A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF CODE MIXING IN SOCIAL NETWORKING (FACEBOOK) AT SMK MUHAMMADIYAH 3
MAKASSAR
A THESIS
Submitted to the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Muhammadiyah University of Makassar in Partial Fullfillment
of the Requirement for Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan
BY INDRIYANI 10535562513
ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION MUHAMMADIYAH UNIVERSITY OF MAKASSAR
2018
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LEMBAR PENGESAHAN
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APPROVAL SHEET
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COUNSELLING SHEET
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COUNSELLING SHEET
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COUNSELLING SHEET
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COUNSELLING SHEET
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SURAT PERNYATAAN
Saya yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini:
Nama : INDRIYANI
NIM :10535 5625 13
Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
Judul Skripsi : A Descriptive Study of Code Mixing in Social Networking (Facebook) at SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar.
Dengan ini menyatakan:
Skripsi yang saya ajukan di depan tim penguji adalah hasil karya saya sendiri bukan hasil ciplakan dan tidak dibuatkan oleh siapapun.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenar-benarnya dan bersedia menerima sanksi apabila pernyataan saya tidak benar.
Makassar, Desember 2018 Yang membuat perjanjian
INDRIYANI
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SURAT PERJANJIAN
Saya yang bertanda tangan dibawah ini:
Nama : INDRIYANI
NIM :10535 5625 13
Jurusan : Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris
Judul Skripsi : A Descriptive Study of Code Mixing in Social Networking (Facebook) at SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar.
Dengan ini menyatakan perjanjian sebagai berikut:
1. Mulai dari penyusunan proposal sampai dengan selesainya skripsi ini, saya menyusun sendiri dan tidak dibuatkan oleh siapapun.
2. Dalam penyusunan skripsi, saya akan selalu melakukan konsultasi dengan pembimbing
3. Saya tidak akan melakukan penjiplakan (plagiat) dalam penyusunan skripsi ini.
4. Apabila saya melanggar perjanjian saya seperti yang tertera pada butir 1, 2, 3 maka saya bersedia menerima sanksi sesuai aturan yang berlaku.
Demikian perjanjian ini saya buat dengan penuh kesadaran.
Makassar, Desember 2018 Yang membuat perjanjian
INDRIYANI
x ABSTRACT
INDRIYANI, 2018. English Department, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education Makassar Muhammadiyah University. Thesis. A Descriptive Study of Code Mixing in Social Networking (Facebook) at SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar. Guided by Sulfasyah and Maharida.
This research aimed to find out the kinds of code mixing used in Facebook and the factors influencing of code mixing in Facebook.
This research was Descriptive Quantitative Research. The research was conducted at SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar. The sample consisted of 29 students in the eleventh grade. To collected the data, the researcher used content analysis and questionnaire as instrument.
Based on the analysis of code mixing in social networking (Facebook) at SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar. The researcher found the kinds of code mixing used in students‟ status in Facebook, they were; the insertion of words was 48.27%, the insertion of phrase was 37.93%, the insertion of clause was 6.9% and the insertion of hybrid was 6.9%.
The result of the research data based on the questionnaire showed that the factors influencing of code mixing in Facebook. Factor of Bilingualism were 207.59% students. Then, factor of Speaker and Partner Speaking were 223.45%
students. Besides that, factor of Social Community were 298.75% students. And factor of Situation were 293.11% students. While factor of Vocabulary were 138.63% students. And the last factor of Prestige were 253.79% students. Based on the finding, the factors influencing of code mixing in social networking (Facebook) was social community factor which most of all influence student do code mixing in Facebook.
Keywords: Descriptive Quantitative Research, Code Mixing and Facebook.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
All praise be to Allah, the Lord of the worlds, who has bestowed upon the writer in completing this thesis. Peace and blessing from Allah‟s Messenger, Prophet Muhammad SAW, his family, his companions, and all of his followers.
The writer finished her thesis entitled “A Descriptive Study of Code Mixing in Social Networking (Facebook) at SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar” which is aimed to complete a partial fulfillment for Degree of Strata-1 (S1) in the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education.
In finishing this thesis, the writer got many guidance and motivation from people around her. There for, she would like to express her grateful to them, they are: her beloved family, especially her parents Roddin and Suriana for their patience and their support to the writer her life. And then, for her sister Reskayani and their brothers Muh. Irdam and Muh. Irham for kindness and support during her study.
