LITERATURE
LITERATURE
CASE STUDY
CASE STUDY
ON
ON
(HIGH RISE BUILDING)
(HIGH RISE BUILDING)
Submitted Submitted
By:-BURJ
BURJ
KH
KH
LIF
LIF
SONAL SHARMA SONAL SHARMA
GENERAL PARAMETERS GENERAL PARAMETERS FOUNDATION DESIGN FOUNDATION DESIGN STRUCTURAL DESIGN STRUCTURAL DESIGN FLOOR DIVISIONS FLOOR DIVISIONS
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM ELEVA
ELEVATORS & LIFTORS & LIFTSTS HVAC SYSTEM
HVAC SYSTEM
WIND ENGINEERING SYSTEM WIND ENGINEERING SYSTEM 1. 1. 2. 2. 3. 3. 4. 4. 5. 5. 6. 6. 7 7.. 1 1 2-3 2-3 4-6 4-6 7 7 8-9 8-9 10 10 11 11 S.NO
FORMER NAME
FORMER NAME - BURJ DUBAI - BURJ DUBAI (TALLES(TALLEST STRUCTURE IN WORLD)T STRUCTURE IN WORLD)
TYPE
TYPE - MIXED - MIXED USE SKYUSE SKYSCRAPERSCRAPER LOCATION
LOCATION–– DUBAI ,UNITED ARAB EMIRATES DUBAI ,UNITED ARAB EMIRATES
CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION STARSTARTEDTED ––JANUARY 2004JANUARY 2004
CONSTRUCTION COMPLETED
CONSTRUCTION COMPLETED - 2010- 2010 TOTAL HEIGHT
TOTAL HEIGHT ––
HEIGHT TILL TOP FLOOR
HEIGHT TILL TOP FLOOR -584.5m-584.5m
TOTAL FLOOR COUNT
TOTAL FLOOR COUNT -163 FLOORS +46 MAINTENANCE LEVELS-163 FLOORS +46 MAINTENANCE LEVELS
IN THE SPIRE + 2 PARKING LEVELS IN BASEMENT IN THE SPIRE + 2 PARKING LEVELS IN BASEMENT ==
TOTAL FLOOR
AREA-TOTAL FLOOR AREA- 309,473 sq m309,473 sq m
ARCHITECT
ARCHITECT–– ADRIAN SMITH(At SOM ADRIAN SMITH(At SOM
company,Chicago) company,Chicago)
DEVELOPER
DEVELOPER –– EMAAR PROPERTIES EMAAR PROPERTIES
STRUCTU
STRUCTURAL RAL ENGINEER-ENGINEER-BILLBILL
BAKER(At SOM) BAKER(At SOM)
CONSTRUC
CONSTRUCTION TION PROJECTPROJECT
MANAGER-MANAGER- TURNER CONSTRUCTIONTURNER CONSTRUCTION
PROJECT
PROJECT DEVELDEVELOPEROPER–– MOHAMED ALI MOHAMED ALI
ALABBAR ALABBAR
GENER
GENER
L
L
P
P
R
R
METERS
METERS
828m
828m
209 FLOORS
•
•THE TOWER FOUNDATIONS CONSIST OF ATHE TOWER FOUNDATIONS CONSIST OF A •
• THE SOLID REINFORCED CONCRETE RAFT IS 3.7 M THE SOLID REINFORCED CONCRETE RAFT IS 3.7 M THICK AND WAS POURED UTILIZING C50 (CUBETHICK AND WAS POURED UTILIZING C50 (CUBE
STRENGTH SELF CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE. STRENGTH SELF CONSOLIDATING CONCRETE.
