180 168e 174e 156e 162e 150e 144e 132e 138e 120e
108e 96e 84e 72e 60e 48e 36e 24e 12e 6e 0 6w
12w 18e 30e 42e 54e 66e 78e 90e 102e 114e 126e 12w 6w
18w 24w 36w
48w 42w 30w
54w 66w 72w
84w 78w 60w
90w 96w 102w 108w 120w 132w 144w 156w
168w162w 150w 138w 126w 114w
174w 180
180 168e 174e 156e 162e 150e 144e 132e 138e 120e
108e 96e 84e 72e 60e 48e 36e 24e 12e 6e 0 6w
12w 18e 30e 42e 54e 66e 78e 90e 102e 114e 126e
18w 24w 36w
48w 42w 30w
54w 66w 72w
84w 78w 60w
90w 96w 102w 108w 120w 132w 144w 156w
168w162w 150w 138w 126w 114w
174w 180 84n 84n
0 0
72n 64n 56n 48n 40n 32n 24n 16n 8n
8s 16s 24s 32s 40s 48s 56s 64s 72s 80s
72n 64n 56n 48n 40n 32n 24n 16n 8n
8s 16s 24s 32s 40s 48s 56s 64s 72s 80s W
V U T S R Q P
M L K J H G F E D
W V U T S R Q P
M L K J H G F E D
W V U T S R Q P
M L K J H G F E D
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60X
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54 56 58 60X
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
18 20
22
24 26 28 30
32
34 36
38
40 42 44 46
48 50
52 54 56 58 60N
1X 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29X
31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59
1C 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29C 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59
1N 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
19 21
23 25 27 29N 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45
47 49
51 53 55 57 59
Zones
The UTM system divides the Earth into 60 longitudinal projection zones numbered 1 to 60 starting at 180°W. Each of the zones is 6 degrees wide with a few exceptions around Norway and Svalbard. Each zone is based on its own Transverse Mercator projection. UTM uses a secant version of the Transverse Mercator with two standard lines located about180 km from the central meridian
Latitudinal zones are not part of the UTM, they are part of the Military General Refernce System (MGRS). They are often used in conjunction with the UTM. They extend from 84°N to 80°S and are designated with the letters C to X (skipping I and O). Each latitudinal zone is 8 degrees, except for the 12 degree zone X.
Beware of confusion between the standard N and S (indicating north and south of the Equator in the UTM system) and zone S in the MGRS with is in the northern hemisphere
Coordinates
A location referenced in the UTM system is denoted by the zone (north or south) and the easting and northing coordinate pair. The easting is the projected distance, in meters, from the central meridian and the northing is the projected distance, in meters, from the Equator.
The point of origin of each UTM zone is the intersection of the Equator and the zone's central meridian. In order to avoid dealing with negative numbers for easting, the central meridian of each zone is given a "false easting"
value of 500,000 meters.
Northern hemisphere northings are measured from the Equator, which has an initial northing of 0 meters. In the southern hemisphere northings decrease as you go southward from the Equator, which is given a "false northing"
of 10,000,000 meters so that no point within the zone has a negative northing value.
UTM: Universal Transverse Mercator Coordinate System
For calculating scale
63,360 inches in one mile 5,280 feet in one mile
1,000,000 millimeters in one kilometer 100,000 centimeters in one kilometer
Between systems of measurement (* constants are exact)
You have multiply by to get
You have multiply by to get
Centimeters 0.3937008 Inches 2.54* Centimeters
Meters 3.2808399 Feet 0.3048* Meters
Kilometers 0.6213712 Miles 1.609344* Kilometers
Nautical Miles 1.1507794 Miles 0.8689762 Nautical Miles
Nautical Miles 1.852* Kilometers 0.5399568 Nautical Miles Square Centimeters 0.1550003 Square Inches 6.4516* Square Centimeters Square Centimeters 0.0010763 Square Feet 929.0304* Square Centimeters Square Meters 10.7639104 Square Feet 0.09290304* Square Meters
Hectares 2.4710541 Acres 0.4046856 Hectares
Square Kilometers 0.3861022 Square Miles 2.5899881 Square Kilometers
Square Kilometers 100.0* Hectares 0.01* Square Kilometers
Square Miles 640.0* Acres 0.0015625* Square Miles
Degrees 0.017453292 Radians 57.2958 Degrees
Most Used Unit Conversions for Mapping
Landsat 4, 5, and 7 Channels
Band Pixel Size Wavelength Range (micrometers) 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8
30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 60 m 30 m 15 m
Blue, 0.45–0.515 Green, 0.525–0.605 Red, 0.63–0.69
Near infrared, 0.75–0.90 Mid Infrared, 1.55–1.75 Infrared, 10.40–12.5
Shortwave Infrared, 2.09–2.35 Pan-chromatic, 0.52–0.90 (Landsat 7 only)
Landsat-8 Channels
No. Pixel Size Wavelength Range (micrometers) 1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
30m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 30 m 15 m 30 m
100 m (resampled to 30) 100 m (resampled to 30)
Coastal-aerosol, 0.43–0.45 Blue, 0.45–0.51
Green, 0.53–0.59 Red, 0.64–0.67
Near infrared, 0.85–0.88
Short-wave Infrared 1, 1.57–1.65 Short-wave Infrared 2, 2.09–2.35 Pan-chromatic, 0.50–0.68 Cirrus, 1.36–1.38
TIRS 1, 10.60–11.19 TIRS 2, 11.5–12.51
Common Channel Combinations R-G-B Characteristics
3-2-1 Red, green and blue visible light channels; closest to image as seen by human eye
4-3-2 Near infrared combined with red and green visible channels, as known as Color Infrared (CIR); vegetation analysis
7-4-2 Used by USGS in creating ETM+ Mosaics for the world; natural-ish color, cuts through atmospheric interference
LandSat Image Info for Mapping
Additive color. Mixing with light.
