PHYSICS PROJECT
PHYSICS PROJECT
ON
ON
LOGIC GATE
LOGIC GATE
NAME: SAURAV KUMAR NAME: SAURAV KUMAR CLASS:
CLASS: XIIth XIIth SECTION: SECTION: 'A1''A1' ROLL
ROLL NO.: NO.: 0303 GUIDE
GUIDED D BBYY: : MISS MISS ANUPANUPAMA AMA KAUSHALKAUSHAL SCHOOL:
SCHOOL: B.D. B.D. PUBLIC PUBLIC SCHOOLSCHOOL
CERTIFICATE
CERTIFICATE
PAGE No.-1 PAGE No.-1
THIS IS TO CER
THIS IS TO CERTIFY THATIFY THAT THIS PROJECT IS THT THIS PROJECT IS THE BONAFE BONAFIDE WORK OFIDE WORK OF
SAURAV KUMAR
SAURAV KUMAR OF CLASS OF CLASS 12TH 'A1'12TH 'A1' AND HAS BEEN AND HAS BEEN
SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED AND IS TAKEN TO BE AN ISSUE SUCCESSFULLY COMPLETED AND IS TAKEN TO BE AN ISSUE CONDUCTED B
CONDUCTED BY THE C.B.S.E. IN THE SY THE C.B.S.E. IN THE SESSION 2015-2016.ESSION 2015-2016.
•
• TEACHER TEACHERS SIGNAS SIGNATURE!TURE! •
• E"TERNALS SIGNATURE!E"TERNALS SIGNATURE! •
• PRINCIPALS SIGNPRINCIPALS SIGNAATURE!TURE!
PAGE No.-2 PAGE No.-2
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
MERE WORDS WON#T BE ABLE TO E"PRESS MY GRATITUDE AND THANKFULNESS FOR THE $ARIOUS PEOPLE WITHOUT WHOSE
IN$OL$EMENT THIS PROJECT COUNLDN#T HA$E BEEN COMPLETED SUCCESSFULLY.
FIRST OF ALL% I WOULD LIKE TO E"PRESS MY HEARTY GRATITUDE FOR
MISS ANUPAMA KAUSHAL% MY PHYSICS TEACHER WITHOU T WHOSE
SUPPORT AND GUIDANCE THIS $ERY PROJECT COULDN#T HA$E BEEN POSSIBLE. I WOULD ALSO LIKE TO THANK MR. RAJU% OUR PHYSICS LAB ASSISTANT% WHO WAS ALWAYS THERE TO HELP US OUT OUR
PROBLEMS.
LASTLY% I WOULD LIKE TO END UP THANKING ALL MY FRIENDS AND MY PARENTS TOO WITHOUT WHOSE CONTRIBUTION THE WORK ENTERED IN THIS FILE WOULDN#T BE A REALITY.
CONTENTS
AIM
INTRODUCTION THEORY
BASIC GATES THE OR GATE THE AND GATE THE NOT GATE THE NOR GATE THE NAND GATE THE XOR GATE THE XNOR GATE BIBLIOGRAPHY
AIM
TO DESIGN AN APPROPRIATE LOGIC GATE FOR A GIVEN TRUTH TABLE"
INTRODUCTION
A ()*+ , +/+ ) ) ,(,*) ,34,* , 7oo o8+ o(,)
3+)*,o,9 :+*++ *+ ,94* ) o4*94* ;o*)(+. I* , ) ,(,*) ,34,* , +,*+3 )o ) ,() *o 9) *3o4( ) *o9% ,* , )+ a gat.
T+ o(, ()*+ )3+ :4,,( :o< )* ,(,*) ++*3o,. T+= )3+ 4+ , ,(,*) ++*3o, *o )(+ o ;o*)(+ +;+ >,94* ;o*)(+? ,*o
)o*+3 >o4*94* ;o*)(+? )o3,( *o o8+ o(,) *)*+8+* 3+)*,( *+8.
A o(, ()*+ 8)= );+ o+ o3 8o3+ ,94*% :4* ,* ) o= o+ o4*94*. T+ 3+)*,o,9 :+*++ *+ 9o,:+ ;)4+ o7 ,94* ) o4*94*
;o*)(+ , +@93++ , *+ 7o38 o7 ) *):+ )+ trth t!"#$ %r t!"#$ %& %(")*!t)%*+.
T34* *):+ o7 ) Lo(, G)*+ , ) *):+ *)* o ) *+ ,94* ) o4*94* 9o,:,,*,+ 7o3 *+ o(, ()*+.