And then, the writer would like to address her thank and great gratitude to Sulfasyah, M.A., Ph.D. and Maharida, S. Pd.,M.Pd as the researcher‟s advisors, who give consultation with full of patience, help and guidance as valuable advice during developing this Thesis and completing her work, may Allah SWT respond to their kindness much better.
The writer also realize that she would never finish this thesis without the help of some people. Therefor, she would like to give appreciation and special thanks to:
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1. Rector of Muhammadiyah University of Makassar, DR.H.Abd.Rahman Rahim, SE.,MM.
2. Erwin Akib, M.Pd., Ph. D as Dean of Faculty of Teachers and Training Education.
3. Ummi Khaerati Syam, S.Pd., M. Pd as the Head of English Education Department.
4. All lecturers of English Education Department for teaching precious knowledge and sharing wonderful experiences.
5. Ruslan, S.E., M.M. as Headmaster of SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar for giving permission to the writer to do observation and conduct the research.
6. Sawani, S.Pd. as the English teacher of SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar for all sincere help, time and guidence.
7. The students of SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar especially class XIAdministrasi Perkantoran for being participant in this research.
8. All my family in English Department academic year 2013 especially to her classmate Glroy class for their togetherness and would be pleasant memories till the end.
Finally, the writer realizes that this thesis still have not been perfect. Therefor, the writer would like to welcome and constructive suggestion and criticism to make this thesis is better.
Makassar, December 2018
The Writer
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
COVER ... i
LEMBAR PENGESAHAN ... ii
APPROVAL SHEET ... iii
COUNSELLING SHEET ... iv
SURAT PERNYATAAN ... viii
SURAT PERJANJIAN ... ix
ABSTRACT ... x
ACKNOWLEDGMENT ... xi
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... xiii
LIST OF TABLE ... xv
LIST OF FIGURE ... xvi
LIST OF APPENDICES ... xvii
CHAPTER I : INTRODUCTION ... 1
A. Background ... 1
B. Problem Statement ... 4
C. Objective of the Research ... 4
D. Significance of the Research ... 5
E. Scope of the Research ... 5
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ... 6
A. Review of Related Findings ... 6
B. Research Theory... 8
1. Sosiolinguistics ... 8
2. Bilingualism ... 11
3. Code Choice ... 13
4. Factors that Influence the Code Choice ... 14
5. Code Mixing ... 15
6. Form of Code Mixing ... 19
7. Factors Influencing the Use of Code Mixing ... 21
8. Difference Between Code Switching and Code Mixing ... 24
C. Conceptual Framework ... 25
CHAPTER III : RESEARCH METHOD ... 26
A. Research Design ... 26
B. Population and Sample ... 26
C. Variable of Research ... 28
D. Research Instrument ... 28
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E. Procedure of Data Collection ... 31
F. Technique of Data Analysis ... 31
CHAPTER IV : FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION ... 33
A. Findings ... 33
B. Discussion ... 38
CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS ... 44
A. Conclusion ... 44
B. Suggestions ... 44 BIBILIOGRAPHY
APPENDICES
CURRICULUM VITAE
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LIST OF TABLE
Table 3.1 Number of Population ... 27
Table 3.2 The Factors of Using Code Mixing ... 29
Tabel 4.1 Data Content Analysis ... 36
Table 4.2 Factors Influence of Code Mixing in Facebook ... 36
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LIST OF FIGURE
2.1 Conceptual Framework ... 25
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LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix I : Questionnaire Factors That Influence the Use of Code Mixing Appendix II : Total Answer on Questionnaire
Appendix III : Screenshot Students‟ Facebook Account Documentation
1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background
Language has animportant part in human life and has several usages for human as a mean ofcommunication and interaction in community life. It means that language is akey of communication in connecting the people, without a good language we would be unable to express our thoughts, ideas, feeling and we would not be able to share our knowledge and information.
So,we can indicate that it is impossible for the people to live together without communication. In a communication can be directly or face to face with the speaker, and those that are through media such as chat or speaking through a video call. Speaking through social networks can be do anywhere and anytime without having to meet directly with the speaker.And one of the social media that can be used as a medium to communicate and used almost all people in the world that is Facebook.