GREEN
BLUE
Yellow
Cyan Magenta
RED MAGENTA
YELLOW
Blue
Red Green
CYAN
Subtractive color. Mixing with pigment.
Making Colors
Projection info for web map tiling (used by ArcGIS Online, Google Maps, OSM and Bing Maps among others) Projection: Spherical Mercator, WGS 1984; EPSG:3857 (old EPSG 3785 and 900913) Coordinate system in ArcGIS: Web Mercator Auxiliary Sphere (WKID 102100)
Global Extent: 180° West to 180° East, approximately 85.05° South to 85.05° North Pixel density for scales below: 96 pixels per inch
Zoom level Scale 1 to 0 591,657,528 1 295,828,764 2 147,914,382
3 73,957,191
4 36,978,595
5 18,489,298
6 9,244,649
7 4,622,324
8 2,311,162
9 1,155,581
10 577,791
11 288,895
12 144,448
13 72,224
14 36,112
15 18,056
16 9,028
17 4,514
18 2,257
19 1,128
Web Mercator Parameters
Globe characteristics:
Rotation: Counter-clockwise when viewed from above
Tilt: 23.44°
Line DMS Decimal Degrees
Arctic Circle 66° 33′ 44″ N 66.562222 ° S Tropic of Cancer 23° 26′ 16″ N 23.437778° N
Equator 0° 0°
Tropic of Capricorn 23° 26′ 16″ S 23.437778° S Antarctic Circle 66° 33′ 44″ S 66.562222 ° S
Measurements:
Metric Imperial Description
40,075 km 24,901 mi Circumference, Equatorial
40,008 km 24,860 mi Circumference, Meridianal
8,848 m 29,029 ft Highest Land Elevation
-377m -1,237 ft Lowest Land Elevation
-10,916 m -35,814 ft Deepest Ocean Depth
510,072,000 km
2196,939,900 mi
2Surface Area 148,940,000 km
257,506,055 mi
2Land Area 361,132,000 km
2139,433,845 mi
2Water Area
29.2% Land as percentage of surface area
70.8% Water as percentage of surface area
Earth Information
Continental United States
Projection: Albers Equal Area
Coordinate System: NAD 1983 Central Meridian -96.0° W Standard Parallel 1 29.5° N Standard Parallel 2 45.5° N Latitude of Origin 23.0° N
Alaska
Projection: Albers Equal Area
Coordinate System: NAD 1983
Central Meridian -154.0° W (for all Aleutians, older = -140°W) Standard Parallel 1 55.0° N
Standard Parallel 2 65.0° N Latitude of Origin 50.0° N
Hawaii
Projection: Albers Equal Area
Coordinate System: NAD 1983 Central Meridian -157.0° W Standard Parallel 1 8.0° N Standard Parallel 2 18.0° N Latitude of Origin 13.0° N
Puerto Rico and U.S. Virgin Islands
Projection: Albers Equal Area
Coordinate System: NAD 1983 Central Meridian -66.5.0° W Standard Parallel 1 8.0° N Standard Parallel 2 18.0° N Latitude of Origin 13.0° N
0 200 mi
U.S.Geological Survey Standard Conic Projections
0 200 mi
0 200 mi
0 200 mi
Parallel Kilometers Miles Parallel Kilometers Miles Parallel Kilometers Miles
0 111.321 69.172 30 96.488 59.956 60 55.802 34.674
1 111.304 69.162 31 95.506 59.345 61 54.110 33.623
2 111.253 69.130 32 94.495 58.716 62 52.400 32.560
3 111.169 69.078 33 93.455 58.071 63 50.675 31.488
4 111.051 69.005 34 92.387 57.407 64 48.934 30.406
5 110.900 68.911 35 91.290 56.725 65 47.177 29.315
6 110.715 68.795 36 90.166 56.027 66 45.407 28.215
7 110.497 68.660 37 89.014 55.311 67 43.622 27.106
