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Flood risk reduction and flow buffering as ecosystem services – Part 1: Theory on flow persistence, flashiness and base flow

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Figure 1. (a) Multiple perspectives on the way flood risk is to be understood, monitored and handled according to different knowledgesystems; (b) basic requirements for a “metric” to be used in public discussions of natural resource management issues that deserve to beresolved and acted upon (modified from van Noordwijk et al., 2016).
Figure 2. Steps in a causal pathway that relates the salience of “avoided flood damage as ecosystem service” to the interaction of exposure(1; being in the wrong place at critical times), hazard (2; spatially explicit flood frequency and duration) and human determinants of vulnera-
Figure 3. Example of the derivation of best-fitting Fp,try value for an example hydrograph (a) on the basis of the inferred Qa distribution(cumulative frequency in b), and three properties of this distribution (c): its sum, frequency of negative values and standard deviation; theFp,try minimum of the latter is derived from the parameters of a fitted quadratic equation.
Figure 4. Effects of the Fp parameter on hydrographs of daily river flow generated by a random rainfall generator, with persistent andadditional flow components indicated, for two settings with total rainfall of approximately 1600 and 600 mm yr−1 (NB river fl
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