TC7126/A. 3-1/2 Digit Analog-to-Digital Converters. General Description. Features. Applications. Device Selection Table

Features

• Internal Reference with Low Temperature Drift - TC7126: 80ppm/°C Typical

- TC7126A: 35ppm/°C Typical

• Zero Reading with Zero Input

• Low Noise: 15µV_P-P

• High Resolution: 0.05%

• Low Input Leakage Current: 1pA Typ., 10pA Max.

• Precision Null Detectors with True Polarity at Zero

• High-Impedance Differential Input

• Convenient 9V Battery Operation with Low Power Dissipation: 500µW Typ., 900µW Max.

Applications

• Thermometry

• Bridge Readouts: Strain Gauges, Load Cells, Null Detectors

• Digital Meters and Panel Meters:

- Voltage/Current/Ohms/Power, pH

• Digital Scales, Process Monitors

Device Selection Table

General Description

The TC7126A is a 3-1/2 digit CMOS analog-to-digital converter (ADC) containing all the active components necessary to construct a 0.05% resolution measure- ment system. Seven-segment decoders, digit and polarity drivers, voltage reference, and clock circuit are integrated on-chip. The TC7126A directly drives a liq- uid crystal display (LCD), and includes a backplane driver.

A low cost, high resolution indicating meter requires only a display, four resistors, and four capacitors. The TC7126A's extremely low power drain and 9V battery operation make it ideal for portable applications.

The TC7126A reduces linearity error to less than 1 count. Rollover error (the difference in readings for equal magnitude, but opposite polarity input signals) is below ±1 count. High-impedance differential inputs offer 1pA leakage current and a 10¹²Ω input imped- ance. The 15µV_P-Pnoise performance ensures a "rock solid" reading, and the auto-zero cycle ensures a zero display reading with a 0V input.

The TC7126A features a precision, low drift internal voltage reference and is functionally identical to the TC7126. A low drift external reference is not normally required with the TC7126A.

Package

Code Package Temperature

Range

CPL 40-Pin PDIP 0°C to +70°C

IPL 40-Pin PDIP (TC7126 Only) -25°C to +85°C

CKW 44-Pin PQFP 0°C to +70°C

CLW 44-Pin PLCC 0°C to +70°C

3-1/2 Digit Analog-to-Digital Converters

Package Type

TC7126CPL TC7126ACPL

TC7126IPL TC7126AIPL 1

2 3 4

OSC1

5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

TEST V_REF+

ANALOG COMMON

C_AZ V+

D₂

Normal Pin Configuration

Reverse Pin Configuration

13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

40 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 C₂

B₂ A₂ F₂ E₂ D₃ B₃ F₃ E₃ AB₄ 10's

100's

1000's

100's OSC2 OSC3

V_REF- C_REF+ C_REF-

V_IN+ V_IN-

V_BUFF V_INT V- G₂ C₃ A₃ G₃ BP (Backplane) POL

(Minus Sign)

TC7126RCPL TC7126ARCPL

TC7126RIPL TC7126ARIPL 1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 100's

1000's 100's 40

39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 D₁

C₁ B₁ A₁ F₁ G₁ E₁ 1's

V+

D₂ C₂ B₂ A₂ F₂ E₂ D₃ B₃ F₃ E₃ AB₄ POL (Minus Sign) D₁ C₁ B₁ A₁ F₁ G₁ E₁

1's

10's OSC1

TEST V_REF+

ANALOG COMMON

C_AZ OSC2 OSC3

V_REF- C_REF+ C_REF-

V_IN+ V_IN-

V_BUFF V_INT V- G₂ C₃ A₃ G₃ BP (Backplane)