•
•THE RAFT WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 4 SEPARATE POURS (THREE WINGS AND THE CENTER CORE).THE RAFT WAS CONSTRUCTED IN 4 SEPARATE POURS (THREE WINGS AND THE CENTER CORE). •
•REINFORCEMENT WAS TYPICALLY AT 300MM SPACING IN THE RAFT, AND ARRANGED SUCH THATREINFORCEMENT WAS TYPICALLY AT 300MM SPACING IN THE RAFT, AND ARRANGED SUCH THAT
EVERY
EVERY 10TH 10TH BAR IN BAR IN EACH DIRECTION WEACH DIRECTION WAS OMITTED,RESULTINGAS OMITTED,RESULTING IN A SERIES OF “POURIN A SERIES OF “POUR ENHANCEMENT STRIPS” THROUGHOUT THE RAFT.
ENHANCEMENT STRIPS” THROUGHOUT THE RAFT.
•
•THE BURJ TOWER RAFT IS SUPPORTED BYTHE BURJ TOWER RAFT IS SUPPORTED BY •
• THE PILES ARE 1.5 METER IN DIAMETER AND APPROXIMATELY 43M LONG WITH A DESIGN CAPACITY THE PILES ARE 1.5 METER IN DIAMETER AND APPROXIMATELY 43M LONG WITH A DESIGN CAPACITY
OF 3,000 TONNES EACH. OF 3,000 TONNES EACH.
FOUND TION DESIGN
FOUND TION DESIGN
PILE SUPPORTED RAFT
PILE SUPPORTED RAFT..
194 BORED CAST-IN-PLACE PILES.
•
•THE C60 (CUBE STRENGTH) SCC CONCRETE WAS PLACED BY THE TREMIE METHOD UTILIZINGTHE C60 (CUBE STRENGTH) SCC CONCRETE WAS PLACED BY THE TREMIE METHOD UTILIZING
POLYMER SLURRY. POLYMER SLURRY.
•
•THE FRICTION PILES ARE SUPPORTED IN THE NATURALLY CEMENTED CALCISILTITE CONGLOMERTHE FRICTION PILES ARE SUPPORTED IN THE NATURALLY CEMENTED CALCISILTITE CONGLOMER
CALCISILTITE FOMIATIONS. CALCISILTITE FOMIATIONS.
•
• WHEN THE REBAR CAGE WAS PLACED IN THE PILES, SPECIAL ATTENTION WAS PAID TO ORIENT THE WHEN THE REBAR CAGE WAS PLACED IN THE PILES, SPECIAL ATTENTION WAS PAID TO ORIENT THE
REBAR CAGE SUCH THAT THE RAFT BOTTOM REBAR COULD BE THREADED THROUGH THE REBAR CAGE SUCH THAT THE RAFT BOTTOM REBAR COULD BE THREADED THROUGH THE
•
•NUMEROUS PILE REBAR CAGES WITHOUT INTERRUPTION, WHICH GREATLY SIMPLIFIED THE RAFTNUMEROUS PILE REBAR CAGES WITHOUT INTERRUPTION, WHICH GREATLY SIMPLIFIED THE RAFT
CONSTRUCTION. CONSTRUCTION.
..
•
•THE CONCRETE MIX FOR THE PILES WAS A 60 MPA MIX BASED ON A TRIPLE BLEND WITH 25% FLYTHE CONCRETE MIX FOR THE PILES WAS A 60 MPA MIX BASED ON A TRIPLE BLEND WITH 25% FLY
ASH, 7% SILICA
ASH, 7% SILICA FUME, AND WAFUME, AND WATER TO TER TO CEMENT RATIO CEMENT RATIO OF 0.32.OF 0.32.
•
•DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF EXTREMELY CORROSIVE GROUND WATER, ANTI-CORROSION MEASURESDUE TO THE PRESENCE OF EXTREMELY CORROSIVE GROUND WATER, ANTI-CORROSION MEASURES
(CATHODIC PRO
(CATHODIC PROTECTION SYSTEM) WTECTION SYSTEM) WAS REQUIRED TO AS REQUIRED TO ENSURE THE DURABILITENSURE THE DURABILITY OF Y OF THETHE FOUNDATIONS.
FOUNDATIONS.