Facebook is a social networking site that is currently booming in cyberspace (Nilawati, 2010:1). Facebook first introduced by Mark Zuckerberg in 2004, Mark was one of the students at Harvard University. At first Facebook only be used by students with an email from Harvard, but ended up evolving and open to the public.Facebook is not the first, but this time Facebook was the most famous and widely used by people worldwide.
Facebook is used as a place to make friends, business relations, advertising and even just playing games.Facebook makes us free to do anything because we can communicate without having to meet face to face. Through the Facebook, someone could meet and be friends with anyone from another
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country automatically has a different language. Facebook users usually write the condition or status on their walls using a language that is able to be understood by the general public, and sometimes they mix the national languages in order to make their writing more interesting and a little different from the others.Mixing of languages is usually referred to as code mixing.
Code mixing can actually happen only in the language of a bilingual.
Bilingualism is the term for speaking one or more languages (Scotton, 2006:
2). Code-mixing refers to the mixing of two or more languages or language varieties in speech. Wardaugh (1998:103) argues that code mixing occurs when conversant uses both languages together to the extent which they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance. Thus if someone mixes two codes in one sentence by inserting other elements of language, it means that he uses code mixing.
There are some factors, that cause people do code mixing according to Kim (2006:43). Some of them are: (1) Bilingualism. It cannot be avoided that the ability to use to speak more than one language is a basic factor of code mixing. Most of the world‟s population is bilingual or multilingual, (2) Speaker and partner speaking . Communication is the process of expressing ideas between two participants of conversation. Speaker needs partner speaking to communicate and code mixing could appear if both use and understand it, (3) Social community. An individual lives and cooperates in one community either in monolingual or bilingual community. Now most communities are bilingual that use two languages in their interactions. In this case, an individual will be influenced by social community directly, (4)
Situation. Usually code mixing occurs in relax or informal situation. This situation is closer with daily conversation and for writers is also describe as their habitual communication, (5) Vocabulary. There is not appropriate word or when there is a lack of vocabulary in one language. The inability to find an appropriate word or expression in one language makes people change the word or phrase from one to another language and it can be combined together, (6) Prestige. Globalization era has lad people must able to speak more than one language, especially English. For many young people code mixing becomes awn style which is hoped to be modern and educational one. They mix language because of prestige.
As for some functions for the user code mixing are; first, it can create a relaxed or non-formal atmosphere, this usually happens in the classroom when the English teacher uses two languages to better master the students‟comprehension or conditions.Second, communication effectiveness.
In a complex communication process, which involves many topics or sub- topics and involves many people with different levels of understanding and background, mixed code usage is intended for effectiveness in communicating. Third, hide information. This is often the case when the speaker does not want other people (third parties) who come or are around them to know what they mean or what they are discussing.And the last is humor / joke. To declare humor/ joke the speakers can use the form of code mixing.
The use of code mixing is not only directly but also used through social media. One of research has been done by Mediyanth (2012), her research is
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aimed to describe the use of code mixing by user Facebook. She found the purpose of code mixing are; expressing solidarity and intimacy, asserting status, pride and power, lexical needs, incompetence, expressing self-emotion, making jokes, and being more informative. One of the causes of the use of code mixing in social media, especially on Facebook that someone can be friends and talk with anyone from different countries that automatically have different cultures and languages, so that Facebook users sometimes write status and their condition by using two languages to be understood by friends from the others countries.
Based on the explaination above, the researcher decided to observe the process of mixing the codes of Indonesian into English used by the users Facebook especially for Senior High School. So, the researcher is really motivated to conduct a research entitled“A Descriptive Study of Code Mixing in Social Networking (Facebook) at SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar”.
B. Research Questions
Based on the explanation in the background, the researcher formulate that there are two problems of study as follow:
1. What kinds of code mixing used in Facebook by the eleventh grade of SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar?
2. What are the factors influencing use of code mixing in Facebook by the eleventh grade of SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar?
C. Objective of the study
The objectives of the research are to find out:
1. The kinds of code mixing used in Facebook by the eleventh grade of SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar.
2. The factors influencing the use of code mixing used in Facebook by the eleventh grade of SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar.
D. Significance of the study
The significances of this research are:
1. Academically, this research can be used as an additional reference for discussion of sociolinguistics study, especially about code mixing phenomenon.