NC = No Internal Connection

27 28 29 30 31 32 33

7 4 3 2

1 NC

TC7126CKW TC7126ACKW

12 13 14 15 17 18

G₂ 44 43 42 41 40 39 38

ANALOG COMMON

16

37

CAZ

36

VBUFF

35

VINT

34

V-

19 20 21 22

D3

8 26 9 25 10 24 11 23 5 6

C₃ OSC3

TEST NC NC

V+

D2 C2 B2 A2 F2 E2

NC OSC2 OSC1

CREF+ CREF-

A₃ G₃ BP POL AB₄ E₃ F₃ B₃ 33

34 35 36 37 38 39

13 10 9 8 7

ANALOG COMMON V_REF-

18 19 20 21 23 24

AB4 POL NC BP

NC B₂

6 5 4 3 2 1 44

A1 OSC1

22

43

OSC2

42

OSC3

41

TEST

40

25 26 27 28

F3 E3 G3 A3 C3 G2

32

14 C_AZ

31

15 V_BUFF

30

16 V_INT

E₂

29 17

D₃

NC

11 NC12

C₂ D₂

F₂ A₂

B3

TC7126CLW TC7126ACLW

V-

B1 C1 D1 V+

F₁ G₁ E₁

D₁ C₁ B₁

A1 F1 G1 E1

C_REF+ C_REF-

V_IN+

V_IN-

VREF+ VREF+ VREF- VIN+ VIN-

44-Pin PQFP

44-Pin PDIP (Reverse) 44-Pin PLCC

40-Pin PDIP (Normal)

Typical Application

V_REF+

TC7126 TC7126A

34 33

240kΩ

10kΩ 31

29

39 38 40

VREF- 0.33µF

0.1µF

V- OSC1 OSC3 OSC2

To Analog Common (Pin 32) 1 Conversion/Sec C_OSC

560kΩ 180kΩ

0.15µF 0.01µF Analog

Input +

–

C_REF- C_REF+

V_IN+

V_IN- ANALOG COMMON

V_INT V_BUFF

C_AZ

20 21 1 Segment Drive 2–19 22–25 POL BP V+

Minus Sign

Backplane

28

50pF

LCD 1MΩ

27 30

32

35 36

9V +

R_OSC

26

Note: Pin numbers refer to 40-pin DIP.

Functional Block Diagram

TC7126A ThousandsHundredsTensUnits 4 39 OSC2

V+ TEST

1

To Switch Drivers From Comparator Output Clock 4038 OSC3OSC1

Control Logic 26

500Ω

Data Latch

CREF-

RINT V+

CAZ VINT 282927333634 AZI & AZ INT AZ & DE (±) 26

Integrator To Digital Section DE (+)

DE (–)DE (+) DE (–)

+VBUFF

CINT VREF+VREF- ZI & AZ

CREF +

35 +–

LCD Segment Drivers

BP FOSC V-

VTH = 1V V-

+

–Low Temp Co VREF

Comparator

– AZZI V+ – 2.8V

1 ROSCCOSC

7-Segment Decode7-Segment Decode7-Segment Decode

21

Typical Segment Output Internal Digital Ground

Segment Output

V+ 0.5mA 2mA 6.2V

LCD +–

÷ 200

1.0 ELECTRICAL

CHARACTERISTICS Absolute Maximum Ratings*

Supply Voltage (V+ to V-) ... 15V Analog Input Voltage (either Input) (Note 1) ... V+ to V- Reference Input Voltage (either Input) ... V+ to V- Clock Input ... Test to V+

Package Power Dissipation (T_A≤70°C) (Note 2):

44-Pin PQFP... 1.00W 40-Pin PLCC ... 1.23W 44-Pin PDIP ... 1.23W Operating Temperature Range:

C (Commercial) Devices ... 0°C to +70°C I (Industrial) Devices ... -25°C to +85°C Storage Temperature Range ... -65°C to +150°C

*Stresses above those listed under "Absolute Maximum Ratings" may cause permanent damage to the device. These are stress ratings only and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions above those indicated in the operation sections of the specifications is not implied.

Exposure to Absolute Maximum Rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability.

TC7126/A ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS

Electrical Characteristics: V_S= +9V, f_CLK– 16kHz, and T_A= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.

