Design and Function
Design and Function
Printed in 6ed in 6//20002000 C
Course Nourse Numumber 95ber 9511903903 All ri
All rightghts s resreserverved. ed. AlAll informl information containedation contained in this m
in this manual anual is bis based oased on the latesn the latest productt product infor
informmation ation avavailailable able at the tat the time of pime of printingrinting.. T
Thhe e rriigghhtts s iis s rreesseerrvveed d tto o mmaakke e cchhaannggees s aat t aannyy tim
time e wwithout nithout notice. otice. NNo paro part t of this of this publicapublicationtion m
may ay be reprobe reproduced, duced, ststored ored in a in a retrievretrieval al sysys- s-tem
tem, , oor transmitted ir transmitted in an any ny foform or by any rm or by any mmeaneanss,, electronic, mech
electronic, mechanical anical or photocopyingor photocopying, , record- record-ing o
ing or otherwr otherwise, wise, withoithout tut the priohe prior permr permissioissionn of the publisher
of the publisher. . This This inclincludes tudes texextt, f, figures andigures and tables.
tables. Al
Alwwayays check Ts check Technicaechnical l Bulletins aBulletins and the Audind the Audi World
Worldwwidide Ree Repaipair Infor Informatrmatioion Syn Syststem em fofor anyr any info
informa- T
Taabblle oe of Cof Conntteennttss:: O
OBBJJEECTIVCTIVES ...ES ...IIII IN
INTTRROODUCTIODUCTION N ...11 B
BASASIC IC OOPPEERRAATITIOON N ...4...4 0
011V V POPOWEWERRFLFLOOW W ...1144 0
011L L POPOWEWERRFLFLOOW ...W ...2525 T
TORORSSEEN N OOPPEERRAATTIIOON N ...3.355 EL
ELEECCTTRROONIC NIC OOPPEERRAATTIOION N ...4...411 SUMMARY ...72 SUMMARY ...72 T
O
Objectivbjectiveses:: In
In ththis prois programgram, , yyou will ou will learn:learn:
HoHow w to ito identifdentify y an 01an 01V and an 01V and an 01L automatic L automatic transmtransmissiissioonn
•
• How a basic transmission operatesHow a basic transmission operates
•
• HoHow tw to o folfollolow w the power flothe power flow tw through ahrough an 01n 01V automV automatic atic transmtransmissioissionn
•
• HoHow tw to o fofollllow the power floow the power flow w thrthrough ough an 01an 01L automatL automatic ic transmtransmissioissionn
•
• HoHow w the Tthe Torsen center difforsen center differenterentiaial ol operatesperates
•
• HoHow tw the electronic he electronic components operatecomponents operate
•
• HoHow w the dythe dynamnamic ic shshifift prograt program operatesm operates
•
The
The 0101V aV and nd 0011L AutomaL Automatictic Transmissions
Transmissions T
Thhe e 0011V V aannd d 0011L L aauuttoommaattiic c ttrraannssmmiissssiioonns s aarree m
manufaanufactured by ctured by ZF ZF AGAG. . These These transmtransmissioissionsns both offer a high level of driving comfort and both offer a high level of driving comfort and handling ca
handling capabipabililityty.. 0
011V AV Applipplicationcation T
Thhe e 0011V V iis s uusseed d iin n tthhe e ffoolllloowwiinng g mmooddeellss:: •
• AllAll--wwheel drive heel drive Audi A4Audi A4 •
• FrontFront--wwheel driheel drivve Audi A4e Audi A4 •
• All-All-wwheel drive heel drive Audi S4Audi S4 •
• AllAll--wwheel drive heel drive Audi A6Audi A6 •
• FrontFront--wwheel dheel drive Audi A6rive Audi A6 •
• FrontFront--wwheel dheel drive Audi A8.rive Audi A8. T
Thhe e 0011V V aauuttoommaattiic c ttrraannssmmiissssiioon n wwaas s iinnttrroodduucceed d iinn 1
1995 995 in in the the Audi AAudi A4.4. 0
011L ApL Appliplicatiocationn T
Thhe e 0011L L iis s uusseed d iin n tthhe e ffoolllloowwiinng g mmooddeellss:: •
• AllAll--wwheel drive heel drive A8A8 •
• 4.2 4.2 Liter Liter A6.A6. T
Thhe e 0011L L aauuttoommaattiic c ttrraannssmmiissssiioon n wwaas s iinnttrroodduucceed d iinn 1
1997 997 in the Audi A8.in the Audi A8.
0
011V AV Automatic utomatic TTraransmissionnsmission 5HP19
5HP19
0
011L AutomaL Automatic Ttic Traransmissinsmissionon 5HP24
The
The 0011V AutomaV Automatic Ttic Traransmissionnsmission T
Thhe e 0011V V aauuttoommaattiic c ttrraannssmmiissssiioon n iis s ggeenneerriiccaallllyy kno
known as the 5Hwn as the 5HP1P199.. T
Thhe e ttrraannssmmiissssiioon n ttaag g oon n tthhe e 0011V V ccaan n bbe e ffoouunndd:: •
• At tAt the bottom he bottom front of the front of the transmtransmissioission. n. IIt t cancan be see
be seen usn using a fing a flalashshlilightght. . It is undeIt is under tr the lefthe left side
side transmtransmissioission n alalumuminum minum mountount •
• OOn the side of n the side of ththe transe transmmission ission ((not acnot acces- ces-sibl
sible whee when the n the transmtransmissioission in is in s in the vthe vehiclehiclee))..
T
Thhe e ccoommppoonneenntts s oof f tthhe e ttrraannssmmiissssiioon n ttaag g aarree:: 1
1.. TTranranssmmissission Seion Serial Nrial Numumberber 2.
2. TTransransmmississioion Pn Part Lart List ist NNumumberber 3.
3. TTranranssmmissission ion IdeIdentntificatification ion NumNumberber 4.
4. TTransransmmissission Cion Code Lode Letetteterr..
T
Thhe e ccaappaacciittiiees s oof f tthhe e 0011V V aauuttoommaattiic c ttrraannssmmiissssiioonn are:
are: •
• InInititiaial l ffilillilinng g -- 99..0 0 L L ((99.5 .5 qquuararttss)) •
• ChChaannggiinng g -- AAbbouout t 22..6 6 L L ((22..7 7 qquuaarrttss)) •
• LLuubbrriiccaannt t -- AATTF F ((FFWWDD)) 1
1.0 .0 ltr G ltr G 052 052 1162 A262 A2 •
• Front and CFront and Cententerer Dif
Differferentential Fluid - ial Fluid - 0.5 ltr 0.5 ltr G G 052 1052 145 A245 A2..
Front
Front--WheWheel Drel Driveive T
Traransmission Tnsmission Tag Locaag Locationstions
Al
All-l-Wheel DriveWheel Drive T
Traransmission Tnsmission Tag Locaag Locationstions
•
• AddAddititivivees cs canannnot bot be ade addeded td too the
the AutomatiAutomatic Tc Tranransmsmissiissionon Flui
Fluid (ATF)d (ATF).. •
• PPart nart numumbebers ars are lisre listted fored forrerefe ferr--ence onl
ence onlyy. . AlAlwwayays check s check wwiithth y
your pour pararts departs departmtment for theent for the la
latestest t infoinformatrmatioion.n. •
• AlwAlwayays cs cheheck ck AEAESSIS for IS for tthehe co
correct automrrect automatic atic transmtransmissioissionn fluid checking procedure. fluid checking procedure.
The 01
The 01L L AuAutomatomatic Ttic Traransmissinsmissionon T
Thhe e 0011L L aauuttoommaattiic c ttrraannssmmiissssiioon n iis s ggeenneerriiccaallllyy known as the 5HP24.
known as the 5HP24. T
Thhe e ttrraannssmmiissssiioon n ttaag g oon n tthhe e 0011L L ccaan n bbe e ffoouunndd:: •
• At the bottom At the bottom of of the tthe transmransmissioission in fn in front of ront of the oil pan.
the oil pan.
T
Thhe e ccoommppoonneenntts s oof f tthhe e ttrraannssmmiissssiioon n ttaag g aarree:: 1
1.. TTranranssmmissission Seion Serial Nrial Numumberber 2.
2. TTransransmmissission Part ion Part List List NNumumberber 3.
3. TTranranssmmissission ion IdenIdenttificatification ion NNumumberber 4.
4. TTransransmmississioion Con Code de LeLetttterer.. T
Thhe e ccaappaacciittiiees s oof f tthhe e 0011V V aauuttoommaattiic c ttrraannssmmiissssiioonn are:
are: •
• InInititiaial fl filillilinng -g - 99.8 L .8 L ((1100.4 q.4 quuaartrtss)) • • CChhaannggiinng g -- AbAboouut t 33..5 5 – 4– 4..0 0 LL (3.7 – 4.2 quarts) (3.7 – 4.2 quarts) • • LLuubbrriiccaannt t -- AATTFF 1 1.0 .0 ltr G ltr G 052 052 1162 A262 A2 2.0 l 2.0 ltr tr G G 052 1052 162 A662 A6 •
• Front and CFront and Cententerer Differe
Differentntial Fluid - ial Fluid - 0.5 ltr 0.5 ltr G G 052 1052 145 A2.45 A2.