G$%r,$ B%%#$ )* 1-0 ,;+*+ ) ,+3+* <, o7 )(+:3) :)+ o
:,)3= )*43+ )* *+ o(,% *, )(+:3) o7 o(, )+ BOOLEAN ALGEBRA. A o(,) *)*+8+* ) );+ o= *o ;)4+% 4 )
HIGH/LOW, ON/OFF, CLOSED/OPEN, YES/NO, RIGHT/WRONG,
TRUE/FALSE, CONDUCTING/NON-CONDUCTING +*. T+ *o ;)4+ o7
o(, *)*+8+* o+ +o*+ := *+ :,)3= 48:+3 1 ) 0. T+ :,)3= 48:+3 1 , 4+ *o +o*+ *+ ,( ;)4+. T+ o(,)
*)*+8+* *)* o(, ()*+ 7oo )3+ )+ B%%#$!* $/r$++)%*+
THEORY
Lo(, ()*+ o3 o(, ()*+ , ) +*,*= , ++*3o, ) 8)*+8)*, Boo+) *)* *43 o+ o3 8o3+ o(, ,94* *o ) o(, o4*94* ,(). Lo(, ()*+ , 8),= ,89+8+*+ ++*3o,)= 4,( ,o+ o3
*3),*o3% :4* ) )o :+ :4,* 4,( *+ )33)(+8+* o7 o89o+* *)* 4*,,+ *+ 93o9+3*,+ o7 ++*3o8)(+*, >3+)=?% 4,% o9*,) o3 +;+ 8+),). A= Boo+) )(+:3) o9+3)*,o ) :+ )o,)*+ ,* ,94* ) o4*94* 3+93++* *+ *)*+8+* o7 Boo+) )(+:3). A*o4( *++ ,34,* 8)= :+ o89+@% *+= 8)= ) :+ o*34*+ 73o8 *3++ :), +;,+. W+ );+ *3++ ,+3+* *=9+ o7 o(, ()*+ .T++ )3+ *+ AND ()*+% *+ OR ()*+ ) *+ NOT ()*+. PAGE No.-6 LOGIC STATES 1 0 HIGH LOW ; -; ON OFF CLOSE OPEN RIGHT WRONG TRUE FALSE YES NO
BASIC GATES
>)? THE OR GATE , ) +;,+ *)* o8:,+ A ,* B *o (,;+ Y ) *+ 3+4*.
T+ OR ()*+ ) *o o3 8o3+ ,94* ) o+ o4*94*. T+ o(, ()*+ o7 OR ()*+ ,* A ) B ,94* ) Y o4*94* , o
:+o!
I Boo+) )(+:3)% ),*,o =8:o
>? , 3+7+33+ ) *+ OR. T+ Boo+) +@93+,o! ABY% ,,)*+ Y +4) A OR B.
>:? THE AND GATE , ) +;,+ *)* o8:,+ A ,* B *o (,;+ Y ) *+ 3+4*.
T+ AND ()*+ ) *o o3 8o3+ ,94* ) o+ o4*94*. T+ o(, ()*+ o7 AND ()*+ ,* A ) B ,94* ) Y o4*94* , o :+o!
I Boo+) )(+:3)% 84*,9,)*,o ,( >+,*+3 @ o3.? , 3+7+33+ ) *+ AND. T+ Boo+) +@93+,o!
A!BY% ,,)*+ Y +4) A AND B.
>?THE NOT GATE , ) +;,+ *)* ,;+3* *+ ,94*. T+ NOT , ) o+ ,94* ) o+ o4*94*. T+ o(, ()*+ o7 NOT ()*+ ,* A ) Y o4*94* , o :+o!
I Boo+) )(+:3)% :)3 =8:o > ? , 3+7+33+ ) *+ NOT. T+
Boo+) +@93+,o!
Y% ,,)*+ Y +4) NOT A.
THE OR GATE
Aim
!
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE OR GATE CIRCUIT!
Components
To ,+) 9- 4*,o ,o+ >D1 ) D2?.
T!eo"# $n% Const"&'tion
A OR ()*+ ) :+ 3+),+ := *+ ++*3o, ,34,*% 8)<,( 4+ o7 *o ,o+ D1 ) D2 ) o , *+ /(43+. H+3+ *+ +()*,;+ *+38,) o7 *+ :)**+3= , (3o4+ ) o33+9o *o *+ 0 +;+% ) *+ 9o,*,;+ *+38,) o7 *+ :)**+3= >,.+. ;o*)(+ 5$ , *+ 93++* )+? o33+9o *o +;+ 1. T+ o4*94* Y , ;o*)(+ )* C .3.*. +)3*. T+ 7oo,( ,*+37+3++ ) :+ +),= 3) 73o8 *+ o3<,( o7 ++*3,) ,34,* ,!
