The Future of Data Storage

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The Future of Data Storage

IBM Almaden Research Center

Principles, Potential and Problems Hans Coufal

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1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Production Year

1E-3 1E-2 1E-1 1E+0

1E+1 1E+2 1E+3 1E+4 1E+5 1E+6

Areal Density Megabits/in2

IBM Areal Density

Perspective45 Years of Technology Progress

IBM RAMAC (First Hard Disk Drive)

~17 Million X Increase 1st MR Head

1st GMR Head

1st Thin Film Head

10⁵ 10⁴ 10³

10²

10 1

10^-1 10^-2

10^-3

Ed Grochowski at Almaden 25% CGR

60% CGR

arpers2001ab2.prz

Travelstar 40GN

Ultrastar 73LZX

Deskstar 120GXP

100% CGR

10⁶

Microdrive II

IBM Disk Drive Products Industry Lab Demos

1st AFC Media

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1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Availability Year

1 10 100

Time, milliseconds

IBM Server HDD Access/Seek Time Performance Increase

Accessing

Seeking

Rotating

Ultrastar 36ZX Ultrastar 36XP Ultrastar 18ZX Ultrastar 18XP

Ultrastar 2XP Ultrastar XP

Ultrastar 9ZX

seek time ~(inertia/power)^1/3x (data band)^2/3 rotational time ~ (RPM)^-1

(latency)

SEEK2001A.PRZ

Ultrastar 36LZX Ultrastar 73LZX

Ultrastar 36Z15

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90 95 100 105 Availability Year

1 10 100

Maximum Internal Data Rate, MBytes/s

90 95 2000 2005 Magnetic Hard Disk Drive Internal Data Rate

IBM Products

2.5 inch Mobile Products

3.5 inch Server Products

40 % CGR Ultrastar 18XP Ultrastar 9ZX

Travelstar 10GT Travelstar 14GS Ultrastar 2XP

Travelstar 6GT Travelstar 8GS

Travelstar 3GN Travelstar 5GS

Travelstar 4GT Travelstar VP Travelstar 3XP

Travelstar 2XP Ultrastar XP

Travelstar 2LP Travelstar XP

Travelstar Travelstar LP Spitfire

Allicat Sawmill

Corsair 1,2

Ultrastar 18ZXUltrastar 36XP

1 GHz

100 MHz

10 MHz

Data Channel Performance

Ultrastar 36ZX

Ed Grochowski at Almaden

Travelstar 25GS Ultrastar 36 LZX

Datarate = Linear

x

RPM

x Disk Density Diam.

.