2. Practically, this research is signified for stimulating the other researcher to conduct such as a kind of the research in the future.
E. Scope of the study
The study focus on the utterances of Indonesian - English code mixing in Social Networking (Facebook) for Senior High School. The emphasis of the study are the kinds of code mixing and the factors influencing code mixing in Social Networking (Facebook). The researcher conducted the research in social networking Facebook on 2017.
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REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Findings
There are several researchers already conducted the similar research under the same subject of matter. They are as follow:
1. Rohmah (2009) in her thesis “A Descriptive Study of Indonesian- EnglishCode Mixing Used in Gaul Magazine”. She analyzed that there were some words that used by journalist in gaul magazine such as “ home schooling (phrase), mellow (single word), soundtrack (compound word), nge-direct (hybrid) and I‟m so proud culture from Indonesia (clause).
After classifying and analyzing the data, the conclusion of her research was that there were some of Indonesian- English code mixing used in gaul magazine, and the type of Indonesian- English code mixing are 47%
of single word, 9 % of compound word, 34% of phrase, 6% of hybrid, and 4 % of clause.
2. Mardikasari(2011) in her thesis “The Analysis of Code Mixing Found in Advertisement Broadcasting in Radio Elfara FM Malang”. She found some forms of code mixing used by announcer in spot and adlibs advertisements in Radio Elfara FM Malang on October 2010, and she found the form of code mixing was divided into 5 forms, namely code mixing in the form of word, phrase, repetition, hybrid, and clause. Mostly, the form of code mixing used in spot and adlibs advertisements in Radio Elfara FM Malang was in the form of word and phrase.
3. Mediyanthi (2012) in her thesis “A Descriptive Study of Code Mixing in Social Networking (Facebook)”. She founds the use of code mixing in the
forms of words, phrases, hybrids, idioms, clause, and word reduplication.
She also found the purpose of code mixing are; expressing solidarity and intimacy, asserting status, pride and power, lexical needs, incompetence, expressing self-emotion, making jokes, and being more informative.
Moreover the researcher analyze the factors influencing the used of code mixing in Facebook; Speakers and personal speakers, partner speech, Presence of three speakers, Time and place the conversation lasts, The purpose of conversation, Topic being spoken. It means that the use of code mixing is often used in our life both in everyday conversation or social networking.
Based on some research above there are similarities of my research that we are equally analyzing the use of two languages in writing a few words, phrase, clause and even sentence to communicate with others, especially on social media (networking). And then, we are using the same media research that is Facebook. Because Facebook is a very popular social media and almost all people in the world use the media as one of their communication media with others.
As for the difference from our research that is in their research using subject Facebook user in general. While my research focuses only on Senior High School students who use Facebook. And for some of the problems they studied were the use of code mixing and substance linguistic forms. Whereas in my research focuses on influenceand purpose of using code mixing by Facebook user (Senior High School).
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B. Research Theory
Some terms are used in this study. Theoretically they need to be explained to avoid misinterpretation of the terms.
1. Sosiolinguistic
According to Wardhaugh (2010:10), there are several possible relationships between language and society. One is that social structure may either influence or determine linguistic structure and behavior.
Certain evidence may be adduced to support this view: the age-grading phenomenon whereby young children speak differently from older children and, in turn, children speak differently from mature adults;
studies which show that the varieties of language that speakers use reflect such matters as their regional, social, or ethnic origin and possibly even their gender; and other studies which show that particular ways of speaking, choices of words, and even rules for conversing are in fact highly determined by certain social requirements.A second possible relationship is directly opposed to the first: linguistic structure and/or behavior may either influence or determine social structure. A third possible relationship is that the influence is bi-directional: language and society may influence each other.A fourth possibility is to assume that there is no relationship at all between linguistic structure and social structure and that each is independent of the other.
Society impinges on language, and language impinges on the society. Hence, there must be a relationship existing between language and society. The interdependency of these two entities, language and
society led to the study of sociolinguistics. Sociolinguistics is concerned with investigating the relationship between language and society with the goal of a better understanding of the structure of language and of how languages function in communication. It is the study of all aspects of linguistics applied towards the connections between language and society, and the way we use it in different language situations.