•
•MEASURES IMPLEMENTED INCLUDED SPECIALIZED WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS, INCREASEDMEASURES IMPLEMENTED INCLUDED SPECIALIZED WATERPROOFING SYSTEMS, INCREASED
CONCRETE COVER, THE
CONCRETE COVER, THE ADDITION OF CORROSION INHIBITORS ADDITION OF CORROSION INHIBITORS TO TO THE CONCRETE MIX. STRINGENTTHE CONCRETE MIX. STRINGENT CRACK CONTROL
•
•TRIPLE LOBED FOOTPRINT OF BUILDING INSPIRED BY A FLOWER.TRIPLE LOBED FOOTPRINT OF BUILDING INSPIRED BY A FLOWER.
•
•ITS REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE MAKES IT STRONGER THAN STEEL-FRAME SKYSCRAPERS.ITS REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURE MAKES IT STRONGER THAN STEEL-FRAME SKYSCRAPERS.
• •ITSITS
STRUCTURE SIMPLE AND FOSTER CONSTRUCTIBILITY. STRUCTURE SIMPLE AND FOSTER CONSTRUCTIBILITY.
•
•TOWER COMPRISES OF 3 ELEMENTS ARRANGED AROUND ATOWER COMPRISES OF 3 ELEMENTS ARRANGED AROUND A •
•EACH WING, WITH ITS OWN HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE CORRIDOR WALLS AND PERIMETEREACH WING, WITH ITS OWN HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE CORRIDOR WALLS AND PERIMETER
COLUMNS, BUTTRESSES THE OTHERS VIA A SIX-SIDED CENTRAL CORE, OR HEXAGONAL HUB. COLUMNS, BUTTRESSES THE OTHERS VIA A SIX-SIDED CENTRAL CORE, OR HEXAGONAL HUB.
•
•WHICH RESWHICH RESULULTS IN TS IN A EXTREMELY STIFF LATERALLY AND TORSIONALLA EXTREMELY STIFF LATERALLY AND TORSIONALLY TOWER.Y TOWER. •
• A RIGOROUS GEOMETRY IS APPLIED TO THE TOWER THAT ALIGNES ALL THE COMMON CENTRAL A RIGOROUS GEOMETRY IS APPLIED TO THE TOWER THAT ALIGNES ALL THE COMMON CENTRAL
CORE, WALL, AND COLUMN ELEMENTS. CORE, WALL, AND COLUMN ELEMENTS.
•
•EACH TIER OF THE BUILDING SETS BACK IN A SPIRAL STEPPING PATTERN UP THE BUILDING.EACH TIER OF THE BUILDING SETS BACK IN A SPIRAL STEPPING PATTERN UP THE BUILDING. Y
Y SHAPED SHAPED IN IN PLANPLAN - TO REDUCE THE WIND FORCES ON THE TOWER, AS WELL AS TO KEEP THE- TO REDUCE THE WIND FORCES ON THE TOWER, AS WELL AS TO KEEP THE
CENTRAL BUTTRESS ED CORE.
CENTRAL BUTTRESS ED CORE.
STRUCTUR
•
• THE SETBACKS ARE ORGANIZED WITH THE TOWER'S GRID, SUCH THAT THE BUILDING STEPPING IS ACCOMPLISHED BY THE SETBACKS ARE ORGANIZED WITH THE TOWER'S GRID, SUCH THAT THE BUILDING STEPPING IS ACCOMPLISHED BY
ALIGNING COLUMNS ABOVE WITH WALLS BELOW TO PROVIDE A SMOOTH LOAD PATH. ALIGNING COLUMNS ABOVE WITH WALLS BELOW TO PROVIDE A SMOOTH LOAD PATH.
•
•THIS ALLOWS THE CONSTRUCTION TO PROCEED WITHOUT THE THIS ALLOWS THE CONSTRUCTION TO PROCEED WITHOUT THE NORMAL DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIANORMAL DIFFICULTIES ASSOCIATED WITH COLUMNTED WITH COLUMN
TRANSFERS. TRANSFERS.