T
Traransmission Tnsmission Taag Locatiog Locationn
•
• AdAdditditivives es cacannnnot bot be ade addeded td too the
the Automatic Automatic TTranransmsmissiissioonn Flui
Fluid (ATF)d (ATF).. •
• PPart nart numumbebers ars are lisre listted fored forrerefe ferr--ence onl
ence onlyy. . AlAlwwayays check s check wwiithth y
Basic
Basic Automatic TAutomatic Traransmnsmission Oission Operaperationtion O
Objectbjectiveives:s: •
• ExExplplain torque converteain torque converter operatior operationn
•
• ExExplplain torque coain torque convnverter erter clutch opclutch operatioerationn •
• ExExplplain the function oain the function of plf planetary anetary gearsetsgearsets •
• ExExplplain ain the difference bthe difference betwetween clutches andeen clutches and brakes
brakes •
• ExExplaiplain the funn the function oction of the oil f the oil pumpumpp •
• ExExplplain the functioain the function of the computn of the computer er cocontrntrololss •
• ExExplaiplain the functn the functioions of ns of ththe sense sensors andors and actuators
actuators •
Hydra
Hydraulic Tulic Torque Corque Converteronverter T
Torque Corque Conversiononversion T
Thhe e bbaassiic c ttoorrqquue e ccoonnvveerrtteer r ccoonnssiisstts s oof f tthhee:: •
• ImpellImpellerer, , or or PumPumpp •
• T Tuurrbbiinnee •
• Stator.Stator. T
Thhe e iimmppeelllleer r mmoouunntts s tto o tthhe e ccoonnvveerrtteer r hhoouussiinngg,, w
which bohich bolts tlts to the o the flflyywhwheel. eel. The The turbine is sturbine is spliplinedned to the transm
to the transmissioission in input shaftnput shaft.. When the e
When the engine ingine is runns running, ing, the imthe impellpeller ser slilingsngs the oil
the oil in the coin the convnverter interter into o the fins on the turbine.the fins on the turbine. T
Thhaat t mmoottiioon n oof f tthhe e ooiil l bbeeiinng g tthhrroowwn n aaggaaiinnsst t tthhee turbine i
turbine is ws what prohat provvides ides the tthe torque orque to the trans-to the trans-m
missioission input shaft an input shaft and drind drivves the ves the vehiclehicle.e. Since th
Since there is no diere is no direct mrect mechanical echanical connectionconnection betwee
between the engine and n the engine and transmtransmissioission, you can, you cann come t
come to o a a full full ststop without sop without shifting into hifting into neutneutral ral oror releasing a clutch
releasing a clutch. . The The natunatural sliral slip betwp between teen thehe impell
impeller and the ter and the turbine alurbine allolowws the es the engine tongine to keep running w
keep running when the vhen the vehiclehicle is ae is at a fult a full l ststop,op, ev
even when whiile le in gin gear.ear. Ho
Howweveverer, , onconce the oil e the oil lealeavves tes the turbinehe turbine, , it iit iss m
moving in oving in ththe oe oppopposite direction osite direction of f ththe impee impellllerer,, and will
and will slow the slow the impeller speed.impeller speed. T
Thhe e ssttaattoor r ccoorrrreecctts s tthhiis s ccoonnddiittiioonn. . TThhe e ssttaattoor r iiss m
mounted ounted betwbetween the turbine een the turbine and and the impellthe impellerer.. T
Thhe e ssttaattoor r rreeddiirreecctts s tthhe e ooiil l sso o iit t iis s mmoovviinng g iin n tthhee sam
same directioe direction as tn as the imhe impellpellerer. . By By changing thechanging the direction
direction of of the oil the oil as ias it leavt leaves tes the tuhe turbinerbine, , ththee st
stator acator actualltually y increaincreases tses the overhe overalall l torque in thetorque in the sy
syststemem. . This This proprocess cess is callis called ted torque morque multipultiplilica- ca-tion.
tion.
When the engine is appl
When the engine is applyying ing popowwer ter to o the tthe torqueorque co
convnverter asseerter assemmblblyy, , the stthe stator iator is los locked acked agaigainst itsnst its
one-one-wway ay clutchclutch. . The The ststator wator will ill unlock and beginunlock and begin to ro
to rotate slowly tate slowly whwhen the impellen the impeller and er and turbineturbine have r
have reached eached simsimililar speeds.ar speeds.
Stator Stator Turbine Turbine Impeller Impeller
Hydra
Hydraulic Tulic Torque Corque Converter Clonverter Clutcutchh In
In the pastthe past, , mmanual anual transmtransmissioissions wns were mere muchuch better
better in in fuel fuel ecoeconomy nomy cocommpared pared to automaticto automatic transm
transmissioissions. ns. This This is because a tis because a torque coorque convnvertererter can o
can only nly pass abopass about 85% of engine poweut 85% of engine powerr thr
through ough to the transmto the transmissioission at cruin at cruising speedsing speeds.s. H
Howevoweverer, , engineengineers caers camme up with a e up with a wway ay to maketo make autom
automatic atic transmtransmissioissions have bns have bettetter fueler fuel eco
economynomy. . They They lolocked the cked the torque convertetorque converterr housing
housing to the engine by to the engine by wway ay of of frifrictioction matn materiaerial.l. T
Thhe e TToorrqquue e CoConnvveerrtteer r ClCluuttcch h ((TTCC) CC) lloocckks s tthhee transm
transmissioission input shaft direcn input shaft directly tly to the housing oto the housing of f the
the torque convertetorque converterr, , elielimminatininating the g the flfluid cuid couplouplinging and
and dridrivving ing the transthe transmmissioission din directly rectly from thefrom the crankshaft.
crankshaft. This This elielimminainates tes alall slip frol slip from m the the torquetorque co
convnvertererter. . AlAlso, since the so, since the torque convetorque converter prrter pro- o-duces m
duces moost of the heat in st of the heat in the tthe transmransmissioission, n, thethe application
application of of ththe Te TCCC C elimeliminatinates all es all heat prheat pro- o-ductio
duction in in the con the convnvertererter.. Audi
Audi torque cotorque convnverter clutches haverter clutches have three phasese three phases of o
of operatperation. ion. ThThesese are are opene open, , contrcontrol aol and lock.nd lock. T
Thheesse e pphhaassees s ccaan n bbe e vviieewweed d tthhrroouuggh h tthhe e VVAAGG 1
1555511//11552 552 oor the VAS 5r the VAS 5051 und051 under the Reader the Read M
Measureasuring Value Bloing Value Block functck functioion.n. T
Thhe e TTCC iCC is s iinnaaccttiivve e dduurriinng g tthhe e OpeOpen n pphhaassee. . TThhiiss is no
is normrmallally y in in ththe loe lowwer gears undeer gears under high lr high loaoad.d. T
Thhe e TTCC iCC is s aappppllyyiinngg, b, buut t nnoot t ffuullllyy, d, duurriinng g tthhee C
Control phase. ontrol phase. ThThis usuis usuallally y happens in thappens in the lowehe lowerr gea
gears and undrs and under heavy er heavy throttle.throttle. T
Thhe e TTCC iCC is s ffuulllly y aapppplliieed d dduurriinng g tthhe e ClCloosseed d pphhaassee.. T
Thhiis s ccoonnddiittiioon n ococccuurrs s iin n tthhe e hhiigghheer r ggeeaarrs s aannd d aatt lilight tght throtthrottle. le. ThThis mis may ay also also happen in lohappen in low w gearsgears in
in mmountainous regioountainous regions to ins to increase thncrease the enginee engine braking ef
braking effect on the vfect on the vehiclehicle.e.
T
TCC CC InaInactctiveive
T
P
Planlanetetarary Geay Gearsetrsetss T
Thhe e ppoowweer r ttrraannssffeerrrreed d tthhrroouuggh h tthhe e ttoorrqquue e ccoon n--v
verter is paerter is passed ossed on to the pln to the planetary anetary gearsetsgearsets.. Planetary
Planetary gearsetgearsets consist of s consist of a a centcentral, ral, or sunor sun gear
gear, , wwith plith planet gears that run on the sun gearanet gears that run on the sun gear and ring gear
and ring gear. . TheThese planet se planet gears are attgears are attachedached to the pla
to the planet carrinet carrierer.. A Sim
A Simpsopson gearset is compon gearset is composed of:sed of: •
• 1 Su1 Sun Gn Gearear •
• 1 Pl1 Planet Carrianet Carrier er wwith 3 Plith 3 Planetanetary ary GGearsears •
• 1 Ring G1 Ring Gearear.. A R
A Ravigneaux gearset is composed avigneaux gearset is composed of:of: •
• 1 Sm1 Small all and 1 and 1 LarLarge Sge Sun Gun Gearear •
• 1 Pl1 Planet anet CCarrier warrier with 3 Smith 3 Small all and 3 and 3 LargeLarge Planetary
Planetary GGearsears •
• 1 Ring G1 Ring Gearear..
