications
WSN using Satellite Communications
WSN using Satellite Communications
WSN using Satellite Communications
erase
Internet of Things (IOT)
Three waves of computing
Three waves of computing
Mainframe (1940Mainframe (1940--1980): 1980): One computer shared by One computer shared by many people
many people
Personal computer Personal computer (1980
(1980--2000): One computer 2000): One computer used by one person
used by one personyy pp
“Ubiquitous computing” “Ubiquitous computing” (2000
(2000--): Many computers ): Many computers serve one person
serve one person serve one person serve one person
Technology recedes into the background of our lives to free our minds from a Technology recedes into the background of our lives to free our minds from a large amount of “intelligent” work, so that we can concentrate on the main large amount of “intelligent” work, so that we can concentrate on the main challenges.
M2M
M2M
M2M
M2M
Machine
Machine--to
to--Machine (M2M): technologies that allow both
Machine (M2M): technologies that allow both
wireless
wireless
and
and
wired
wired
systems to communicate with other devices
systems to communicate with other devices
of the same ability.
of the same ability.
M2M uses
M2M uses
sensing
sensing
devices to capture an ‘event' (temperature,
devices to capture an ‘event' (temperature,
inventory level, etc.), which is relayed through a
inventory level, etc.), which is relayed through a
network
network
(wireless, wired or hybrid) to an
(wireless, wired or hybrid) to an
application
application
(software program),
(software program),
that translates the captured event into meaningful information
that translates the captured event into meaningful information
M2M
M2M
M2M
M2M
Robot Control
Robot Control
Wired control
Wireless control Wireless control
Irrigation Control
Irrigation Control
Centralized remote control and supervision of a large area of irrigation land (Spain):
(Spain):
• Controls 1,500 ha irrigation area
• Seven sub-regions, each monitored and controlled by a control sector • Control sectors communicate via WLAN
Mobile Monitoring and Management
Mobile Monitoring and Management
Mobile laboratory network for data monitoring and management using
Wireless LAN (Brazil)
Measurement:
• Soil water content • Soil compaction • Soil fertility
• Biomass
• Leaf area index • Leaf area index • Local weather • Insect infestation • Disease infestation • Weed Infestation • Yield
Fleet Operation
Fleet Operation
M
it
i
d M
t
M
it
i
d M
t
Monitoring and Management
Monitoring and Management
Remote monitoring of fleet operation
Remote monitoring of fleet operation
Remote monitoring of fleet operation
Remote monitoring of fleet operation
Homogenize incompatible data from diverse legacy vehicles
Homogenize incompatible data from diverse legacy vehicles
Improve fleet operation efficiency through fleet management in
Improve fleet operation efficiency through fleet management in
near real
Fleet Management
Fleet Management
eet
eet
a age e t
a age e t
Fleet Management
Fleet Management
eet
eet
a age e t
a age e t
(From C O’Neil AGCO 2010) (From C. O Neil, AGCO, 2010)
Efficiency Measurement
Efficiency Measurement
c e cy
c e cy
easu e e t
easu e e t
(From C O’Neil AGCO 2010) (From C. O Neil, AGCO, 2010)
Green House Management
Green House Management
Greenhouse Management (Portugal):g ( g )Vineyard Environmental Monitoring
Vineyard Environmental Monitoring
Vineyard Environment
it
i
monitoring:
• 65 Nodes in 1 acre • SensorsSensors • temperature • moisture • sun-light A li i • Applications• avoid frog damage • manage irrigation
• determine fertilizer applicationdetermine fertilizer application • arrange harvest schedule
Habitat Monitoring
Habitat Monitoring
Habitat Monitoring
Habitat Monitoring
Habitat Monitoring
Livestock Monitoring
Livestock Monitoring
B il Brazil
A sensor network for sow
monitoring
T ki i l
• Tracking in large pens • Heat period alert
– Motion detectors
Correlation between movement of – Correlation between movement of
Traceability System
Traceability System
• Traceability systems (RFID)
A i
l id
tifi
ti
d h
lth
it i
– Animal identification and health monitoring
– Food packaging
– Transportation
– Transportation
– Asset tracking
– Food inspection
p
RFID
RFID
Asset Tracking
Asset Tracking
Traceability
Traceability
Issues
Issues
Signal coverage
Signal coverage
Signal coverage
Signal coverage
Path loss
Path loss
Energy harvesting
Energy harvesting
Energy harvesting
Energy harvesting
Data handling
Data handling
Cellular Coverage
Cellular Coverage -- Three
Three--tier WSN
tier WSN
Cellular Coverage
Cellular Coverage Three
Three tier WSN
tier WSN
Local sensor network
Local sensor network
ZigBee
ZigBee –
– 100 m
100 m
Mid
Mid--range radio network
range radio network
(in areas with no cellular coverage)
(in areas with no cellular coverage)
915 MHz spread spectrum radio
915 MHz spread spectrum radio
10 km
915 MHz spread spectrum radio
915 MHz spread spectrum radio – 10 km
Cellular network
Cellular network
GSM
GSM
Three
Three-tier WSN
Three tier WSN
Deployment
Deployment
Fort Riley/Manhattan Kansas Fort Riley/Manhattan Kansas Fort Riley/Manhattan, Kansas Fort Riley/Manhattan, Kansas
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland Aberdeen Proving Ground, Marylandgg ,, yy
Deployment
Deployment
Fort Benning, Georgia Fort Benning, Georgiag,g, gg
Packet Loss
Energy Harvesting
Energy Harvesting
A WSN sensor nodeThe most common energy storage devices are batteries gy g and supercapacitors (Niyato, 2008; IEEE)
Energy Harvesting
Solar cell
Solar cell
Vibration
Vibration--based
based
Miniature AC generator
Miniature AC generator
Piezoelectric effect
Piezoelectric effect
Thermoelectric
Thermoelectric
Air/fluid dynamic
Air/fluid dynamic
Energy Harvesting
Energy
Energy--harvesting devices
harvesting devices
Data Handling
Data Handling
Data Handling -- Web GIS
Web GIS
Data Handling
Data Handling Web GIS
Web GIS
Functions:
Functions:
Data display – graphical and tabular
Map display – Google Earth
Map display – Google Earth
Data downloading
Query and simple statistics
Remote disaster alert – signal abnormality and power failure
Remote disaster alert signal abnormality and power failure
Daily report via email
Distributed, Open Infrastructure
-IOT
IOT
A next-generation network, with applications that support an open infrastructure
deployed on servers, workstations, and intelligent network appliances (Esposito 2008; Sensors Magazine)