Deskstar 75GXP

Travelstar 32GH Ultrastar 73 LZX

drtrd2001va.prz

Ultrastar 36Z15

Travelstar 48GHTravelstar 60GH Deskstar 120GXP

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IBM 9.1GB Ultra 2XP

1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

Year 0.0001

0.001 0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000

Price/MByte, Dollars

HDD DRAM Flash Paper/Film

Average Price of Storage

IBM 18.2GB Ultrastar

IBM Deskstar 37GB

Toshiba 6.4GB IBM Deskstar4

IBM Deskstar3

IBM 16.8GB Deskstar

IBM 8.1GB Travelstar

Seagate 8.6GB Quant 4.5GB

64MB IBM 9.1GB Ultrastar

96 MB Flash Camera Mem.

64MB Flash 4MB Flash 16MB Flash

1MB Flash

512KB Flash 256KB Flash 128KB Flash

8KB

32KB 64KB

128KB

512KB

1MB 2MB

4MB IBM6150

Wren II

Seagate ST125

Maxt170

IBM0615

IBM0663

Seagate B'cuda4 Seagate ST500

oemprc2001a1.prz

128MB Flash 64MB

Ed Grochowski at Almaden

128MB Flash

Travelstar 25GS IBM 340 MB Microdrive

IBM Deskstar 25GB IBM Deskstar 75GXP

IBM 1 GB Microdrive

1" HDD Projection DataQuest 2000 Flash Projection DataQuest 2000

Range of Paper/Film

3.5 " HDD

2.5 " HDD

1 " HDD Flash DRAM

Maxtor 60GB

Desktop HDD Projection IDC 2000

Travelstar 30GN Seagate 36GB 15K

IBM Deskstar 120 GXP

Travelstar 60GH

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92 94 96 98 100 102 104

Year

1 10 100

Physical Spacing, nm

2000 02 04

Ultrastar 36ZX Ultrastar 36XP Ultrastar 18ZX Ultrastar 18XP

Ultrastar 2XP Ultrastar XP

3 Gbits/in2

5 Gbits/in2

12.1 Gbits/in2

20.3 Gbits/in2

Travelstar 18GT Travelstar 6GN

Travelstar 4GT Travelstar 4LP

Travelstar 2XP

Server Products-3.5 Inches Mobile Products-2.5

Lab Demos

Physical spacing and disk surface evolution

Travelstar 6GT

Textured Disk

Smooth Disk Load/Unload Travelstar 3GN

spac2000f.prz

35.3 Gbits/in2 demo

High ID/low OD air bearing surface

Supersmooth disk/substrate Magnetic Spacing

Lube

Slider Overcoat

Magnetic Element

Recession

Physical Spacing

Magnetic Film Disk Substrate

Overcoat

Ultrastar 73LZX Ultrastar 36LZX Travelstar 30GT

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85 90 95 100 105 110 115

Availability Year

0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000 10000

Areal Density, Gbits/in2

IBM Advanced Storage Roadmap

Superparamagnetic Effect

1 Gbit/in2 Demo

3 Gbits/in2 Demo

5 Gbits/in2 Demo 12.1 Gbits/in2

20.3 Gbits/in2 Deskstar 120GXP

Ultrastar 73LZX

Enhanced Magnetic

Disk Drive

Advanced Storage Technology

2000 05 10 15

Milliactuator AFC media 15K RPM Microdrive 10K RPM

Integrated Head/Suspension Giant MR Head/Pico Slider Ramp Load/Unload, Glass Substrates No-ID

MR Head/Nano-slider PRML Data Channel Thin Film/High Coercivity Disks Small Form Factor

Lab Demos 3.5 Inch FF 2.5 Inch FF

>10 Inch FF

ED GROCHOWSKI at ALMADEN

advrdmp21a.prz

35.3 Gbits/in2

Travelstar40GN 63.2 Gbits/in2

106 Gbits/in2 130 Gbits/in2

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Non

^-

Volatile Magnetic Memory

I_B

IW

WL

SL SL

Amplifier

Current for write Sense

path

Select column Select

SL_m-1 row

SLm+1

SL_m

WL_n-1

WL_n+1 WL_n

Tunneling Barrier

p n

Magnetic Tunnel Junction

Diode

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(10)

(11)

Moving Atoms

(12)

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"Millipede" Nanoscale Mechanical Data StorageNanoscale Mechanical Data Storage

Single Lever Write / Read Single Lever Write / Read

Principle Principle

Video Animation Video Animation

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

IBM Zurich Research Laboratory IBM Zurich Research Laboratory

Nanoscale Mechanical Nanoscale Mechanical

Data Storage Data Storage

Single Lever Write / Read Principle Single Lever Write / Read Principle

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Single Lever Write / Read Single Lever Write / Read

Principle Principle

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Highly Parallel Highly Parallel

Recording Recording

Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Nanoscience and Nanotechnology

IBM Zurich Research Laboratory IBM Zurich Research Laboratory

Nanoscale Mechanical Nanoscale Mechanical

Data Storage Data Storage

Highly Parallel Recording Highly Parallel Recording

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Highly Parallel Highly Parallel

Recording Recording

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Thermomechanical read/write Results

400 Gbits/inch² 40 nm bit size

120 nm pitch

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erasing two lines erasing two lines

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keeping one line keeping one line

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erasing line but keeping one line erasing line but keeping one line

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Fabricated "Millipede" Chip

Integration in a 7 × 14 mm²chip size of:

• An array of 32 × 32 (1024) Cantilever

• Approaching, leveling sensors (4)

• Thermal sensors (4)

• Heaters

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Microfabricated Si / Cu Scanner

30 mm

suspended platform

fixed frame Cu springs

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Experimental System

Millepede

Magnetic xyz actuators

Magnets coated in Ferro-fluid Polymer

damped spring support

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Science & Technology

spatial light

modulator

reference beam(s) laser

light

record one page at a time, each with a different

reference beam electronic pages from

cpu

recording medium

Holographic Storage - Recording Data

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Science & Technology

electronic pages to cpu

retrieve one page from many

by using corresponding reference beam detector

array

Holographic Storage - Retrieving Data

recording medium

reference beam

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DEMON I

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Science & Technology M. Sanchez - ln98.prz

Retrieve by Content

reference beam

recording medium search

pattern correlation

peaks

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Associative Retrieval

Search pattern

Correlation peaks

Retrieved data

Decoded images

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Holographic Storage 4 Product Scenarios

Hard Disk Drive (DASD) Product

High Capacity: 1 TB Access Time: 10 ms High Reliability/Availability

Hard Disk Drive (CDROM-Type) Product

High Capacity: 1 TB Access Time: 10 ms High Capacity/Low Cost

HOLOHD9.CDR

Total Capacity: 25 GB Access Time: 10 s Non Volatile Cache

l

Extended DRAM Product

IBM Advanced Technology

High Capacity: 1 PB Access Time: 10 s High Volumetric Density

Rack Mounted Archive Product

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Demon I Demon I (first test bed) (first test bed)

Associative Associative

Retrieval Retrieval

PRISM PRISM

(media tester) (media tester)

Optical Beam Optical Beam

Apodizer

Apodizer Demon IIDemon II

(second test bed) (second test bed)

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85 90 95 100 105 110 115 Availability Year