Symbol Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Test Conditions

Input

Z_IR Zero Input Reading -000.0 ±000.0 +000.0 Digital

Reading

V_IN= 0V

Full Scale = 200mV

Z_RD Zero Reading Drift — 0.2 1 µV/°C V_IN= 0V, 0°C≤T_A≤ +70°C

Ratiometric Reading 999 999/1000 1000 Digital

Reading

V_IN= V_REF, V_REF= 100mV

NL Linearity Error -1 ±0.2 1 Count Full Scale = 200mV or 2V

Max Deviation From Best Fit Straight Line

Rollover Error -1 ±0.2 1 Count V_IN- = V_IN+≈200mV

e_N Noise — 15 — µVP-P V_IN= 0V, Full Scale = 200mV

I_L Input Leakage Current — 1 10 pA V_IN= 0V

CMRR Common Mode Rejection Ratio — 50 — µV/V V_CM= ±1V, V_IN= 0V

Full Scale = 200mV Scale Factor Temperature

Coefficient

— 1 5 ppm/°C V_IN= 199mV, 0°C≤T_A≤+70°C

Ext. Ref. Temp Coeff. = 0ppm/°C Analog Common

V_CTC Analog Common Temperature Coefficient

— — — — 250kΩBetween Common and V+

— — — — 0°C≤T_A≤+70°C ("C" Devices)

— 80 — ppm/°C TC7126

— 35 75 ppm/°C TC7126A

— 35 100 ppm/°C -25°C≤T_A≤+85°C ("I" Device) (TC7126A)

V_C Analog Common Voltage 2.7 3.05 3.35 V 250kΩBetween Common and V+

Note 1: Input voltages may exceed the supply voltages, provided the input current is limited to ±100µA.

2: Dissipation rating assumes device is mounted with all leads soldered to printed circuit board.

3: Refer to “Differential Input” discussion.

4: Backplane drive is in phase with segment drive for “OFF” segment, 180° out of phase for “ON” segment. Frequency is 20 times conversion rate. Average DC component is less than 50mV.

5: See “Typical Application”.

6: During Auto-Zero phase, current is 10-20µA higher. A 48kHz ocillator increases current by 8µA (Typical). Common current is not included.

LCD Drive

V_SD LCD Segment Drive Voltage 4 5 6 V_P-P V+ to V- = 9V

V_BD LCD Backplane Drive Voltage 4 5 6 V_P-P V+ to V- = 9V

Power Supply

I_S Power Supply Current — 55 100 µA V_IN= 0V, V+ to V- = 9V (Note 6)

TC7126/A ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS (CONTINUED)

Electrical Characteristics: V_S= +9V, f_CLK– 16kHz, and T_A= +25°C, unless otherwise noted.

Symbol Parameter Min Typ Max Unit Test Conditions

Note 1: Input voltages may exceed the supply voltages, provided the input current is limited to ±100µA.

2: Dissipation rating assumes device is mounted with all leads soldered to printed circuit board.

3: Refer to “Differential Input” discussion.

4: Backplane drive is in phase with segment drive for “OFF” segment, 180° out of phase for “ON” segment. Frequency is 20 times conversion rate. Average DC component is less than 50mV.

5: See “Typical Application”.

6: During Auto-Zero phase, current is 10-20µA higher. A 48kHz ocillator increases current by 8µA (Typical). Common current is not included.

2.0 PIN DESCRIPTIONS

The descriptions of the pins are listed in Table 2-1.

TABLE 2-1: PIN FUNCTION TABLE

Pin Number (40-Pin PDIP)

Normal

(Reversed) Symbol Description

1 (40) V+ Positive supply voltage.

2 (39) D₁ Activates the D section of the units display.

3 (38) C₁ Activates the C section of the units display.

4 (37) B₁ Activates the B section of the units display.

5 (36) A₁ Activates the A section of the units display.

6 (35) F₁ Activates the F section of the units display.

7 (34) G₁ Activates the G section of the units display.

8 (33) E₁ Activates the E section of the units display.

9 (32) D₂ Activates the D section of the tens display.

10 (31) C₂ Activates the C section of the tens display.

11 (30) B₂ Activates the B section of the tens display.

12 (29) A₂ Activates the A section of the tens display.

13 (28) F₂ Activates the F section of the tens display.

14 (27) E₂ Activates the E section of the tens display.

15 (26) D₃ Activates the D section of the hundreds display.

16 (25) B₃ Activates the B section of the hundreds display.

17 (24) F₃ Activates the F section of the hundreds display.

18 (23) E₃ Activates the E section of the hundreds display.

19 (22) AB₄ Activates both halves of the 1 in the thousands display.

20 (21) POL Activates the negative polarity display.

21 (20) BP LCD Backplane drive output (TC7106A). Digital Ground (TC7107A).