When people interact with others in society at anytime and anywhere they must use a language. Without a language, people will find some troubles when they do their activities and toward the others. There is no people or society without a language. The role of a language among the people in this life is very crucial. The study of linguistics reveals that language and society cannot be separated to be investigated. It develops into sociolinguistics or the sociology of language. According to Fishman;
„sociolinguistics is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions, and the characteristics of the speaker as these three constantly interact, change and change one another within a speech community”.
Wardhaugh (2010:11) is even more direct: „Sociolinguistics is the study of the social uses of language, and the most productive studies in the four decades of sociolinguistic research have emanated from determining the social evaluation of linguistic variants. These are also the areas most susceptible to scientific methods such as hypothesis-formation, logical inference, and statistical testing. Others people too believe that sociolinguistics is the study of language variation and that the purpose of
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such study is to find out what variation tells us about language and speakers‟ „knowledge‟ of language, in this case their unconscious knowledge of subtle linguistic differences.
The people can define sociolinguistics as the study of language in relation to society. In (Mediyanthi, 2012:24) say Sociolinguistics is concerned with the relationship between language and the context in which it is used. Like other subject, sociolinguistics is partly empirical and partly theoretical – partly a matter of going out and amassing bodies of fact and partly of sitting back and thinking. The „armchair‟ approach to sociolinguistics can be fairly productive, whether it is based on facts collected in a systematic way as part of research or simply on one‟s own experience. „The sociolinguist‟s aim is to move towards theory which provides a motivated account of the way language is used in acommunity, and of the choices people make when they use language‟ (Mediyanthi, 2012:24). For example,when we observe how varied language use is we must search for the causes.
Based on explaination above sociolinguistics actually does not discuss a structure of a language, but it focuses on how a language is used, so it could play its function well.So it is clear now that the role of sociolinguistics is to manage a language as its functions in society, or in other words sociolinguistics deals with a language as means of communication.
2. Bilingualism
In general, bilingualism is about the using of two languages.
Bilingualism and multilingualism are normal in many parts of the world and people do not feel strange. Most of the nations through the world are bilingual or even multilingual with two or more ethnic groups speaking different languages. One of the most common myths about bilingualism is the view that a bilingual is completely fluent in two languages. According to Shin (2013:25), It is often assumed that “true” bilinguals are those who are equally proficient in their two languages, with competence in both languages comparable to those of monolinguals of those languages.
According to Fromkin, Rodman and Hyams (2007:342) in Siregar (2016:3), “bilingual language acquisition refers to the (more or less) simultaneous acquisition of two languages beginning in infancy (or before the age of three years)”. If a person learns another language after acquiring the first, for them it refers to second language acquisition, and not to bilingualism. Steiner and Hayes (2009:3) in Siregar (2016:3) use the definition of bilingualism as “the ability to speak, read, write, or even understand more than one language” (italic in the original).Finally, bilingualism is the ability of using two languages to other people.
According to Wardhaugh (2002:96) multilingualism is a norm in a community. Communities are multilingual and no effort is made to suppress the variety of languages that is spoken. In Wardhaugh‟s book (2010:94) gives an interesting example of multilingualism exists among
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the Tukano of the northwest Amazon, on the border between Colombia and Brazil, as follow:
The Tukano are a multilingual people because men must marry outside thei language group; that is, no man may have a wife who speaks his language, for that kind of marriage relationship is not permitted and would be viewed as a kind of incest. Men choose the women they marry from various neighboring tribes who speak other languages. Furthermore, on marriage, women move into the men‟s households or longhouses.
Consequently, in any village several languages are used: the language of the men; the various languages spoken by women who originate from different neighboring tribes; and a widespread regional „trade‟ language.
Children are born into this multilingual environment: the child‟s father speaks one language, the child‟s mother another, and other women with whom the child has daily contact perhaps still others.
However, everyone in the community is interested in language learning so most people can speak most of the languages. Multilingualism is taken for granted, and moving from one language to another in the course of a single conversation is very common. In fact, multilingualism is so usual that the Tukano are hardly conscious that they do speak different languages as they shift easily from one to another. They cannot readily tell an outsider how many languages they speak, and must be suitably prompted to enumerate which languages they speak and to describe how well they speak each one.