8 110.245 68.504 38 87.835 54.579 68 41.823 25.988
9 109.959 68.326 39 86.629 53.829 69 40.012 24.862
10 109.641 68.129 40 85.396 53.063 70 38.188 23.729
11 109.289 67.910 41 84.137 52.281 71 36.353 22.589
12 108.904 67.670 42 82.853 51.483 72 34.506 21.441
13 108.486 67.410 43 81.543 50.669 73 32.648 20.287
14 108.036 67.131 44 80.208 49.840 74 30.781 19.127
15 107.553 66.830 45 78.849 49.995 75 28.903 17.960
16 107.036 66.510 46 77.466 48.136 76 27.017 16.788
17 106.487 66.169 47 76.058 47.261 77 25.123 15.611
18 105.906 65.808 48 74.628 46.372 78 23.220 14.428
19 105.294 65.427 49 73.174 45.469 79 21.311 13.242
20 104.649 65.026 50 71.698 44.552 80 19.394 12.051
21 103.972 64.606 51 70.200 43.621 81 17.472 10.857
22 103.264 64.166 52 68.680 42.676 82 15.545 9.659
23 102.524 63.706 53 67.140 41.719 83 13.612 8.458
24 101.754 63.228 54 65.578 40.749 84 11.675 7.255
25 100.952 62.729 55 63.996 39.766 85 9.735 6.049
26 100.119 62.212 56 62.395 38.771 86 7.792 4.842
27 99.257 61.676 57 60.774 37.764 87 5.846 3.632
28 98.364 61.122 58 59.135 36.745 88 3.898 2.422
29 97.441 60.548 59 57.478 35.716 89 1.949 1.211
Lengths of a Degree of Longitude
Measured along the parallel
Parallel Kilometers Miles Parallel Kilometers Miles Parallel Kilometers Miles 0-1 110.567 68.703 30-31 110.857 68.883 60-61 111.423 69.235 1-2 110.568 68.704 31-32 110.874 68.894 61-62 111.440 69.246 2-3 110.569 68.705 32-33 110.892 68.905 62-63 111.456 69.256 3-4 110.571 68.706 33-34 110.910 68.916 63-64 111.472 69.266 4-5 110.574 68.708 34-35 110.928 68.928 64-65 111.488 69.275 5-6 110.578 68.710 35-36 110.947 68.939 65-66 111.503 69.285 6-7 110.582 68.712 36-37 110.966 68.951 66-67 111.518 69.294 7-8 110.586 68.715 37-38 110.985 68.962 67-68 111.532 69.303 8-9 110.592 68.718 38-39 111.004 68.974 68-69 111.546 69.311 9-10 110.598 68.722 39-40 111.023 68.986 69-70 111.560 69.320 10-11 110.605 68.726 40-41 111.042 68.998 70-71 111.572 69.328 11-12 110.612 68.731 41-42 111.062 69.011 71-72 111.585 69.335 12-13 110.620 68.736 42-43 111.082 69.023 72-73 111.596 69.343 13-14 110.628 68.741 43-44 111.101 69.035 73-74 111.607 69.349 14-15 110.638 68.747 44-45 111.121 69.047 74-75 111.618 69.356 15-16 110.648 68.753 45-46 111.141 69.060 75-76 111.628 69.362 16-17 110.658 68.759 46-47 111.161 69.072 76-77 111.637 69.368 17-18 110.669 68.766 47-48 111.180 69.084 77-78 111.646 69.373 18-19 110.680 68.773 48-49 111.200 69.096 78-79 111.654 69.378 19-20 110.692 68.781 49-50 111.220 69.108 79-80 111.661 69.383 20-21 110.705 68.789 50-51 111.239 69.121 80-81 111.668 69.387 21-22 110.718 68.797 51-52 111.258 69.133 81-82 111.674 69.391 22-23 110.732 68.805 52-53 111.278 69.145 82-83 111.680 69.395 23-24 110.746 68.814 53-54 111.297 69.156 83-84 111.685 69.398 24-25 110.761 68.823 54-55 111.315 69.168 84-85 111.689 69.400 25-26 110.776 68.833 55-56 111.334 69.180 85-86 111.692 69.402 26-27 110.791 68.842 56-57 111.352 69.191 86-87 111.695 69.404 27-28 110.807 68.852 57-58 111.371 69.202 87-88 111.697 69.405 28-29 110.823 68.862 58-59 111.388 69.213 88-89 111.699 69.406 29-30 110.840 68.873 59-60 111.406 69.224 89-90 111.699 69.407