22 (19) G₃ Activates the G section of the hundreds display.

23 (18) A₃ Activates the A section of the hundreds display.

24 (17) C₃ Activates the C section of the hundreds display.

25 (16) G₂ Activates the G section of the tens display.

26 (15) V- Negative power supply voltage.

27 (14) V_INT The integrating capacitor should be selected to give the maximum voltage swing that ensures component tolerance buildup will not allow the integrator output to saturate.

When analog common is used as a reference and the conversion rate is 3 readings per second, a 0.047µF capacitor may be used. The capacitor must have a low dielectric constant to prevent rollover errors. See Section 6.3, Integrating Capacitor for additional details.

28 (13) V_BUFF Integration resistor connection. Use a 180kΩresistor for a 200mV full-scale range and a 1.8MΩresistor for a 2V full scale range.

29 (12) C_AZ The size of the auto-zero capacitor influences system noise. Use a 0.33µF capacitor for 200mV full scale, and a 0.033µF capacitor for 2V full scale. See Section 6.1, Auto-Zero Capacitor for additional details.

30 (11) V_IN- The analog LOW input is connected to this pin.

31 (10) V_IN+ The analog HIGH input signal is connected to this pin.

32 (9) ANALOG

COMMON

This pin is primarily used to set the Analog Common mode voltage for battery opera- tion, or in systems where the input signal is referenced to the power supply. It also acts as a reference voltage source. See Section 7.3, Analog Common for additional details.

33 (8) C_REF- See Pin 34.

34 (7) C_REF+ A 0.1µF capacitor is used in most applications. If a large Common mode voltage exists (for example, the V_IN- pin is not at analog common) and a 200mV scale is used, a 1µF capacitor is recommended and will hold the rollover error to 0.5 count.

35 (6) V_REF- See Pin 36.

36 (5) V_REF+ The analog input required to generate a full scale output (1999 counts). Place 100mV between Pins 35 and 36 for 199.9mV full scale. Place 1V between Pins 35 and 36 for 2V full scale. See Section 6.6, Reference Voltage for additional information.

37 (4) TEST Lamp test. When pulled HIGH (to V+), all segments will be turned on and the display should read -1888. It may also be used as a negative supply for externally generated decimal points. See Section 7.4, TEST for additional information.

38 (3) OSC3 See Pin 40.

39 (2) OSC2 See Pin 40.

40 (1) OSC1 Pins 40, 39 and 38 make up the oscillator section. For a 48kHz clock (3 readings, 39 per second), connect Pin 40 to the junction of a 180kΩresistor and a 50pF capacitor. The 180kΩresistor is tied to Pin 39 and the 50pF capacitor is tied to Pin 38.

TABLE 2-1: PIN FUNCTION TABLE (CONTINUED)

Pin Number (40-Pin PDIP)

Normal

(Reversed) Symbol Description

3.0 DETAILED DESCRIPTION

(All Pin Designations Refer to 40-Pin PDIP.)

3.1 Dual Slope Conversion Principles

The TC7126A is a dual slope, integrating analog-to- digital converter. An understanding of the dual slope conversion technique will aid in following the detailed TC7126/A operation theory.

The conventional dual slope converter measurement cycle has two distinct phases:

• Input Signal Integration

• Reference Voltage Integration (De-integration) The input signal being converted is integrated for a fixed time period (T_SI). Time is measured by counting clock pulses. An opposite polarity constant reference voltage is then integrated until the integrator output voltage returns to zero. The reference integration time is directly proportional to the input signal (T_RI) (see Figure 3-1).

FIGURE 3-1: BASIC DUAL SLOPE CONVERTER

In a simple dual slope converter, a complete conver- sion requires the integrator output to “ramp-up” and

“ramp-down.”

A simple mathematical equation relates the input sig- nal, reference voltage and integration time:

EQUATION 3-1:

For a constant V_IN: EQUATION 3-2:

The dual slope converter accuracy is unrelated to the integrating resistor and capacitor values, as long as they are stable during a measurement cycle. Noise immunity is an inherent benefit. Noise spikes are inte- grated or averaged to zero during integration periods.