T
Thhe e 0011V V ttrraannssmmiissssiioon n uussees s bbootth h a a RRaavviiggnneeaauuxx gearset and a
gearset and a SimSimpsopson gearsetn gearset. . The 0The 011L tL trans- rans-m
missioission uses three Simn uses three Simpsopson gean gearsetrsets in s in an an ar ar--rangem
rangement callent called ed a a WilWilson son gearsetgearset.. T
Thhe e ffuunnccttiioon n oof f tthhe e ppllaanneettaarry y ggeeaarrsseetts s iis s tto o ccrreeaattee dif
differeferent nt gear ratgear ratioios. s. ThesThese rate ratioios are s are createcreated byd by hol
holding and driding and drivving diing differenfferent parts of the plan-t parts of the plan-etary gea
etary gearsetrset..
R
Ring Ging Gearear Su
Sun Gn Gearear Planetary
Planetary GGearear Su
C
Clutlutches and ches and BBrakesrakes Af
After ter the power is transferred frothe power is transferred from tm the torquehe torque co
convnvertererter, , the clthe clutches detutches determermine what pine what pararts of ts of the planet
the planetary geary gears spin and ars spin and wwhich are hich are held iheld inn place.
place. C
Clutchlutches are a series of fries are a series of friction plction plates ates and stand steeleel pl
plates alternately ates alternately splined splined betwbetween tween two o cocommpo po--nents
nents. . When a clutch pistWhen a clutch piston squeezes on squeezes thesethese pl
plates tates toogethegetherr, , the tthe twwo o cocommpoponentnents ws wilill l lolockck together.
together. T
Thhe e ttyyppe e oof f cclluuttcchhees s AAuuddi i uussees s aarre e mmuullttii-p-pllaatte e wweett clutches.
clutches. This assThis assememblbly y usuallusually y coconsists nsists of 4 of 4 or 5or 5 clutch discs.
clutch discs.
C
Clutchlutches can eithes can either er tuturn or holrn or hold a d a geartraingeartrain component
component. . If the clutIf the clutch pack sch pack sits inside of aits inside of a clutch drum
clutch drum, , it turns a it turns a cocommpoponentnent..
IIf the clutch paf the clutch pack splines to the transmck splines to the transmissioission case,n case, it’
it’s a hols a holding clutch because it holds a cding clutch because it holds a comompo po--nent
nent tto the caseo the case. . Audi refers Audi refers tto o holdiholding clutcheng clutchess as bra
as brakeskes.. Some
Some mmanufaanufacturers cturers use a tyuse a type ope of brake calf brake called led aa band.
band. A band wA band wraps around traps around the outhe outside of aside of a clutch dru
clutch drum m or gearor geartrtrain coain commpoponent nent to holto hold id it int in pla
place. ce. CCurreurrent nt Audi transAudi transmmissions do not useissions do not use bands.
bands.
Multi
Free
Freewheeling wheeling CClutlutchesches Ano
Another ther tytype ope of clf clutch is the freewutch is the freewheeling heeling clutch.clutch. T
Thheesse e aarre e kknnoowwn n aas s oonnee-w-waay y cclluuttcchheess, b, beeccaauussee the
they y turn freely turn freely in oin one directione direction, but ln, but loock up tck up tightight in the
in the otherother. . FreewFreewheeliheeling clutches ng clutches coconsist nsist of of eithe
either springr spring-l-loaoaded roded rollllers mers mounted in ounted in wwedge- edge-sh
shaped slotsaped slots, , or spror sprags. ags. Sprags Sprags are sare smmall, all, S- S-shaped pi
shaped pieces held beces held betwetween tween two smo smoooth racesoth races w
wiith light spring tensioth light spring tension.n. When th
When the races are tue races are turned in rned in one dione direction, rection, thethe roll
rollers or sprags allers or sprags allow tow the races to slide withouthe races to slide without interference.
interference.
When the races are tu
When the races are turned irned in the oppon the oppositesite direc
directiotion, the roln, the rollers olers or sprags wr sprags wilill wedge thel wedge them m--selve
selves between the races, s between the races, prevpreventing the raenting the racesces fro
from mm moving.oving.
Locked Locked Freewheeling Freewheeling
O
Oil Pumil Pumpp T
Thhe e ooiil l ppuummp p iis s a a ccrreesscceenntt--ttyyppe e ppuummp p aannd d iiss lo
located icated in the area bn the area betwetween the teen the torque coorque convnvertererter and the transm
and the transmissioission hon housing.using. T
Thhe e ppuummp p iis s ddrriivveen n ddiirreeccttlly y ffrroom m tthhe e eennggiinne e bbyy the t
the torque corque conveonverter borter bodydy, , and suppland supplies theies the transm
transmissioission and selecn and selector untor uniit t wwith oith oil.il. T
Thhe e ppuummp p ddrraawws s iin n tthhe e ooiil l tthhrroouuggh h a a ffiilltteer r aanndd pum
pumps pressps pressurized ourized oil il thrthrough the floough the flow w cocontrolntrol v
valalvve. e. From From herehere, , iit is t is papassed tssed to the mo the mainain pressure v
pressure valalve in the valve bve in the valve boodydy.. At higher speeds,
At higher speeds, any any exexcess presscess pressurized ourized oil il isis returned
returned to the pto the pumump’p’s intas intake.ke.
O
C
Compuomputter Cer Contontrolsrols T
Thhe e TTrraannssmmiissssiioon n CoConnttrrool l MoModduulle e ((TTCMCM) ) rreecceeiivveess signal
signals from ms from many any sensors and sensors and uses theuses these signalse signalss to co
to contrntrol ol whwhen the ten the transmransmissioission shifts and hon shifts and howw the sh
the shififts feel.ts feel.
Some of the internal
Some of the internal transmtransmissioission sensors are then sensors are the transm
transmiissiossion temn temperaperature sensorture sensor, , the tthe tranransmsmissiissioonn input speed sensor a
input speed sensor and the transmnd the transmissioission vn vehiclehiclee speed senso speed sensorr.. ABS/ASR ABS/ASR Control Module Control Module Motor Motor Intervention Intervention Signal Signal ECM ECM TCM TCM T
Thhe e mmaaiin n eexxtteerrnnaal l sseennssoor r tthhe e TTCM rCM reecceeiivveess
information from is the Electronic Control Module information from is the Electronic Control Module ((ECECM). M). The The ECECM supplies sM supplies signalignals s susuch as ch as ththrottrottlele position, engin
position, engine se speed and epeed and enginngine loae load. d. How- How-ev
everer, , the Tthe TCCM M also also supsuppliplies tes the EChe ECM M wwith signals.ith signals. For ex
For examample, the Tple, the TCCM M can tell can tell ththe ECe ECM M wwhen it ishen it is planning t
planning to shifto shift. . The The ECECM wM wilill reduce l reduce engengineine po
powwer er slislightly ghtly as the as the transmtransmissioission is sn is shifhifting. ting. As aAs a result
result, , the driver the driver feels a feels a smsmoooth and oth and seamseamlessless sh
shififtt, , because tbecause the EChe ECM M and Tand TCCM M are ware workingorking together.
Sensors and Actuators Sensors and Actuators Sensors
Sensors Sensors are
Sensors are cocommpoponentnents that tell s that tell the Tthe Transmransmissioissionn C
Controntrol ol MoModule (Tdule (TCCM) wM) what is hat is happehappeninning. g. ThThesesee co
commpoponents renents relalay y the transmthe transmissioission fn fluiluid d temtempera- pera-ture
ture, , the transmthe transmissioission in input speed, nput speed, the transmthe transmis- is-sio
sion on output sutput speed peed and and mmany any other sother signignalals.s. T
Thhiis s iinnffoorrmmaattiioon n iis s tthheen n rreellaayyeed d tto o tthhe e TTCMCM. . TThhee T
TCM CM iinntteerrpprreetts s tthhiis s iinnffoorrmmaattiioon n aannd d uussees s iit t ttoo control
control ththe ae actuatctuators.ors.