•
•THE SETBACKS ARE ORGANIZED SUCH THE SETBACKS ARE ORGANIZED SUCH THATHAT THE TOWER'S WIDTH CHANGES AT EACH SETBACK.T THE TOWER'S WIDTH CHANGES AT EACH SETBACK. •
• THE ADVANTA THE ADVANTAGE OF THE GE OF THE STEPPING AND SHAPING STEPPING AND SHAPING IS TO "IS TO " •
•OUTRIGGERS AT THE MECHANICAL FLOORS ALLOW THE COLUMNS TO PARTICIPATE IN THE LATERAL LOAD RESISTANCE OFOUTRIGGERS AT THE MECHANICAL FLOORS ALLOW THE COLUMNS TO PARTICIPATE IN THE LATERAL LOAD RESISTANCE OF
THE STRUCTURE; HENCE, ALL OF THE VERTICAL CONCRETE IS UTI
THE STRUCTURE; HENCE, ALL OF THE VERTICAL CONCRETE IS UTI LIZED TO SUPPORT BOTH GRAVITY AND LATERAL LOLIZED TO SUPPORT BOTH GRAVITY AND LATERAL LOADS.ADS.
•
•THE WALL CONCRETE SPECIFIED STRENGTHS RANGED FROM C80 TO C60 CUBE STRENGTH AND UTILIZED PORTLANDTHE WALL CONCRETE SPECIFIED STRENGTHS RANGED FROM C80 TO C60 CUBE STRENGTH AND UTILIZED PORTLAND
CEMENT AND FLY ASH. CEMENT AND FLY ASH.
•
• THE WALL THICKNESSES AND COLUMN SIZES WERE FINE-TUNED TO REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF THE WALL THICKNESSES AND COLUMN SIZES WERE FINE-TUNED TO REDUCE THE EFFECTS OF CREEP AND SHRINKAGE .CREEP AND SHRINKAGE .
CONFUSE THE WIND
•
•AT TOP CENTRAL CORE EMERGES AND IS SCULPTED TO FORM A STRUCTURAL STEEL SPIREAT TOP CENTRAL CORE EMERGES AND IS SCULPTED TO FORM A STRUCTURAL STEEL SPIRE
UTILIZING A DIAGONALLY BRACED LATERAL SYSTEM. UTILIZING A DIAGONALLY BRACED LATERAL SYSTEM.
•
•THE STRUCTURAL STEEL SPIRE WAS DESIGNED FOR GRAVITY, WIND, SEISMIC AND FATIGUE.THE STRUCTURAL STEEL SPIRE WAS DESIGNED FOR GRAVITY, WIND, SEISMIC AND FATIGUE. •
•THE EXTERIOR EXPOSED STEEL IS PROTECTED WITH A FLAME APPLIED ALUMINUM FINISH WITHTHE EXTERIOR EXPOSED STEEL IS PROTECTED WITH A FLAME APPLIED ALUMINUM FINISH WITH
VERTICAL TUBULAR FINS TO WITHSTAND DUBAI‟S EXTREME SUMMER TEMPER
VERTICAL TUBULAR FINS TO WITHSTAND DUBAI‟S EXTREME SUMMER TEMPERATURE.ATURE.
•
•THE 5 SETS THE 5 SETS OF OUTRIGGERS, DISTRIBUTED UP THE BUILDING, TIE ALL THE VERTICAL LOF OUTRIGGERS, DISTRIBUTED UP THE BUILDING, TIE ALL THE VERTICAL LOADOAD
CARRYING ELEMENTS TOGETHER. CARRYING ELEMENTS TOGETHER.
•
•DESIGN INCORPORATES CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL ELEMENTS PARTICULAR TO REGION.DESIGN INCORPORATES CULTURAL AND HISTORICAL ELEMENTS PARTICULAR TO REGION. •
• Y SHAPED PLAN Y SHAPED PLAN WITH WINGS ALLWITH WINGS ALLOWS MAOWS MAXIMUM OUTWARD VIXIMUM OUTWARD VIEWS AND INWEWS AND INWARD NAARD NATURAL LIGHTTURAL LIGHT..