Integrating ADCs are immune to the large conversion errors that plague successive approximation converters in high noise environments. Interfering signals with fre- quency components at multiples of the averaging period will be attenuated. Integrating ADCs commonly operate with the signal integration period set to a multiple of the 50Hz/60Hz power line period (see Figure 3-2).

FIGURE 3-2: NORMAL MODE REJECTION OF DUAL SLOPE CONVERTER

+ –

VoltageREF Analog

Input Signal

+ –

Display Switch Driver

Control Logic

Integrator Output

Clock

Counter Polarity Control

Phase Control

V_IN ≈ VREF V_IN ≈ 1.2 VREF Variable

Reference Integrate Time Fixed Signal Integrate Time

Integrator

Comparator

Where:

V_R= Reference voltage

T_SI= Signal integration time (fixed)

T_RI= Reference voltage integration time (variable) 1

RC T_SI

0 V_IN(t)d_t=

∫ ^VRCRTRI

VIN V

R TRI TSI

---

=

30

20

10

0

Normal Mode Rejection (dB)

0.1/t 1/t 10/t

Input Frequency

t = Measurement Period

4.0 ANALOG SECTION

In addition to the basic integrate and de-integrate dual slope cycles discussed above, the TC7126A design incorporates an auto-zero cycle. This cycle removes buffer amplifier, integrator and comparator offset volt- age error terms from the conversion. A true digital zero reading results without external adjusting potentiome- ters. A complete conversion consists of three phases:

1. Auto-Zero phase 2. Signal Integrate phase 3. Reference Integrate phase

4.1 Auto-Zero Phase

During the auto-zero phase, the differential input signal is disconnected from the circuit by opening internal analog gates. The internal nodes are shorted to analog common (ground) to establish a zero input condition.

Additional analog gates close a feedback loop around the integrator and comparator. This loop permits com- parator offset voltage error compensation. The voltage level established on C_AZcompensates for device offset voltages. The auto-zero phase residual is typically 10µV to 15µV. The auto-zero cycle length is 1000 to 3000 clock periods.

4.2 Signal Integrate Phase

The auto-zero loop is entered and the internal differen- tial inputs connect to V_IN+ and V_IN-. The differential input signal is integrated for a fixed time period. The TC7126/A signal integration period is 1000 clock periods or counts. The externally set clock frequency is divided by four before clocking the internal counters.

The integration time period is:

EQUATION 4-1:

The differential input voltage must be within the device Common mode range when the converter and mea- sured system share the same power supply common (ground). If the converter and measured system do not share the same power supply common, V_IN- should be tied to analog common.

Polarity is determined at the end of signal integrate phase. The sign bit is a true polarity indication, in that signals less than 1LSB are correctly determined. This allows precision null detection limited only by device noise and auto-zero residual offsets.

4.3 Reference Integrate Phase

The third phase is reference integrate or de-integrate.

V_IN- is internally connected to analog common and V_IN+ is connected across the previously charged reference capacitor. Circuitry within the chip ensures that the capacitor will be connected with the correct polarity to cause the integrator output to return to zero. The time required for the output to return to zero is proportional to the input signal and is between 0 and 2000 counts. The digital reading displayed is:

EQUATION 4-2:

5.0 DIGITAL SECTION

The TC7126A contains all the segment drivers neces- sary to directly drive a 3-1/2 digit LCD, including an LCD backplane driver. The backplane frequency is the external clock frequency divided by 800. For 3 conver- sions per second, the backplane frequency is 60Hz with a 5V nominal amplitude. When a segment driver is in phase with the backplane signal, the segment is OFF. An out of phase segment drive signal causes the segment to be ON (visible). This AC drive configuration results in negligible DC voltage across each LCD seg- ment, ensuring long LCD life. The polarity segment driver is ON for negative analog inputs. If V_IN+ and V_IN- are reversed, this indicator reverses.

On the TC7126A, when the TEST pin is pulled to V+, all segments are turned ON and the display reads-1888.

During this mode, LCD segments have a constant DC voltage impressed.

The display font and segment drive assignment are shown in Figure 5-1.

FIGURE 5-1: DISPLAY FONT AND SEGMENT ASSIGNMENT T_SI= 4

F_OSC x 1000

Where: F_OSC= external clock frequency.

Note: Do not leave the display in this mode for more than several minutes. LCDs may be destroyed if operated with DC levels for extended periods.