)? I7 ,* A B )3+ o9+ )89 o o* (o >A0% B0?% ++ Y0.
:? I7 S,* A o9+ B o+ *+ >A0% B1? L)89 (o% ++ Y1.
? I7 ,* A o+ B o9+ *+ >A1% B0? L)89 (o% ++ Y1. ? I7 ,* A B )3+ o+ *+ >A1% B1? L)89 (o% ++ Y1.
T"&t! T$()e
PAGE No.- I94* A I94 * B O4*94* Y 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 1THE AND GATE
Aim
!
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE AND GATE CIRCUIT!
Components
To ,+) 9- 4*,o ,o+ >D1 ) D2?% )
3+,*)+ R.
T!eo"# $n% Const"&'tion
A AND ()*+ ) :+ 3+),+ := *+ ++*3o, ,34,*% 8)<,( 4+ o7 *o ,o+ D1 ) D2 ) o , *+ /(43+. T+ 3+,*)+ R , o+*+ *o *+ 9o,*,;+ *+38,) o7 ) 5$ :)**+3= 9+38)+*=. H+3+ *+ +()*,;+ *+38,) o7 *+ :)**+3= , (3o4+ ) o33+9o *o *+ 0 +;+% ) *+ 9o,*,;+ *+38,) o7 *+ :)**+3= >,.+. ;o*)(+ 5$ , *+ 93++* )+? o33+9o *o +;+ 1. T+ o4*94* Y , ;o*)(+ )* C .3.*. +)3*. T+ 7oo,( o4,o ) :+ +),= 3) 73o8 *+ o3<,( o7 ++*3,) ,34,*! PAGE No.-11
)? I7 :o* ,*+ AB )3+ o9+ >A0% B0? *+ )89 , o* (o% ++ Y0.
:? I7 S,* A o+ B o9+ >A1% B0? *+ L)89 , o* (o% ++ Y0.
? I7 ,* A o9+ B o+ >A0% B1? *+ L)89 , o* (o% ++ Y0.
? I7 ,* A B :o* o+ >A1% B1? *+ L)89 , (o% ++ Y1.
T"&t! T$()e
THE NOT GATE
Aim
!
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOT GATE CIRCUIT!
Components
A ,+) -9- *3),*o3. PAGE No.-12 I94* A I94* B O4*94* Y 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 1 1T!eo"# $n% Const"&'tion
A NOT ()*+ )o* :+ 3+),+ := 4,( ,o+. Ho+;+3 ) ++*3o, ,34,* o7 NOT ()*+ ) :+ 3+),+ := 8)<,( 4+ o7 -9- *3),*o3 ) o , *+ /(43+. T+ :)+ B o7 *+ *3),*o3 , o+*+ *o *+ ,94* A *3o4( ) 3+,*)+ R: ) *+ +8,**+3 E , +)3*+. T+ o+*o3 , o+*+ *o 5$ :)**+3=. T+ o4*94* Y , ;o*)(+ )* C .3.*. +)3*. T+ 7oo,( o4,o ) :+ +),= 3) 73o8 *+ o3<,( o7 *+ ++*3,) ,34,*! )? I7 ,* A , o9+ >,.+. A0?% *+ 489 , (o% ++ Y1. :? I7 S,* A , o+ >,.+. A1?% *+ 489 , o* (o% ++ Y0.
T"&t! T$()e
PAGE No.-1&
I94* A O4*94* Y
0 1
THE NOR GATE
Aim
!
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NOR GATE CIRCUIT!
Components
To ,+) 9- 4*,o ,o+ >D1 ) D2?% ) ,+)
-9- *3),*o3.
T!eo"# $n% Const"&'tion
I7 + o+* *+ o4*94* Y o7 OR ()*+ *o *+ ,94* o7 ) NOT ()*+ *+ ()*+ o:*),+ , )+ NOR.
T+ o4*94* Y , ;o*)(+ )* C .3.*. +)3*.
I Boo+) +@93+,o% *+ NOR ()*+ , +@93++ ) YAB% ) , :+,( 3+) ) A OR B +()*+. T+
7oo,( ,*+37+3++ ) :+ +),= 3) 73o8 *+ o3<,( o7 ++*3,) ,34,* ,!
)? I7 S,* A B o9+ >A0% B0? *+ L)89 , (o% ++ Y1.
:? I7 S,* A o+ B o9+ >A1% B0? *+ L)89 , o* (o% ++ Y0.
? I7 S,* A o9+ B o+ >A0% B1? *+ L)89 , o* (o% ++ Y0.