STEEL SPIRE
STEEL SPIRE
EXTERIOR STEEL WITH EXTERIOR STEEL WITH
h-RESTAURANT h-RESTAURANT 1 1 SUITES SUITES SUITES SUITES BROADCAST BROADCAST
FLOOR DIVISIONS
FLOOR DIVISIONS
B1-B2B1-B2––PARKING & MECHANICALPARKING & MECHANICAL
GROUND-8
GROUND-8thth FLOOR FLOOR-HOTEL-HOTEL th
th-16-16hh––RESIDENTIALRESIDENTIAL th
th-18-18hh--SERVICE FLOORSERVICE FLOOR 19
19th-th- 3 3 thth RESIDENTIALRESIDENTIAL 38
38thth-39-39thth-HOTEL SUITES-HOTEL SUITES 40
40thth-42t-42thh––SERVICE FLOORSERVICE FLOOR 43th
43th-SKY LOBBY-SKY LOBBY
44
44thth-72t-72th-RESIDENTIALh-RESIDENTIAL 73th-75
73th-75hh--SERVICE FLOORSERVICE FLOOR th
th-SKY LOBBY-SKY LOBBY 77
77thth-108-108hh-RESIDENTIAL-RESIDENTIAL 109
109thth-110-110hh--SERVICE FLOORSERVICE FLOOR
111
111thth-121th-121th-CORPORA-CORPORATE TE SUITESSUITES 122t
122t 23th
23th- SKY LOBBY- SKY LOBBY
124
124hh-OBSERVATORY-OBSERVATORY 125
125thth-135-135hh-CORPORA-CORPORATE TE 136
136thth-138-138hh--SERVICE FLOORSERVICE FLOOR 139
139thth-154-154hh-CORPORA-CORPORATE TE
155
155hh--SERVICE FLOORSERVICE FLOOR 156
156thth-159-159hh-COMMUNICA-COMMUNICATION & TION &
SERVICE/MECHANICAL FLOORS
SERVICE/MECHANICAL FLOORS
SEVEN DOUBLE STOREY HEIGHT
SEVEN DOUBLE STOREY HEIGHT
DISTRIBUTED AROUND EVERY 30
DISTRIBUTED AROUND EVERY 30 STOREYSSTOREYS..
IT HOUSES THE ELECTRICAL
IT HOUSES THE ELECTRICAL
SUB-STATION,WATER TANKS AND PUMPS,AIR
•
• ON ELEVATORS USED SO THAT WATER FROMON ELEVATORS USED SO THAT WATER FROM
SPRINKLERS DOES NOT FLOOD THE SHAFT. SPRINKLERS DOES NOT FLOOD THE SHAFT.
•
•IN CASE IN CASE OF FIRE OF FIRE DESIGNATED ELEVADESIGNATED ELEVATORS FEATURE A “TORS FEATURE A “ ” MODE” MODE
ALLOWING FIRE BRIGADE OR TRAINED STAFF TO TRANSPORT OCCUPANTS FROM UPPER ALLOWING FIRE BRIGADE OR TRAINED STAFF TO TRANSPORT OCCUPANTS FROM UPPER PORTIONS OF TOWER TO DISCHARGE LEVELS.
PORTIONS OF TOWER TO DISCHARGE LEVELS.
•
•ELEVATORS INCLUDE OPERATING CAPABILITY ON PRIMARY AND EMERGENCYELEVATORS INCLUDE OPERATING CAPABILITY ON PRIMARY AND EMERGENCY
POWER,WATER RESISTANT EQUIPMENT,MEANS FOR VISUAL INSPECTION OF THE ELEVATOR POWER,WATER RESISTANT EQUIPMENT,MEANS FOR VISUAL INSPECTION OF THE ELEVATOR SHAFT AND RAISED ELEVATOR DOOR THRESHOLDS ON EACH FLOOR OPENING TO MINIMIZE SHAFT AND RAISED ELEVATOR DOOR THRESHOLDS ON EACH FLOOR OPENING TO MINIMIZE THE FLOW OF SPRINKLER WATER INTO SHAFTS.