Actuators Actuators T
Thhe e aaccttuuaattoorrs s ddo o tthhe e wwoorrkk. . TThheesse e aarre e tthhe e ccoom m--po
ponents nents that that mmove ove when when cocommmmandanded. ed. TheseThese co
commpoponentnents are vs are valalvve boe body dy solsolenoienoids, pressureds, pressure control
control vvalvesalves, , shshifift lot lock solenoick solenoids and ds and mmany any otherother components.
components. T
Thhe e aaccttuuaattoorrs s cclloosse e tthhe e lloooop p tthhaat t tthhe e sseennssoorrss st
starartt. . As a resultAs a result, , the the central cocentral commputer puter knowsknows wh
what is happat is happening inening inside of side of the the transmtransmiissssioion andn and ho
how w to keep everyto keep everything othing operaperating smting smoooothlythly..
T
Summary Summary T
Thhiis s sseeccttiioon n hhaas s sshhoowwn n tthhe e bbaassiiccs s oof f ttrraannssmmiissssiioonn operation.
operation. Pow
Power is transferred er is transferred from the engine to from the engine to the transthe trans--m
missioission thn through a torque corough a torque convnvertererter. . This tThis torqueorque conv
converteerter is filr is filled with fluid, led with fluid, so therso there is no e is no directdirect co
contact betweentact between the engine an the engine and nd the trthe transmansmissioission.n. T
Thhe e ttoorrqquue e ccoonnvveerrtteer r cclluuttcch h ccrreeaattees s ddiirreecct t ccoonnttaacctt betw
between the engine and een the engine and the tthe transmransmissioission to heln to helpp achi
achieveve bettee better fuel ecor fuel economy nomy and to cand to coool ol thethe transm
transmissioission fluid.n fluid. When the p
When the power is transferred ower is transferred into into the transmthe transmis- is-sion,
sion, it goit goes into es into ththe ple planetanetary gearsary gearsetet, , wwhichhich create diff
create differeerent gear rationt gear ratios.s. T
Thhe e cclluuttcchhees s aannd d bbrraakkees s ddrriivve e aannd d hhoolld d tthhee co
commpoponentnents s of the of the plplanetary anetary gearsetgearset. . CClutcheslutches are co
are connected to either thnnected to either the input or the outpute input or the output shaft
shaft, , wwhilhile brakes are held to e brakes are held to the tthe transmransmissioissionn case.
case. OOne-way ne-way clutchclutches tes turn freeurn freely ly in one diin one direc- rec-tion,
tion, but lobut lock up wck up when tuhen turned irned in the other direc-n the other direc-tion.
tion. T
Thhe e ooiil l ppuummp p ssuupppplliiees s ooiil l pprreessssuurre e tto o tthhe e eennttiirree transm
transmissioission. n. It is a crescent It is a crescent shaped pumshaped pumpp co
connected to nnected to the tthe torque orque coconvnverter boerter bodydy.. T
Thhe e EECM CM aannd d TTCM CM ccoommmmuunniiccaatte e wwiitth h eeaacch h ootthheerr to interpret s
to interpret sensor data and censor data and control ontrol the the acactuattuators.ors. T
Thhiis s ccoommmmuunniiccaattiioon n ccoonnttrroolls s hhoow w aannd d wwhheen n tthhee transm
transmissioission n shifts.shifts. As a
As a result of result of thesthese coe commpoponentnents ws working orking togethertogether,, the transm
the transmissioission transfers pn transfers power tower to o the wthe wheelsheels smoothly.
smoothly. Emergency R
Emergency Running unning ModesModes Audi
Audi transmtransmissioissions have functns have functioions calns calleled emd emer er--gency
gency running mrunning moodes. des. TherThere are e are twtwo poo possiblessible em
emergency ergency running modes, running modes, the defaulthe default functiot functionsns and
and the emthe emergency ergency running running mmoode.de. T
Thheesse e mmooddees s aalltteer r tthhe e wwaay y tthhe e ttrraannssmmiissssiioonn operates
operates wwhen a failure has hen a failure has ooccurredccurred. . TheThesese m
moodes are designed des are designed to try to try and eland eliminate heatiminate heat production
production in the tin the transmransmission, ission, and to and to allallow tow thehe v
0
011V Automatic TV Automatic Traransmission nsmission PPowerowerflflowow O
Objectbjectiveives:s: •
• ExExplaiplain the comn the compoponentnents and os and operation peration of of ththee R
Ravavigneaigneaux and Siux and Simmpsopson gean gearsetrsetss •
• ExExplaiplain whn which ich clutcheclutches and s and brakes contrbrakes control ol ththee di
different parfferent parts ts of the plof the planetary anetary gearsetsgearsets •
• ExExplaplain whin whicich clutches and brah clutches and brakes are activekes are active in each gear
in each gear •
0
011V PlanetarV Planetary Gy Geaearsetsrsets T
Thhe e ppoowweer r ttrraannssffeerrrreed d tthhrroouuggh h tthhe e ttoorrqquue e ccoon n--v
verter is paerter is passed ossed on to the pln to the planetary anetary gearsetsgearsets.. T
Thhe e 0011V V ttrraannssmmiissssiioon n hhaas s a a SSiimmppssoon n ppllaanneettaarryy gearset and
gearset and a a RRavavigneaigneaux planetary gearsetux planetary gearset.. Planetary
Planetary gearsetgearsets consist of s consist of a a centcentral, ral, or sunor sun gear
gear, , wwith plith planet gears that run on the sun gearanet gears that run on the sun gear and ring gear
and ring gear. . TheThese planet se planet gears are attgears are attachedached to the pla
to the planet carrinet carrierer.. T
Thhe e RRaavviiggnneeaauux x ggeeaarrsseet t iis s llooccaatteed d ffoorrwwaarrd d oof f tthhee Sim
Simpson pson gearsetgearset.. T
Thhe e SSiimmppssoon n ggeeaarrsseet t iis s ccoommppoosseed d ooff:: •
• 1 Su1 Sun Gn Gearear •
• 1 Pl1 Planet Carrianet Carrier er wwith 3 Plith 3 Planetanetary ary GGearsears •
• 1 Ring G1 Ring Gearear.. T
Thhe e RRaavviiggnneeaauux x ggeeaarrsseet t iis s ccoommppoosseed d ooff:: •
• 1 Sm1 Small all and 1 and 1 LarLarge Sge Sun Gun Gearear •
• 1 Pl1 Planet anet CCarrier warrier with 3 Smith 3 Small all and 3 and 3 LargeLarge Planetary
Planetary GGearsears •
• 1 Ring G1 Ring Gearear.. T
Thhe e rriinng g ggeeaarrs s oon n eeaacch h oof f tthhe e ggeeaarrsseetts s aarree co
connected wnnected wiith each th each other and other and mmove togetherove together..
R
Ravigneaux Gavigneaux Gearsetearset SimSimpson Gpson Gearsetearset
Planetary Planetary GGearear Su
P
Powerflowerflow Oow Overviewverview R
Ravigneaavigneaux plaux planetnetarary gearsety gearset:: •
• CClutch A drivlutch A drives the large sun geares the large sun gear •
• Brake C Brake C ststopops ts the smhe smalall l sun gearsun gear •
• CClutch B drilutch B drivves the ses the smmalall l sun gearsun gear •
• Brake D stBrake D stopops the s the plaplanet carriernet carrier •
• CClutch E drives tlutch E drives the plahe planet carriernet carrier.. Sim
Simpson plapson planetarnetary y geagearsetrset:: •
• Brake G Brake G ststopops the s the sun gearsun gear •
• CClutch F dlutch F drives thrives the sun geare sun gear.. T
Thhe e ddrriivve e sshhaafft t iis s ddrriivveen n bby y tthhe e ppllaanneet t ccaarrrriieer r oof f the Sim
the Simpsopson gean gearsetrset..
180-Clutch A Clutch A B Brraakke e DD BBrraakke e GG Brake C
Brake C Clutch BClutch B Clutch EClutch E
Ring Ring Gears Gears
Planetary
Planetary GGearsears
Sm
Smalall l SunSun Gear Gear
Clutch F Clutch F IInnppuut t SShhaafftt LLaarrgge e SSuunn
Gear Gear
O Oututputput Shaft Shaft S Suunn Gear Gear
1
1st geast gearr Clutch A Clutch A •
• DriDrivves the large sun geares the large sun gear •
• T Thhe e ffrreeeewwhheeeel l cclluuttcch h iis s hhoollddiinng g tthhe e ppllaanneett carri
carrierer. . This This alallolowws s the the popowwer er to tto transfer ransfer fromfrom the s
the smmalall l plplanet gear to the laanet gear to the large plarge planet gearnet gear.. T
Thhe e llaarrgge e ppllaanneet t ggeeaar r ttrraannssffeerrs s tthhiis s ppoowweer r ttoo th
the ring geae ring gearr •
• T Thhe e rriinng g ggeeaar r ccaauussees s tthhe e ssuubbsseeqquueenntt ((SimSimpson) ripson) ring ng gear to gear to rotaterotate..