V_IN V_REF 1000

Display Font

1000's 100's 10's 1's

5.1 System Timing

The oscillator frequency is divided by four prior to clocking the internal decade counters. The four-phase measurement cycle takes a total of 4000 counts (16,000 clock pulses). The 4000-count cycle is inde- pendent of input signal magnitude.

Each phase of the measurement cycle has the following length:

1. Auto-Zero Phase: 1000 to 3000 counts (4000 to 12,000 clock pulses).

For signals less than full scale, the auto-zero phase is assigned the unused reference integrate time period.

2. Signal Integrate: 1000 counts (4000 clock pulses).

This time period is fixed. The integration period is:

EQUATION 5-1:

3. Reference Integrate: 0 to 2000 counts (0 to 8000 clock pulses).

The TC7126A is a drop-in replacement for the TC7126 and ICL7126, which offer a greatly improved internal reference temperature coefficient. No external compo- nent value changes are required to upgrade existing designs.

6.0 COMPONENT VALUE SELECTION

6.1 Auto-Zero Capacitor (C_AZ)

The C_AZcapacitor size has some influence on system noise. A 0.47µF capacitor is recommended for 200mV full scale applications where 1LSB is 100µV. A 0.033µF capacitor is adequate for 2.0V full scale applications. A mylar type dielectric capacitor is adequate.

6.2 Reference Voltage Capacitor (C_REF)

The reference voltage, used to ramp the integrator out- put voltage back to zero during the reference integrate phase, is stored on C_REF. A 0.1µF capacitor is accept- able when V_REF- is tied to analog common. If a large Common mode voltage exists (V_REF- – analog com- mon) and the application requires a 200mV full scale, increase C_REFto 1µF. Rollover error will be held to less than 0.5 count. A Mylar type dielectric capacitor is adequate.

6.3 Integrating Capacitor (C_INT)

C_INTshould be selected to maximize integrator output voltage swing without causing output saturation. Due to the TC7126A's superior analogcommon temperature coefficient specification, analog common will normally supply the differential voltage reference. For this case, a ±2V full scale integrator output swing is satisfactory.

For 3 readings per second (F_OSC= 48kHz), a 0.047µF value is suggested. For 1 reading per second, 0.15µF is recommended. If a different oscillator frequency is used, C_INTmust be changed in inverse proportion to maintain the nominal ±2V integrator swing.

An exact expression for C_INTis:

EQUATION 6-1:

At 3 readings per second, a 750Ω resistor should be placed in series with C_INT. This increases accuracy by compensating for comparator delay. C_INT must have low dielectric absorption to minimize rollover error. A polypropylene capacitor is recommended.

6.4 Integrating Resistor (R_INT)

The input buffer amplifier and integrator are designed with Class A output stages. The output stage idling cur- rent is 6µA. The integrator and buffer can supply 1µA drive current with negligible linearity errors. R_INTis cho- sen to remain in the output stage linear drive region, but not so large that PC board leakage currents induce errors. For a 200mV full scale, R_INTis 180kΩ. A 2V full scale requires 1.8MΩ.

Note: F_OSC= 48kHz (3 readings per sec).

T_SI= 4000 1 F_OSC

Where: F_OSC is the externally set clock frequency.

Component Value

Nominal Full Scale Voltage

200mV 2V

C_AZ 0.33µF 0.033µF

R_INT 180kΩ 1.8MΩ

C_INT 0.047µF 0.047µF

C_INT=

(4000) 1 F_OSC

V_FS R_INT

 



 

 V_INT Where:

F_OSC= Clock frequency at Pin 38 V_FS = Full scale input voltage R_INT = Integrating resistor

V_INT = Desired full scale integrator output swing

6.5 Oscillator Components

C_OSC should be 50pF; R_OSC is selected from the equation:

EQUATION 6-2:

For a 48kHz clock (3 conversions per second), R = 180kΩ.

Note that F_OSCis 44 to generate the TC7126A's inter- nal clock. The backplane drive signal is derived by dividing F_OSCby 800.