THE FLOW OF SPRINKLER WATER INTO SHAFTS.
•
•THERE IS ALSO A 5,500kg CAPACITYTHERE IS ALSO A 5,500kg CAPACITY
SERVICE WORK. SERVICE WORK.
•
•
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
FIRE FIGHTING SYSTEM
FIRE PROOF CONCRETE AND SILLS
FIRE PROOF CONCRETE AND SILLS
ELEVATOR FOR FIRE FIGHTERS
ELEVATOR FOR FIRE FIGHTERS AND BUILDINGAND BUILDING
HIGHLY FIRE RESISTANT WALLS
•
•
WAIT SAFELY DURING F
WAIT SAFELY DURING FIRE ON WAY DOWN STAIRS.IRE ON WAY DOWN STAIRS.
•
• REFUGE AREAS SEPARATED FROM MAIN STRUCTURE BY 2-HOUR FIRE RESISTANT STRUCTURE. REFUGE AREAS SEPARATED FROM MAIN STRUCTURE BY 2-HOUR FIRE RESISTANT STRUCTURE. •
•
ROOMS THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING. ROOMS THROUGHOUT THE BUILDING.
•
• LENGTH OF BUILDING FROM BASEMENT TO LEVEL 160 IS LENGTH OF BUILDING FROM BASEMENT TO LEVEL 160 IS •
• A TEAM ONSITE 24 HOURS PRESENT BEEN TRAINED AND BRIEFED TO DO IN CASE OF A TEAM ONSITE 24 HOURS PRESENT BEEN TRAINED AND BRIEFED TO DO IN CASE OF
EMERGENCIES. EMERGENCIES.
•
•BUILDING HAS 57 ELEVATORS AND 8 ESCALATORS.BUILDING HAS 57 ELEVATORS AND 8 ESCALATORS. •
•ELEVATORS ARE DOUBLE DECK CABS WITH A CAPACITY FOR 12-14 PEOPLE PER CAB.ELEVATORS ARE DOUBLE DECK CABS WITH A CAPACITY FOR 12-14 PEOPLE PER CAB. •
•SPEED SPEED OF ELAVAOF ELAVATOR IS 64km/h.TOR IS 64km/h.
PRESSURISED AIR- CONDITIONED REFUGE AREAS
PRESSURISED AIR- CONDITIONED REFUGE AREAS AT APPROX EVERY 25 FLOORS ARE THERE TOAT APPROX EVERY 25 FLOORS ARE THERE TO
MULTI-ALARM SENSORS
MULTI-ALARM SENSORSTHAT INCLUDE SMOKE,HEAT AND OTICAL SENSORS ARE LOCATED IN ALLTHAT INCLUDE SMOKE,HEAT AND OTICAL SENSORS ARE LOCATED IN ALL
FULL
FULLY Y SPRINKLER-FED.SPRINKLER-FED.
ELEV
•
•THE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM DRAWS AIR FROM THE UPPER FLOORS WHERE THETHE AIR CONDITIONING SYSTEM DRAWS AIR FROM THE UPPER FLOORS WHERE THE
AIR IS COOLER AND CLEANER THAN ON GROUND. AIR IS COOLER AND CLEANER THAN ON GROUND.
•
•THE CONDENSATE COLLECTION SYSTEM, WHICH USES THE HOT AND HUMIDTHE CONDENSATE COLLECTION SYSTEM, WHICH USES THE HOT AND HUMID
OUTSIDE AIR,COMBINED WITH THE COOLING REQUIREMENTS OF THE
OUTSIDE AIR,COMBINED WITH THE COOLING REQUIREMENTS OF THE BUILDINGBUILDING RESULTS IN CONDENSATION OF MOISTURE FROM AIR.