3. Code Choice
In everyday interaction, people usually choose different codes in different situation. The people may choose a particular code or variety because it makes them easier to discuss a particular topic, regardless where the people are speaking. It is likes system that is used by people to communicate with each other. When people want to talk each other, they have to choose a particular code to express their feeling. It is a symbol of nationalism that is used by people to speak or communicate in a particular language, or dialect, or register, or accent, or style on different occasions and for different purposes of communication.
Code is a term which refers to a variety. Variety is a sociolinguistics tern of specific set of „linguistic item‟ or human speech patterns which we can uniquely associate with some external factor. It is referring to language or a variety of language as a code, being by definition a variation and some other perhaps more standard language.
In this case a code is the particular language one chooses to use in any occasion, a system used for communication between two or more parties. When people are about to speak, they have to choose a particular code to express their minds of feeling. The particular code in this case can be a particular language, dialect, style, register or variety. Therefore in daily situation, people may use different code in different situation.
The term code cannot be separated from two phenomenon terms namely code mixing and code switching. Those are terms in bilingualism
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for language and especially speech that draws to deferring extents at least two languages combined in different ways.
(Wardaugh, 2010:99), code is the particular dialect or language one chooses to use on any occasion, a system used for communication between two or more parties. Communication itself can make longer the life expectancy of the people. It means that is impossible to live without any communication. A good communication has a key that is understand.
Therefore, people are usually forced to select a particular code whenever they choose to speak, and they may decide to switch from one code to another or to mix codes.
4. Factor that Influence the Code Choice
There are many factors influencing people to choose a code.
According to Hymes (in Medhiyanti, 2012:27) there are eight factors influencing the occurrence of code choice. They are:
(1) Setting and Scene: Setting refers to the time and place. Scene refers to
the abstract psychological setting or the cultural definition of the occasion.
(2) Participants: The term participants refer to various combinations of
speaking or listener, addressor-addresser or sender-receiver. They generally fill certain socially specified roles.
(3) Ends: The term ends refer to the conventionally recognized and expected
outcomes of an exchange as well as to the personal goals that participants seek to accomplish on particular occasion.
(4) Act sequence: The term act sequence refers to the actual form and content of what is said such as the precise word used, how they are used, and relationship of what is said to the actual topic.
(5) Key: The term key refers to the tone, manner, or spirit in which a
particular message is conveyed, light-hearted, serious, precise, pedantic, mocking, sarcastic, pompous, and so on.
(6) Instrumentalities: The term instrumentalities refer to the choice of
channel: oral, written, or telegraphic, and to the actual forms of speech employed, such as the language, code, dialect, or register that is chosen.
(7) Norms of interaction and interpretations: The term norms of
interaction and interpretation refer to the specific behaviors and proprieties that attack to speaking and also to how these may viewed by someone who does not share them, e.g., loudness, silence, gaze, return, and so on.
(8) Genre: The term genre refers to clearly demarcated types of utterance;
such things as poems, proverbs, riddles, sermons, prayers, lectures, and editorials.
5. Code Mixing
a. Definition of Code Mixing
A code is language, a variety or style of language. A code is a class specific language variation, especially for the different strategies of verbal planning. In communications, a code is a rule for converting a piece of information (for example, a letter, word or phrase) into another form or representation, not necessarily of the same sort. Code switching and code mixing are division of code.Code mixing is the use of one language in another language, the mixing of two or more languages or language varieties in a speech.Code mixing usually occurs in bilingual or multilingual community or society and
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thefunction (meaning) of the language cannot be clearly separated.
Siregar (2016:3).
In accordance with Muysken (2000:1), code-mixing means the lexical items and grammatical features of two languages that exist in the same sentence. Code mixing is a normal, natural product of bilingual and multilingual language use.Code-Mixing is a term used in bilingualism area. Bauer (2010:4) in Siregar (2016:3), Code-mixing refers to “linguistic behavior of a bilingual speaker who imports words or phrases from one of his/ her languages into the other one”.
Wardhaugh in Fitria (2014:8) states that code mixing occurs when conversants use both languages together to the extent that they change from one language to the other in the course of a single utterance It means that the conversants just change some of the elements in their utterance. Code mixing takes place without a change of topic and can involve various levels of language, example morphology and lexical items. The concept of code – mixing is used to refer to a more general form of language contact that may include cases of code-switching and the other form of contacts which emphasizes the lexical items.