Brake G Brake G •
• StStopops the Sims the Simpsopson sun gearn sun gear •
• T Thhe e rriinng g ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e SSiimmppssoon n ggeeaarrsseett •
• T Thhe e ppllaanneettaarry y ggeeaarrs s rroottaatte e aarroouunnd d tthhe e ssuunn gear
gear •
• T Thhe e SSiimmppssoon n ppllaanneettaarry y hhoouussiinng g ddrriivvees s tthhee driveshaft. driveshaft. Engaged Engaged Disengaged Disengaged FL
FL1 1 = = FreeFreewwheeling heeling CClutchlutch
Large Sun Gear Large Sun Gear Small Sun Gear Small Sun Gear
2nd gear 2nd gear Clutch A Clutch A •
• DriDrivves the large sun geares the large sun gear •
• T Thhe e llaarrgge e ssuun n ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e ssmmaalll l ppllaanneettaarryy gears
gears •
• Because the freeBecause the freewwheel clheel clutch is holutch is holding theding the pla
planet carriernet carrier, , the sthe smmalall l sun gear freewsun gear freewheelsheels in the
in the oppopposite direction of osite direction of rotatrotatioion.n. Brake C
Brake C •
• StStopops the ss the smmalall l sun gearsun gear •
• T Thhe e llaarrgge e ppllaanneet t ggeeaarrss, d, drriivveen n bby y tthhe e ssmmaallll pla
planetary netary gears, will gears, will travtravel ael around the smround the smalalll su
sun gear in n gear in the directthe directioion on of engine rotatf engine rotatioionn •
• T Thhe e ffrreeeewwhheeeel l cclluuttcch h iis s oovveerrrruunn •
• T Thhe e llaarrgge e ppllaanneet t ggeeaarrs s ddrriivve e tthhe e rriinng g ggeeaarr •
• T Thhe e RRaavviiggnneeaauux x rriinng g ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e SSiimmppssoonn ring
ring geargear.. Brake G Brake G •
• StStopops the Ss the Simpson sun geaimpson sun gearr •
• T Thhe e rriinng g ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e SSiimmppssoon n ggeeaarrsseett •
• T Thhe e ppllaanneettaarry y ggeeaarrs s rroottaatte e oon n tthhe e ssuun n ggeeaarr •
• T Thhe e SSiimmppssoon n ppllaanneettaarry y hhoouussiinng g ddrriivvees s tthhee driveshaft. driveshaft. Engaged Engaged Disengaged Disengaged FL
FL1 = 1 = FreewFreewheeliheeling Cng Clutchlutch
Large Sun Gear Large Sun Gear Small Sun Gear Small Sun Gear
Ring Gear Ring Gear
Large Planet Gear Large Planet Gear
Black Arrows
Black Arrows = = PPower Tower Transferransfer White
White ArArrows = rows = NNo Power To Power Transferransfer
(
3rd gear 3rd gear Clutch A Clutch A •
• DriDrivves the large sun geares the large sun gear •
• T Thhe e llaarrgge e ssuun n ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e ssmmaalll l ppllaanneettaarryy gears
gears •
• Because the Because the freewfreewheel clheel clutch is holutch is holding theding the pla
planet carriernet carrier, , the sthe smmalall l sun gear freewsun gear freewheelsheels in the
in the oppoopposite site direction odirection of rotatf rotatioion.n. Brake C
Brake C •
• StStopops the ss the smmalall l sun gearsun gear •
• T Thhe e llaarrgge e ppllaanneet t ggeeaarrss, d, drriivveen n bby y tthhe e ssmmaallll pla
planetary netary gears, will gears, will travtravel ael around the smround the smalalll su
sun gear in n gear in ththe directioe direction of n of engine rengine rotationotation •
• T Thhe e ffrreeeewwhheeeel l cclluuttcch h iis s oovveerrrruunn •
• T Thhe e llaarrgge e ppllaanneet t ggeeaarrs s ddrriivve e tthhe e rriinng g ggeeaarr •
• T Thhe e RRaavviiggnneeaauux x rriinng g ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e SSiimmppssoonn ring
ring geargear.. Clutch F Clutch F •
• LocLocks the Sks the Simpson riimpson ring geang gearr, , dridriveven by tn by thehe R
Ravigneaavigneaux ux geagear setr set, , to the Simpsoto the Simpson sun gean sun gearr.. T
Thhe e SSiimmppssoon n ggeeaar r rraattiio o iis s nnoow w 11::11 •
• T Thhe e SSiimmppssoon n ppllaanneet t ccaarrrriieer r ddrriivvees s tthhe e oouuttppuutt shaft. shaft. Engaged Engaged Disengaged Disengaged FL
FL1 1 = = FreeFreewwheeling Cheeling Clutchlutch
Large Sun Gear Large Sun Gear Small Sun Gear Small Sun Gear
4t
4th geah gearr Clutch A Clutch A •
• DriDrivves the laes the large sun gearrge sun gear.. Clutch E
Clutch E •
• DriDrivves tes the planet carrihe planet carrierer •
• T Thhiis s ccaauussees s tthhe e RRaavviiggnneeaauux x aasssseemmbblly y ttoo tur
turn n 11::11 •
• T Thhe e RRaavviiggnneeaauux x rriinng g ggeeaar r ccaauussees s tthhee Sim
Simpsopson ring n ring gear to rogear to rotatetate.. Clutch F
Clutch F •
• LocLocks the Sks the Simpson riimpson ring geang gearr, , dridrivven by en by thethe R
Ravavigneaigneaux gear setux gear set, , to the Simpson to the Simpson sun gearsun gear T
Thhe e SSiimmppssoon n ggeeaar r rraattiio o iis s 11::11 •
• T Thhe e SSiimmppssoon n ppllaanneet t ccaarrrriieer r ddrriivvees s tthhe e oouuttppuutt shaft
shaft •
• T Trraannssffeer r ffrroom m iinnppuut t sshhaafft t tto o oouuttppuut t sshhaafft t iis s 11::11..
Engaged Engaged Disengaged Disengaged FL
FL1 = 1 = FreewFreewheeliheeling Cng Clutchlutch
Large Sun Gear Large Sun Gear Small Sun Gear Small Sun Gear
Ring Gear Ring Gear
Large Planet Gear Large Planet Gear
Black Arrows
Black Arrows = = PPower Tower Transferransfer White
White ArArrows = rows = NNo Power To Power Transferransfer
(
5t
5th geah gearr Clutch E Clutch E •
• DriDrivves the plaes the planet carrinet carrierer.. Brake C
Brake C •
• LocLocks tks the smhe smalall l sun gearsun gear •
• PlaPlanetary netary gears rolgears roll ol on the n the smsmalaller sun geler sun gearar and
and dridrivve the rie the ring ng gear (ovgear (overdriveerdrive)) •
• T Thhe e RRaavviiggnneeaauux x rriinng g ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e SSiimmppssoonn ring
ring geargear.. Clutch F Clutch F •
• LocLocks the Sks the Simpson riimpson ring geang gearr, , dridriveven by tn by thehe R
Ravigneaux gear setavigneaux gear set, , to the Simpson sun gto the Simpson sun gearear T
Thhe e SSiimmppssoon n ggeeaar r rraattiio o iis s 11::11 •
• T Thhe e SSiimmppssoon n ppllaanneet t ccaarrrriieer r ddrriivvees s tthhe e oouuttppuutt shaft. shaft. Engaged Engaged Disengaged Disengaged FL
FL1 1 = = FreeFreewwheeling Cheeling Clutchlutch
Large Sun Gear Large Sun Gear Small Sun Gear Small Sun Gear
Reverse Reverse Clutch B Clutch B •
• DriDrivves the smes the smalall l sun gearsun gear.. Brake D
Brake D •
• StStopops ts the plahe planet carriernet carrier •
• T Thhe e ssmmaalll l ssuun n ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e llaarrgge e ppllaanneettaarryy gears in opp
gears in opposite direction osite direction of of ththe sme small all susunn gear
gear •
• T Thhe e llaarrgge e ppllaanneettaarry y ggeeaarrs s ddrriivve e tthhe e rriinng g ggeeaarr in the sam
in the same directie direction on as the sas the smmalall sun gearl sun gear (reverse)
(reverse) •
• T Thhe e rriinng g ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e ssuubbsseeqquueennt t rriinng g ggeeaarr.. Brake G
Brake G •
• StStopops the Ss the Simpson sun geaimpson sun gearr •
• T Thhe e rriinng g ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e SSiimmppssoon n ggeeaarrsseett •
• T Thhe e ppllaanneettaarry y ggeeaarrs s rroottaatte e oon n tthhe e ssuun n ggeeaarr •
• T Thhe e SSiimmppssoon n ppllaanneettaarry y hhoouussiinng g ddrriivvees s tthhee driveshaft.
driveshaft. A gear reduct
A gear reductioion in is preses present in bnt in both plaoth planetnetaryary assemblies. assemblies. Engaged Engaged Disengaged Disengaged FL
FL1 = 1 = FreewFreewheeliheeling Cng Clutchlutch
Large Sun Gear Large Sun Gear Small Sun Gear Small Sun Gear
Ring Gear Ring Gear
Small Planet Gear Small Planet Gear Large Planet Gear Large Planet Gear
Black Arrows
Black Arrows = = PPower Tower Transferransfer White
White ArArrows = rows = NNo Power To Power Transferransfer
(
C
Clutlutch Lch Logic Chaogic Chartrt T
Thhe e cclluuttcch h llooggiic c cchhaarrt t tteelllls s yyoou u wwhhaat t iis s aapppplliieed d iinn each
each geargear, , simsimililar to the paar to the pages yges you ou just wjust wentent through.
through. T
Thhiis s cchhaarrt t ccaan n bbe e vveerry y hheellppffuul l dduurriinng g tthhe e ddiiaaggnno o--sis o
sis of the transmf the transmissioission.n.