RESULTS IN CONDENSATION OF MOISTURE FROM AIR.
•
•
•
•
•
•COOLING SYSTEM INCLUDES A SYSTEM BASED ON A THERMAL ICE- STORAGECOOLING SYSTEM INCLUDES A SYSTEM BASED ON A THERMAL ICE- STORAGE
FACILITY THAT PRODUCES TONNES OF ICE SLURRY DURING NIGHT. FACILITY THAT PRODUCES TONNES OF ICE SLURRY DURING NIGHT.
•
•USING USING ALFA LAVALFA LAVAL PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS THE AL PLATE HEAT EXCHANGERS THE SLURRY BUILT UP IN A SLURRY BUILT UP IN A TANKTANK
STORE THE COOLING ENERGY THAT IS LATER RELEASED THROUGH THE PIPELINES STORE THE COOLING ENERGY THAT IS LATER RELEASED THROUGH THE PIPELINES TO THE ENTIRE INDOOR AIR CONDITIONING AND TAP WATER NETWORKS.
TO THE ENTIRE INDOOR AIR CONDITIONING AND TAP WATER NETWORKS.
HV C SYSTEM
HV C SYSTEM
THE CONDENSED WATER IS COLLECTED AND
THE CONDENSED WATER IS COLLECTED AND DRAINED INTO A HOLDING TANKDRAINED INTO A HOLDING TANK
LOCA
LOCATED IN THE TED IN THE BASEMENT CAR PARK.BASEMENT CAR PARK.
THIS WA
•
• FOR A BUILDING OF THIS HEIGHT AND SLENDERNESS, WIND FORCES AND THE RESULTING FOR A BUILDING OF THIS HEIGHT AND SLENDERNESS, WIND FORCES AND THE RESULTING
MOTIONS IN THE UPPER LEVELS BECOME DOMINANT FACTORS IN THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN. MOTIONS IN THE UPPER LEVELS BECOME DOMINANT FACTORS IN THE STRUCTURAL DESIGN.
•
• AN EXTENSIVE PROGRAM OF WIND TUNNEL TESTS AND OTHER STUDIES WERE UNDERTAKEN. AN EXTENSIVE PROGRAM OF WIND TUNNEL TESTS AND OTHER STUDIES WERE UNDERTAKEN. •
• THE WIND TUNNEL PROGRAM INCLUDED RIGID-MODEL FORCE BALANCE TESTS, A FOIL MULTI THE WIND TUNNEL PROGRAM INCLUDED RIGID-MODEL FORCE BALANCE TESTS, A FOIL MULTI
DEGREE OF FREEDOM AERO ELASTIC MODEL STUDIES, MEASUREMENTS OF LOCALIZED PRESSURES, DEGREE OF FREEDOM AERO ELASTIC MODEL STUDIES, MEASUREMENTS OF LOCALIZED PRESSURES, PEDESTRIAN WIND ENVIRONMENT STUDIES AND WIND CLIMATIC STUDIES.
PEDESTRIAN WIND ENVIRONMENT STUDIES AND WIND CLIMATIC STUDIES.
•
• WIND TUNNEL MODELS ACCOUNT FOR THE CROSS WIND EFFECTS OF WIND WIND TUNNEL MODELS ACCOUNT FOR THE CROSS WIND EFFECTS OF WIND
INDUCED VORTEX SHEDDING ON THE BUILDING. INDUCED VORTEX SHEDDING ON THE BUILDING.
•
• THE WIND VORTICES NEVER GET ORGANIZED BECAUSE AT EACH NEW TIER THE WIND ENCOUNTERS THE WIND VORTICES NEVER GET ORGANIZED BECAUSE AT EACH NEW TIER THE WIND ENCOUNTERS
A DIFFERENT BUILDING SHAPE. A DIFFERENT BUILDING SHAPE.