To achieve maximum rejection of 60Hz noise pickup, the signal integrate period should be a multiple of 60Hz. Oscillator frequencies of 24kHz, 12kHz, 80kHz, 60kHz, 40kHz, etc. should be selected. For 50Hz rejec- tion, oscillator frequencies of 20kHz, 100kHz, 66-2/3kHz, 50kHz, 40kHz, etc. would be suitable. Note that 40kHz (2.5 readings per second) will reject both 50Hz and 60Hz.

6.6 Reference Voltage Selection

A full scale reading (2000 counts) requires the input signal be twice the reference voltage.

Note: V_FS= 2V_REF.

In some applications, a scale factor other than unity may exist between a transducer output voltage and the required digital reading. Assume, for example, a pres- sure transducer output for 2000lb/in²is 400mV. Rather than dividing the input voltage by two, the reference voltage should be set to 200mV. This permits the trans- ducer input to be used directly.

The differential reference can also be used where a digital zero reading is required when V_INis not equal to zero. This is common in temperature measuring instru- mentation. A compensating offset voltage can be applied between analog common and V_IN-. The trans- ducer output is connected between V_IN+ and analog common.

7.0 DEVICE PIN FUNCTIONAL DESCRIPTION

(Pin Numbers Refer to the 40-Pin PDIP.)

7.1 Differential Signal Inputs V_IN+ (Pin 31), V_IN- (Pin 30)

The TC7126A is designed with true differential inputs and accepts input signals within the input stage Common mode voltage range (V_CM). Typical range is V+ – 1V to V- + 1V. Common mode voltages are removed from the system when the TC7126A operates from a battery or floating power source (isolated from measured system), and V_IN- is connected to analog common (V_COM) (see Figure 7-2).

In systems where Common mode voltages exist, the TC7126A's 86 dB Common mode rejection ratio mini- mizes error. Common mode voltages do, however, affect the integrator output level. A worst case condition exists if a large positive V_CMexists in conjunction with a full scale negative differential signal. The negative signal drives the integrator output positive along with V_CM(see Figure 7-1). For such applications, the inte- grator output swing can be reduced below the recom- mended 2V full scale swing. The integrator output will swing within 0.3V of V+ or V- without increased linearity error.

FIGURE 7-1: COMMON MODE VOLTAGE REDUCES AVAILABLE INTEGRATOR SWING (V_COM≠ V_IN) Required Full Scale Voltage* V_REF

20mV 100mV

2V 1V

F_OSC= 0.45 RC

R_I +

– V_IN

C_I

Integrator

V_I = [^{VCM – VIN}[

Input Buffer

C_I = Integration capacitor R_I = Integration resistor

4000 F_OSC t_I = Integration time = Where:

V_I –

+ –

+

tI RI CI V_CM

7.2 Differential Reference

V_REF+ (Pin 36), V_REF- (Pin 35)

The reference voltage can be generated anywhere within the V+ to V- power supply range.

To prevent rollover type errors being induced by large Common mode voltages, C_REFshould be large com- pared to stray node capacitance.

The TC7126A offers a significantly improved analog common temperature coefficient. This potential pro- vides a very stable voltage, suitable for use as a refer- ence. The temperature coefficient of analog common is typically 35ppm/°C for the TC7126A and 80 ppm/°C for the TC7126.

FIGURE 7-2: COMMON MODE VOLTAGE REMOVED IN BATTERY OPERATION WITH V_IN= ANALOG COMMON

7.3 Analog Common (Pin 32)

The analog common pin is set at a voltage potential approximately 3V below V+. The potential is between 2.7V and 3.35V below V+. Analog common is tied inter- nally to an N-channel FET capable of sinking 100µA.

This FET will hold the common line at 3V should an external load attempt to pull the common line toward V+. Analog common source current is limited to 1µA.

Therefore, analog common is easily pulled to a more negative voltage (i.e., below V+ – 3V).

The TC7126A connects the internal V_IN+ and V_IN- inputs to analog common during the auto-zero phase.

During the reference integrate phase, V_IN- is con- nected to analog common. If V_IN- is not externally con- nected to analog common, a Common mode voltage exists, but is rejected by the converter's 86dB Com- mon mode rejection ratio. In battery operation, analog common and V_IN- are usually connected, removing Common mode voltage concerns. In systems where V_IN- is connected to power supply ground or to a given voltage, analog common should be connected to V_IN-.