9
9
1
1
P
P
H
H
5
5
/
/
V
V
1
1
0
0
C
C
I
I
G
G
O
O
L
L
H
H
C
C
T
T
U
U
L
L
C
C
N
N
O
O
I
I
T
T
I
I
S
S
O
O
P
P
C
C
L
L
U
U
T
T
C
C
H
H
B
B
R
R
A
A
K
K
E
E
F
F
R
R
E
E
E
E
W
W
H
H
E
E
E
E
L
L
A
A
B
B
E
E
F
F
C
C
D
D
G
G
1
1
s
s
t
t
G
G
e
e
a
a
r
r
E
E
S
S
R
R
E
E
V
V
E
E
R
R
=
=
R
R
X
X
X
X
X
X
L
L
A
A
R
R
T
T
U
U
E
E
N
N
=
=
N
N
X
X
-
-
X
X
-
-R
R
A
A
E
E
G
G
T
T
S
S
1
1
,
,
D
D
X
X
X
X
X
X
R
R
A
A
E
E
G
G
D
D
N
N
2
2
,
,
D
D
X
X
X
X
X
X
R
R
A
A
E
E
G
G
D
D
R
R
3
3
,
,
D
D
X
X
*
*
X
X
X
X
R
R
A
A
E
E
G
G
H
H
T
T
4
4
,
,
D
D
X
X
X
X
X
X
R
R
A
A
E
E
G
G
H
H
T
T
5
5
,
,
D
D
X
X
X
X
X
X
T
T
F
F
I
I
H
H
S
S
N
N
W
W
O
O
D
D
1
1
-2
2
,
,
2
2
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
T
T
F
F
I
I
H
H
S
S
N
N
W
W
O
O
D
D
4
4
-5
5
,
,
D
D
(
(
X
X
)
)
X
X
X
X
(
(
X
X
)
)
For exFor examamplplee, , if if a vea vehiclhicle coe commes in that wes in that wilill l notnot sh
shifift from 1t from 1st st gear to 2nd gear to 2nd geargear, , yyou ou can lcan loook atok at the ch
the chart aart and see wnd see what is hat is appliapplied.ed. T
Thhe e oonnlly y ddiiffffeerreenncce e bbeettwweeeen n 11sst t aannd d 22nnd d ggeeaarrs s iiss the
the appliapplication ocation of brake C. f brake C. The sThe syymmptom ptom wwouldould indica
indicate tte that Brakhat Brake C e C is not applis not applyying.ing. It i
It is thes then a mattn a matter of determer of determining ining if if the problem isthe problem is a
a control control problemproblem, , due to the wdue to the wiring iring or theor the co
commputerputer, , or whetor whether it iher it is an is an internal nternal probproblemlem,, suc
such as a h as a defectivdefective ve valve boalve bodydy, , solenoisolenoid od orr clutch.
Summary Summary T
Thhiis s sseeccttiioonns s hhaas s sshhoowwn n yyoou u tthhe e oovveerraallll po
powewerrflflow tow throuhrough the 0gh the 01V 1V autoautommatiatic transmc transmiis- s-sion.
sion. T
Thhe e ppllaanneettaarry y ggeeaarrsseettss, a , a RRaavviiggnneeaauux x aannd d aa Sim
Simpsopson, n, transfer ttransfer the pohe powwer threr through ough to theto the driveshaft.
driveshaft. T
Thhe e cclluuttcchhees s aannd d bbrraakkees s ccoonnttrrool l wwhhiicch h ppaarrtts s oof f these planetary gearset
these planetary gearsets spin and which os spin and which ones arenes are held.
held. The The specific clutch specific clutch and brakand brake come combinatiobinationsns in ea
in each gear are provided.ch gear are provided.
Finally, the clutch logic chart is given as a quick Finally, the clutch logic chart is given as a quick reference t
reference to o help with thelp with the diahe diagnognosis of sis of the tthe trans- rans-mission.
mission. N
Noow w that ythat you ou knoknow how tw how the 01he 01V automaticV automatic transm
transmissioission on operatesperates, , let’let’s take a ls take a loook a ok a the 0the 011LL autom
0
011L Automatic L Automatic TTraransmission nsmission PPowerowerflflowow O
Objectivbjectiveses:: •
• ExExplaplain in the arrangemthe arrangements of ents of the Simthe Simpsopsonn gearsets
gearsets •
• ExExplaiplain whn which ich clutcheclutches and s and brakes control brakes control thethe dif
different ferent parparts ts of of the planetary the planetary gearsetsgearsets •
• ExExplaplain whin whicich clutches and brakes are ach clutches and brakes are activetive in each gear
in each gear •
0
011L PL Plalanetarnetary y GGeaearsetsrsets Engi
Engine pone powewer is transferrr is transferred throued through the 0gh the 011LL transm
transmissiissioon by n by wway ay oof three Simpsof three Simpson gean gearsets.rsets. T
Thhe e aarrrraannggeemmeennt t oof f tthhe e tthhrreee e SSiimmppssoon n ggeeaarrsseetts s iiss refer
referred to ared to as a s a WilWilson gearsetson gearset..
P
Plalanetarnetary y 11 PPlalanetary 2netary 2 PPlalanetary 3netary 3
No. 1 Ring Gear No. 1 Ring Gear
No. 2 Rin
No. 2 Ring Geag Gearr
No. 3 Rin
No. 3 Ring Geag Gearr No. 1 Su
No. 1 Sun Gean Gearr
2/3 Sun Gear 2/3 Sun Gear
P
Planetarlanetary 1y 1 •
• Brake E holBrake E holds the 1ds the 1st planet carrist planet carrierer •
• CClutch C lutch C dridrivves the 1es the 1st sst sun gearun gear •
• Brake D hBrake D hooldlds the 1s the 1st sst sun geaun gearr.. P
Planetarlanetary 2y 2 •
• CClutch B drives tlutch B drives the 2nd plhe 2nd planet carrianet carrierer.. P
Planetarlanetary 3y 3 •
• CClutch lutch A driveA drives ts the 2/he 2/3 sun gear3 sun gear •
• Brake F holdBrake F holds ts the 3rd rihe 3rd ring gearng gear..
T
Thhe e 22nnd d ppllaanneet t ccaarrrriieer r iis s ttiieed d tto o tthhee 1
1st st and 3and 3rd rird ring geang gears.rs. T
1
1st Geast Gearr Clutch A Clutch A •
• Drives Drives the 2/the 2/3 3 ssun gearun gear •
• T Thhe e 33rrd d ssuun n ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e 33rrd d ppllaanneettaarryy gears
gears, , wwhich rotate in the oppohich rotate in the opposite directsite directioionn on the 3rd ring gear
on the 3rd ring gear •
• T Thhiis s ccaauussees s tthhe e 33rrd d ppllaanneet t ccaarrrriieer r tto o ttuurrn n iinn the s
the samame directie direction aon as the s the engine rotatioengine rotationn •
• T Thhe e 33rrd d ppllaanneet t ccaarrrriieer r ttrraannssffeerrs s tthhiis s ppoowweer r ttoo the output shaft
the output shaft •
• T Thhe e ffrreeeewwhheeeelliinng g cclluuttcch h hhoolldds s tthhe e 33rrd d rriinngg gear from
gear from rotating corotating counteunterr--clcloockwckwiseise •
• FreewFreewheels during decelheels during deceleratioeration.n.
B
B
E
2nd Gear 2nd Gear Clutch A Clutch A •
• DriDrivves thees the 2/2/3 sun gear3 sun gear.. Brake E
Brake E •
• HoHoldlds the 1s the 1st st plplanet carrianet carrierer, , whwhicich ish is connected to the 2nd ring gear connected to the 2nd ring gear •
• T Thhe e 22nnd d ssuun n ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e 22nnd d ppllaanneettaarryy gears
gears, , forcing forcing ththe 2nd ple 2nd planet carrier tanet carrier to o tuturnrn clockwise
clockwise •
• T Thhiis s ccaauussees s tthhe e 33rrd d ppllaanneet t ccaarrrriieer r tto o rreevvoollvvee around the 3rd sun gear
around the 3rd sun gear •
• T Thhe e ppllaanneet t ccaarrrriieer r oof f tthhe e 33rrd d ppllaanneettaarry y ggeeaarr set transfers the po
set transfers the powewer tr to o the output shathe output shaft.ft.