Lengths of a Degree of Latitude
Measured along the meridian
Digital Video Parameters
Aspect Ratio 16:9 or 4:3; see below Pixel Dimensions See below
Frame Rates 15, 23.976, 25, 29.97, 30, 60; find out from your video production partner; otherwise use 30fps Codec Save without codec if possible by using “Animation” or uncompressed setting; find out from you
video production partner; otherwise use h264
File Format Find out from you video production partner; otherwise save as QuickTime or AVI as default Pixel Shape Create yours as square but remember that some video systems use rectangular
Most Common Pixel Dimensions for creating graphics for video
Ratio Size Frame Rates Used by
16:9 1920 x 1080 various HD 1080p digital video systems, highest quality 16:9 1280 x 720 various HD 720p digital video systems, lower quality
4:3 768 x 576 various NTSC and PAL SD video systems
4:3 640 x 480 various VGA video systems
640 x 480 786 x 576 1280 x 720
16 x 9 16 x 9
4 x 3 4 x 3
1920 x 1080
Digital Video and Map Preparation
The ISO A series
A0
A1
A2
A3
A5 A4
A7 A6
A8
E
D
B C
Tabloid
LetterA
The ANSI series
Format A series B series C series
Size mm × mm in × in mm × mm in × in mm × mm in × in 0 841 × 1189 33.11 × 46.81 1000 × 1414 39.37 × 55.67 917 × 1297 36.10 × 51.06 1 594 × 841 23.39 × 33.11 707 × 1000 27.83 × 39.37 648 × 917 25.51 × 36.10 2 420 × 594 16.54 × 23.39 500 × 707 19.69 × 27.83 458 × 648 18.03 × 25.51 3 297 × 420 11.69 × 16.54 353 × 500 13.90 × 19.69 324 × 458 12.76 × 18.03 4 210 × 297 8.27 × 11.69 250 × 353 9.84 × 13.90 229 × 324 9.02 × 12.76 5 148 × 210 5.83 × 8.27
Name in x in mm × mm Letter 8.5 x 11 216 x 279 Legal 8.5 x 14 216 x 356 Jr. Legal 8.0 x 5.0 203 x 127 Ledger 17 x 11 432 x 279 Tabloid 11 x 17 279 x 432
Name in x in mm × mm Ratio Arch A 9 x 12 229 x 305 3:4
2:3 3:4 2:3 3:4 5:7 13:19
9:13 Arch B 12 x 18 305 x 457 Arch C 18 x 24 457 x 610 Arch D 24 x 36 610 x 914 Arch E 36 x 48 914 x 1219 Arch E1
Arch E2 Arch E3
30 x 42 762 x 1067 26 x 38 660 x 965 27 x 39 686 x 991
Name in x in mm × mm Alias Similar ISO A ANSI A 9 x 12 216 x 279 A4
A3 Letter Ledger Tabloid
-- -- --
A2 A1 A0 ANSI B 17 x 11 432 x 279
11 x 17 279 x 432 ANSI C 17 x 22 432 x 559 ANSI D 22 x 34 559 x 864 ANSI E 34 x 44 864 x 1118
176 × 250 6.93 × 9.84 162 × 229 6.38 × 9.02 6 105 × 148 4.13 × 5.83 125 × 176 4.92 × 6.93 114 × 162 4.49 × 6.38 7 74 × 105 2.91 × 4.13 88 × 125 3.46 × 4.92 81 × 114 3.19 × 4.49 8 52 × 74 2.05 × 2.91 62 × 88 2.44 × 3.46 57 × 81 2.24 × 3.19 9 37 × 52 1.46 × 2.05 44 × 62 1.73 × 2.44 40 × 57 1.57 × 2.24 10 26 × 37 1.02 × 1.46 31 × 44 1.22 × 1.73 28 × 40 1.10 × 1.57
ISO paper sizes (based on aspect ratio = √2) American paper sizes (many aspect ratios)