? I7 ,* A B )3+ o+ *+ >A1% B1? L)89 , o* (o% ++ Y0.
T"&t! T$()e
PAGE No.-15
I94* A I94* B O4*94* Y
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
THE NAND GATE
Aim
!
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE NAND GATE CIRCUIT!
Components
To ,+) 9- 4*,o ,o+ >D1 ) D2?% )
3+,*)+ R% ) ,+) -9- *3),*o3.
T!eo"# $n% Const"&'tion
I7 + o+* *+ o4*94* Y o7 AND ()*+ *o *+ ,94* o7 ) NOT ()*+ *+ ()*+ o:*),+ , )+ NAND.
T+ o4*94* Y , ;o*)(+ C .3.*.+)3*.
I
Boo+) +@93+,o% *+
NAND ()*+ , +@93++ ) YA.B% ) , :+,( 3+) ) A AND B +()*+. T+ 7oo,(
,*+37+3++ ) :+ +),= 3) 73o8 *+ o3<,( o7 ++*3,) ,34,*!
)? I7 S,* A B o9+ >A0% B0? *+ L)89 , (o% ++ Y1.
:? I7 S,* A o9+ B o+ *+ >A0% B1? L)89 (o% ++ Y1.
? I7 ,* A o+ B o9+ *+ >A1% B0? L)89 (o% ++ Y1.
? I7 ,* A B )3+ o+ *+ >A1% B1? L)89 , o* (o% ++ Y0.
T"&t! T$()e
PAGE No.-1 I94* A I94* B O4*94* Y 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 1 0THE "OR GATE
Aim
!
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE EX OR GATE CIRCUIT!
Components
To AND ()*+% ) OR ()*+% *o NOT ()*+.
T!eo"# $n% Const"&'tion
T+ o9+3)*,o "OR +< 7o3 *+ +@4,;,*= , *+ ;)4+ o7 *+ *o ,() A ) B. I* 8+) ,7 A ) B )3+ o* ,+*,) >,.+. ,7 A0 ) B1 o3 ;,+ ;+3)?% *+ o4*94* Y1% ) ,7 :o* )3+ ,+*,)% *+ *+ o4*94* Y0. T, o9+3)*,o , )o )+ +@4,;+ OR ()*+% +,()*+ E"OR.
I Boo+) +@93+,o% *+ E" OR ()*+ , +@93++ )
YA.B A.B
T+ 7oo,( ,*+37+3++ ) :+ +),= 3) 73o8 *+ o3<,( o7 ++*3,) ,34,*!
)? I7 :o* ,*+ AB )3+ o9+ >A0% B0? *+ )89 , o* (o% ++ Y0.
:? I7 S,* A o9+ B o+ *+ >A0% B1? L)89 (o% ++ Y1.
? I7 ,* A o+ B o9+ *+ >A1% B0? L)89 (o% ++ Y1.
? I7 ,* A B )3+ o+ *+ >A1% B1? L)89 , o* (o% ++ Y0.
T"&t! T$()e
THE "NOR GATE
Aim
!
TO DESIGN AND SIMULATE THE EX NOR GATE CIRCUIT!
Components
To AND ()*+% ) OR ()*+% *3++ NOT ()*+.
T!eo"# $n% Const"&'tion
PAGE No.-1
I94* A I94* B O4*94* Y
0 0 0
1 0 1
0 1 1
T+ o9+3)*,o "NOR +< 7o3 *+ +@4,;,*= , *+ ;)4+ o7 *+ *o ,() A ) B. I* 8+) ,7 A ) B )3+ o* ,+*,) >,.+. ,7 A0 ) B1 o3 ;,+ ;+3)?% *+ o4*94* Y0% ) ,7 :o* )3+ ,+*,)% *+ *+ o4*94* Y1. T, o9+3)*,o , )o )+ +@4,;+ NOR ()*+% +,()*+ "NOR.
I
Boo+) +@93+,o% *+ "NOR ()*+ , +@93++ ) YA.B A.B T+ 7oo,( ,*+37+3++ ) :+ +),= 3) 73o8 *+ o3<,( o7 ++*3,) ,34,*! )? I7 S,* A B o9+ >A0% B0? *+ L)89 , (o% ++ Y1.
:? I7 S,* A o+ B o9+ >A1% B0? *+ L)89 , o* (o% ++ Y0.
? I7 S,* A o9+ B o+ >A0% B1? *+ L)89 , o* (o% ++ Y0.
? I7 ,* A B :o* o+ >A1% B1? *+ L)89 , (o% ++ Y1.
T"&t! T$()e
PAGE No.-20
I94* A I94* B O4*94* Y
0 0 1
1 0 0
0 1 0