A A B B C C DD E E FF Black Arrows
3r
3rd Gd Gearear Clutch A Clutch A •
• Drives Drives the 2/the 2/3 sun gear3 sun gear •
• T Thhe e 22/3 /3 ssuun n ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e 22nnd d ppllaanneettaarryy gears
gears •
• T Thhe e 22nnd d ppllaanneettaarry y ggeeaarrs s ddrriivve e tthhe e 22nnd d rriinngg gear
gear •
• Since the 2nd ring geaSince the 2nd ring gear and 1r and 1st st plplanetaryanetary carri
carrier are tied toer are tied togethegetherr, , the 1the 1st planetaryst planetary carri
carrier is drivener is driven..
Brake D Brake D •
• HoHoldlds the 1s the 1st sst sun gearun gear •
• T Thhiis s ccaauussees s tthhe e 11sst t ppllaanneettaarry y ggeeaarrs s tto o ssppiinn aro
around the 1und the 1st sst sun geaun gear in the sar in the sammee direction
direction as the engas the engine rotation ine rotation and driand drivve thee the 1
1st ring st ring geargear •
• T Thhe e 11sst t rriinng g ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e 22nnd d ppllaanneettaarryy carri
carrier and the 3rd riner and the 3rd ring geag gearr, , since they since they areare all tied together
all tied together •
• T Thhe e 33rrd d ppllaanneet t ccaarrrriieer r ttrraannssffeerrs s tthhiis s ppoowweer r ttoo the output shaf
the output shaftt..
B
B
E
Clutch B Clutch B •
• DriDrivves tes the 2nd plahe 2nd planet carriernet carrier •
• T Thhiis s aatttteemmpptts s tto o aapppplly y ttwwo o ggeeaarrs s aat t tthhe e ssaammee tim
time. e. AlAll three l three plplanetary anetary assemassembliblies es lolock ck andand spin
spin as one. as one. Input Input speed equspeed equals outputals output sp speeeed, d, 11::11.. 4t 4th Gh Gearear Clutch A Clutch A •
• DriDrivves tes the 2/he 2/3 sun gear3 sun gear..
A A B B C C DD E E FF Black Arrows
Brake D Brake D •
• HoHoldlds ts the 1he 1st st sun gearsun gear. . As a As a resultresult, , the 1the 1stst planet carrier tu
planet carrier turns in the direction rns in the direction of of engengineine rotation
rotation •
• T Thhiis s ccaauussees s tthhe e 11sst t ppllaanneettaarry y ggeeaarrs s tto o ssppiinn aro
around the 1und the 1st sst sun geaun gear in the sar in the sammee direction
direction as the eas the engine rotatngine rotatioionn •
• T Thhiis s rreessuulltts s iin n hhiigghheer r rrppm m aat t tthhe e 22nnd d ppllaanneettaarryy gears.
gears. The The 2nd pla2nd planetary netary gears tgears transfer ransfer ththisis faster s
faster speed peed over tover to o the 3rd plthe 3rd planet carrianet carrierer.. 5t
5th Gh Gearear Clutch B Clutch B •
• DriDrivves the 2nd ples the 2nd planet carrianet carrierer, , the 1the 1st ring gearst ring gear and the 3rd ring
and the 3rd ring gear at engine speedgear at engine speed •
• T Thhe e 22nnd d ppllaanneet t ccaarrrriieer r ddrriivvees s tthhe e 22nnd d rriinngg gear and t
gear and the 2/he 2/3 sun gear3 sun gear •
• T Thhe e 22nnd d rriinng g ggeeaar r iis s ccoonnnneecctteed d tto o tthhe e 11sstt pl
planet carrieranet carrier. . The 1The 1st st plplanet carrier drives anet carrier drives thethe 1
1st plast planetnetary gears aroary gears around the helund the held d sun gearsun gear,, causing a gear reduct
causing a gear reductioionn •
• T Thhe e 22/3 /3 ssuun n ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e 33rrd d ppllaanneet t ccaarrrriieerr at the s
at the speed peed didifference betweefference between the 3rd rin the 3rd ringng and sun gears
and sun gears •
• T Thhe e ddiiffffeerreenncce e iin n ssppeeeed d bbeettwweeeen n tthhe e 22/3 /3 ssuunn gear and the 3rd ring
gear and the 3rd ring gear causes tgear causes the planethe planet carri
carrier ter to o turn at higher tturn at higher than ihan input speed.nput speed.
B
B
E
Reverse Reverse Clutch C Clutch C •
• DriDrivves the 1es the 1st sun gearst sun gear •
• T Thhe e 11sst t ssuun n ggeeaar r ddrriivvees s tthhe e 11sst t ppllaanneet t ccaarrrriieerr beca
because tuse the 1he 1st st ring ring gear is bgear is being heleing held.d.
Brake F Brake F •
• HoHolds the 1lds the 1st and 3rd ring st and 3rd ring gears as wgears as well ell asas the 2nd planet carrier
the 2nd planet carrier •
• T Thhe e 22nnd d rriinng g ggeeaar r iis s ddrriivveen n bby y tthhe e 11sstt planetary
planetary carrier and turns in the direction ocarrier and turns in the direction of f eng
engine roine rotattatioionn •
• T Thhe e 22nnd d rriinng g ggeeaar r ttrraannssffeerrs s tthhiis s ppoowweerr thr
through ough the 2nd plthe 2nd planetary anetary gears agears and to thend to the 2/3 sun gear
2/3 sun gear •
• AlAlthough the 2nd planetary though the 2nd planetary gears are turninggears are turning in the di
in the direction orection of engine rotation, f engine rotation, ththey ey tuturnrn the
the 2/2/3 sun ge3 sun gear in tar in the oppohe opposite site direction odirection of f eng
engine rotation ine rotation because the 2nbecause the 2nd carrid carrier iser is held
held •
• From From the 2/the 2/3 3 susun gearn gear, , ththe 3rd e 3rd planet carrierplanet carrier is dri
is drivven agaien against nst the the ststatioationary nary 3rd ri3rd ring gearng gear •
• T Thhe e 33rrd d ppllaanneet t ccaarrrriieer r ttrraannssffeerrs s tthhiis s ppoowweer r ttoo the out
the output sput shaft in the opphaft in the opposiosite directte directioion on of f engine rotation. engine rotation. A A B B C C DD E E FF Black Arrows
1
1
0
0
L
L
/
/
5
5
H
H
P
P
2
2
4
4
C
C
I
I
G
G
O
O
L
L
H
H
C
C
T
T
U
U
L
L
C
C
N
N
O
O
I
I
T
T
I
I
S
S
O
O
P
P
C
C
L
L
U
U
T
T
C
C
H
H
B
B
R
R
A
A
K
K
E
E
F
F
R
R
E
E
E
E
W
W
H
H
E
E
E
E
L
L
A
A
B
B
C
C
D
D
E
E
F
F
_
_
1
1
s
s
t
t
G
G
e
e
a
a
r
r
E
E
S
S
R
R
E
E
V
V
E
E
R
R
=
=
R
R
X
X
X
X
L
L
A
A
R
R
T
T
U
U
E
E
N
N
=
=
N
N
X
X
R
R
A
A
E
E
G
G
T
T
S
S
1
1
,
,
D
D
X
X
X
X
R
R
A
A
E
E
G
G
D
D
N
N
2
2
,
,
D
D
X
X
X
X
R
R
A
A
E
E
G
G
D
D
R
R
3
3
,
,
D
D
X
X
X
X
R
R
A
A
E
E
G
G
H
H
T
T
4
4
,
,
D
D
X
X
X
X
R
R
A
A
E
E
G
G
H
H
T
T
5
5
,
,
D
D
X
X
X
X
T
T
F
F
I
I
H
H
S
S
N
N
W
W
O
O
D
D
1
1
-2
2
,
,
2
2
X
X
X
X
X
X
CClutlutch Lch Logic Chaogic Chartrt T
Thhe e cclluuttcch h llooggiic c cchhaarrt t tteelllls s yyoou u wwhhaat t iis s aapppplliieed d iinn each
each geargear, , simsimililar to the paar to the pages yges you ou just wjust wentent through.
through. T
Thhiis s cchhaarrt t ccaan n bbe e vveerry y hheellppffuul l dduurriinng g tthhe e ddiiaaggnno o--sis of the
sis of the transmtransmissioission. n. For exFor examamplplee, , if a vehif a vehiciclele co
commes in that wes in that wilill l not shift fronot shift from m 2nd gear to 32nd gear to 3rdrd gear
gear, , yyou ou can lcan loook at the chart and ok at the chart and see wsee what ishat is applied.
applied.