The analog common pin serves to set the analog sec- tion reference, or common point. The TC7126A is spe- cifically designed to operate from a battery, or in any measurement system where input signals are not refer- enced (float) with respect to the TC7126A's power source. The analog common potential of V+ – 3V gives a 7V end of battery life voltage. The common potential has a 0.001%/% voltage coefficient and a 15Ω output impedance.

With sufficiently high total supply voltage (V+ – V- > 7V), analog common is a very stable potential with excellent temperature stability (typically 35ppm/°C). This poten- tial can be used to generate the TC7126A's reference voltage. An external voltage reference will be unneces- sary in most cases because of the 35ppm/°C tempera- ture coefficient. See Section 7.5, TC7126A Internal Voltage Reference discussion.

7.4 TEST (Pin 37)

The TEST pin potential is 5V less than V+. TEST may be used as the negative power supply connection for external CMOS logic. The TEST pin is tied to the inter- nally generated negative logic supply through a 500Ω resistor. The TEST pin load should be no more than 1mA. See Section 5.0, Digital Section for additional information on using TEST as a negative digital logic supply.

If TEST is pulled HIGH (to V+), all segments plus the minus sign will be activated. DO NOT OPERATE IN THIS MODE FOR MORE THAN SEVERAL MINUTES.

With TEST = V+, the LCD segments are impressed with a DC voltage which will destroy the LCD.

V_BUFF C_AZ V_INT POL BP Segment

Drive

OSC1 OSC3 OSC2

V- V_REF+ V+

V_REF- ANALOG COMMON V-

V+

V+ V-

GND

GND Measured

System

Power

Source 9V

LCD

TC7126A

+ V_IN-

V_IN+

7.5 TC7126A Internal Voltage Reference

The TC7126A's analog common voltage temperature stability has been significantly improved (Figure 7-3).

The "A" version of the industry standard TC7126 device allows users to upgrade old systems and design new systems, without external voltage references.

External R and C values do not need to be changed.

Figure 7-4 shows analog common supplying the necessary voltage reference for the TC7126A.

FIGURE 7-3: ANALOG COMMON TEMP.

COEFFICIENT

FIGURE 7-4: TC7126A INTERNAL VOLTAGE REFERENCE CONNECTION

8.0 TYPICAL APPLICATIONS 8.1 Liquid Crystal Display Sources

Several manufacturers supply standard LCDs to inter- face with the TC7126A, 3-1/2 digit analog-to-digital converter.

Note: Contact LCD manufacturer for full product listing/

specifications.

8.2 Decimal Point and Annunciator Drive

The TEST pin is connected to the internally generated digital logic supply ground through a 500Ω resistor. The TEST pin may be used as the negative supply for exter- nal CMOS gate segment drivers. LCD annunciators for decimal points, low battery indication, or function indi- cation may be added, without adding an additional sup- ply. No more than 1mA should be supplied by the TEST pin; its potential is approximately 5V below V+ (see Figure 8-1).

FIGURE 8-1: DECIMAL POINT AND ANNUNCIATOR DRIVES

Typical Maximum

Typical

Typical 200

180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

Analog Commom Temperature Coefficient (ppm/°C)

TC7126A ICL7136

No Maximum Specified

No Maximum Specified

ICL7126

V-

ANALOG COMMON

TC7126A

V_REF+

32 35 36 26

240kΩ

10kΩ V_REF-

V_REF 1 9V+

SET V_REF = 1/2 V_REF V+

Manufacturer Address/Phone Representative Part Numbers*

Crystaloid Electronics

5282 Hudson Dr.

Hudson, OH 44236 216-655-2429

C5335, H5535, T5135, SX440

AND 720 Palomar Ave.

Sunnyvale, CA 94086 408-523-8200

FE 0801 FE 0203

VGI, Inc. 1800 Vernon St., Ste. 2 Roseville, CA 95678 916-783-7878

LD-B709BZ LD-H7992AZ

Hamlin, Inc. 612 E. Lake St.

Lake Mills, WI 53551 414-648-2361

3902, 3933, 3903

V+

V+

BP TC7126A

BP

TEST37 21 V+

V+

GND To LCD Decimal Point To Backplane 4049

Multiple Decimal Point or Annunciator Driver Simple Inverter for Fixed Decimal Point

or Display Annunciator