T
Thhe e oonnlly y ddiiffffeerreenncce e bbeettwweeeen n 22nnd d aannd d 33rrd d ggeeaarrs s iiss the
the appliapplication ocation of brake D and the rf brake D and the release of elease of brake E
brake E. . If If ththe tre transmansmission oission operatperates fine in 5thes fine in 5th gear (brake D appl
gear (brake D applied)ied), , ththe proble problem em is most likelyis most likely w
Summary Summary T
Thhiis s sseeccttiioon n hhaas s sshhoowwn n yyoou u tthhe e oovveerraalll l ppoowweerrffllooww through
through the 01the 01L autoL autommatiatic tranc transmsmissiissioon.n. T
Thhe e ppllaanneettaarry y ggeeaarrsseet t ccoonnssiisstts s oof f tthhrreee e SSiimmppssoonn gearset
gearsets and s and is referred to as a is referred to as a WilWilson gearsetson gearset.. T
Thhiis s ggeeaarrsseet t ttrraannssffeerrs s tthhe e ppoowweer r tthhrroouuggh h tto o tthhee driveshaft.
driveshaft. T
Thhe e cclluuttcchhees s aannd d bbrraakkees s ccoonnttrrool l wwhhiicch h ppaarrtts s oof f these Planetary
these Planetary gearsets sgearsets spin pin and whand whicich oh ones arenes are held.
held. The The specific clutch specific clutch and brakand brake come combinatiobinationsns in ea
in each gear are provided.ch gear are provided.
Finally, the clutch logic chart is given as a quick Finally, the clutch logic chart is given as a quick reference t
reference to o help with thelp with the diahe diagnognosis of sis of the tthe trans- rans-mission.
mission. N
Noow w that ythat yoou knou know w hohow tw the 01he 01L autoL autommatiatic trac trans- ns-m
missioission on operatesperates, , let’s let’s take a lotake a look at hook at how w thethe T
Toorrsseenn®®cceenntteer r ddiiffffeerreennttiiaal l ffiitts s iinntto o tthheesse e ttrraannssmmiis s--sion applications.
The T
The Tororsen®sen®DiDifferfferentiaentiall O
Objectivbjectiveses:: •
• ExExplaplain the appliin the applicatiocation of n of the Tthe Torsen centerorsen center differential
differential •
• ExExplaplain the functioin the function on of the Tf the Torsen centerorsen center differential
differential •
• IntrodIntroduce the components of uce the components of the Tthe Torsenorsen center
center difdifferentferentiaiall •
• ExExplaplain the opin the operatioeration on of the Tf the Torsen centerorsen center differential.
T
Thhe e TToorrsseen n ddiiffffeerreennttiiaal l iis s uusseed d wwiitth h bbootth h tthhe e 0011VV and
and 0011L automL automatic atic transmtransmissioissions on ns on alall-l-whwheeleel drive
drive vvehicles. ehicles. It is plIt is placed baced betwetween teen the front he front andand rear axle shafts
rear axle shafts, , insiinside of de of the the transmtransmissioission.n. T
Thhe e TToorrsseen n ddiiffffeerreennttiiaal l iimmpprroovvees s tthhe e ttrraaccttiioon n aanndd st
stabiabilility ty of of the the vvehiclehicle by e by distributing distributing popowwer be-er be-tw
tween the een the front and reafront and rear drivesr driveshafts. hafts. WhenevWheneverer tractio
traction is compromn is compromised, ised, the the TTorsen diforsen differentferentiaiall w
wilill l transfer power from ttransfer power from the drihe drivveshaft that iseshaft that is spinning to
spinning to the drivesthe driveshaft that ihaft that is not.s not. T
Thheerre e iis s nno o eelleeccttrroonniic c ccoonnttrrool l tto o llocock k oor r uunnlloocckk the T
the Torsen differentorsen differential. ial. All All of of ththe te torque transorque transfer isfer is done through w
done through worm gears usorm gears using ing a a frictiofriction design.n design. T
Thhiis s ddiiffffeerreennttiiaal l rreeqquuiirrees s nno o mmaaiinntteennaannccee..
T
Toorrsseen n DDiiffffeerreennttiiaall
T
Trraannssmmiissssiioon n OOuuttppuutt Shaft
Shaft
T
To o RReeaar r AAxxllee
T
T
Thhe e TToorrsseen n ddiiffffeerreennttiiaal l iis s ccoommppososeed d oof f tthhe e ffoolllloow w--ing co
ing commpoponentsnents:: •
• Differential HousingDifferential Housing •
• HeliHelical cal Planet GPlanet Gears (ears (wwith Spuith Spur Gr Gearsears)) •
• Helical Helical FrFront Axont Axle Side Gle Side Gearear •
• Helical Helical RRear ear AxAxle Side Gle Side Gearear •
• Front DrivesFront Driveshafhaftt •
• RRear Dear Dririvesveshafhaftt.. Insi
Inside thde the Te Torsen housing, orsen housing, thethere are paire are pairs of rs of helical
helical planet gplanet gears. ears. The The plaplanet net gears gears are hare held ineld in tight
tight-f-fitting poitting pocketckets inside the houss inside the housing, ing, and aand arere splined
splined together ttogether through spur gears ahrough spur gears at thet their ends.ir ends. T
Thheesse e ssppuur r ggeeaarrs s ddo o nnoot t aalllloow w tthhe e ppllaanneet t ggeeaarrs s ttoo rotate in the sam
rotate in the same direce directiotion.n.
T
Thhe e tteeeetth h oon n eeaacch h oof f tthhe e ppllaanneet t ggeeaarrs s mmeessh h wwiitthh the t
the teeth of eeth of one sione side gearde gear.. When the v
When the vehiclehicle is move is moving ing in a in a ststrairaight light line wne wiithth no
no slip, slip, the tthe transmransmissioission drin drivves the Tes the Torsen uniorsen unitt.. T
Thhe e TToorrsseen n uunniit t iin n ttuurrn n ddrriivvees s tthhe e ppllaanneet t ggeeaarrss,, w
which dhich drive the srive the sidide gears.e gears.
Differential Housing Differential Housing Hollow Shaft Hollow Shaft Differential Pinion Differential Pinion T
To o FFrroonnt t FFiinnaal l DDrriivvee
Front
Front Axle SAxle Side Gide Gearear
Planet
Planet GGearsears R
Rear Axear Axle Side Gle Side Gearear Dri
Drivveshaft eshaft FlanFlangege T
To o RReeaar r FFiinnaal l DDrriivvee
Interlo
When an a
When an axxle lle looses tses traction, raction, ththe plae planet gearsnet gears,, thr
through the spur gearsough the spur gears, , are responare responsiblsible for thee for the po
powewer tranr transfersfer.. T
Thhe e iinntteerrlloocckkeed d ppllaanneet t ggeeaarrs s wwiilll l aapppplly y eevveen n ffoorrccee to each side gear
to each side gear. . OOnly nly the the plplanet gear anet gear mmeshedeshed to the s
to the sidide gear that has te gear that has tractiraction con can apan applply y ththisis force.
force. The otThe other her plaplanet net gear is sgear is simimply ply folfollolowwinging along.
along.
T
Thhe e mmaaxxiimmuum m aammoouunnt t oof f ppoowweer r tthhaat t ccaan n bbe e sseenntt to the a
to the axxle with better tle with better tractiraction on is dis deteetermrmined ined byby the T
the Tororque Biaque Bias Rs Ratiatio (To (TBRBR)). . TBR TBR is determis determineined byd by the angle and
the angle and shape oshape of the tf the teeth on the seeth on the sidide ande and pl
planet anet gears. gears. The The TBR TBR of the of the TTororsen sen didifferential ifferential iss abo
about 2:ut 2:11. . This mThis means that eans that aboabout tut twwo-o-thirds of thirds of the t
the torque, oorque, or abor about 6ut 67%, 7%, can bcan be sent e sent to the axto the axlele w
wiith bettth better er tractiotraction. n. The reThe remmainiaining third is sent ng third is sent toto the other a
the other axxlle.e.
Planet Gear Planet Gear
S
Summary Summary T
Thhe e TToorrsseen n ddiiffffeerreennttiiaal l iis s uusseed d iin n aallll-w-whheeeel l ddrriivvee appli
applications. cations. It is mIt is made up of wade up of worm orm gearsgears, ri, ringng gears
gears, , inteinterlorlocking teetcking teeth and h and a a carrier housing.carrier housing. T
Thheesse e ppaarrtts s aalll l wwoorrk k ttogogeetthheer r tto o aapppplly y ppoowweer r ttoo the axle that has the m