Considering that code-mixing allows the change of code, it is important to know factors that can cause code mixing. According to Chaer and Agustina (2010:114), Code-Mixing is caused by several factors such as: the speaker, the addressee, the setting, the change of situation from formal to informal, and the topic. Thus, when a
bilingual person mixes up a code, he or she probably does Code- Mixing because of factors such as addressee(s), topic discussions, and contexts.
The concept of code mixing is used to refer to a more generalfrom of language contact that may include cases of code switching and theother form of contact which emphasizes the lexical items. David in Fitria (2014:10)adds that different from the above standpoint, code mixing is going to be distinguished here from code switching.
b. Kind and Example of Code Mixing
According to Siregar (1996:50), code mixing divided into two kinds, intra-sentential mixing and extra-sentential mixing.
1) Intra-sentential mixing
Intra-sentential mixing may range from the alternation of single words or phrases to clauses within a single sentence or utterance. Below some examples of code mixing in English- Indonesia:
Saya benar-benarbusyhari ini. (Busy as code mixing of word in the sentence).
Maaf, kemarin saya tidak bisa gabung diacara buka puasa
bersama, because I have many duties. (because I have many duties as code mixing of clause).
Tinggalfollows updi dalam nanti. (Follow up as code mixing of phrase in the sentence).
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2) Extra-sentential mixing
Normally extra-sentential mixing occurs between sentences. Because it occurs at sentence boundaries, it requires less complex syntactic interaction between two languages involved in code mixing. Code mixing divided in two kinds; such as Inner Code Mixing is that stemming from original language with all variation and Outer Code Mixing is that stemming from foreign language.
Muysken (2010:221) explained more that code mixing is typically divided into three main types – insertion (word or phrase), alternation (clause) and congruent lexicalization (dialect)- and the most common occurrence of code mixing variants in society is insertional code mixing. He suggests that there are three main patterns of intra-sentential code mixing which may be found in bilingual speech community – insertion, alternation, and congruent lexicalization.
c. The function of Code Mixing
Suwito in Fathurrohman(2013:18) the goal to be achieved by the speaker in his speech is very decisive choice of language. Speakers interfere with the code there are certain objectives to be achieved by the language user.Meanwhile, according Nababan in Fathurrohman (2013:18) code mixing are used by speakers to show off their learning or position, in addition to achieving the precision of the meaning of the phrase. The function of code switching refers to what the speaker
intends to accomplish with the transition of the code. The function of code switching and code mixing is almost the same. Foley in Fathurrohman (2013:18) reveals that the description of the language will show a picture of the social condition of a society, and vice versa, the picture of the social condition of a society will be reflected in the language they use.
Contact language that occurs in the daily life of society as a bilingual will also affect the delivery of information in a newspaper, especially with a cultural background that is deeply entrenched in every community, in this case the use of Indonesian language affected by the language areas easily spread through the mass media.Pratama(2016) found some of the code-mixing functions on Facebook are as follows: (a) more argumentative to convince the speech partner, (b) more persuasive to persuade or direct the speaking partner, (c) more communicative to convey information, (d) more prestige.
6. Form of Code Mixing
Muysken (2000:109) define that the term code mixing to refer to all cases where lexical item and grammatical features from two language appear in one sentence. And he also define in code-mixing piece of one language are used while a speaker is basically using another language.
Suwitoin Medhiyanti (2012:33) differentiates the kind of code mixing in the form of words, phrase, hybrid, repetition word, idioms and clauses.
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1) Code mixing in the form of word
Word is the smallest unit of language consists of a morpheme or more than a morpheme.
Example:
Datanglah ke party ku malam ini 2) Code mixing in the form of phrase
Phrase is grammatical analysis to refer to a single element of structure typically containing more than one words, and lacking the subject and predicate structure typical of clauses.
Example:
Perusahaan inimembutuhkanfresh graduate yang berkompeten 3) Code mixing in the form of hybrid
Hybrid is the result from unification of two different language substances which has meaning.
Example:
Orang tuaharusmensupportanak-anaknya.
4) Code mixing in the form of repetition word
Repetition word is a word formed because of reduplication.
Example:
Kabarnyafine-fine saja.
5) Code mixing in the form of idiom
Idiom is group of words with a meaning that is different from the meaning of the individual word. It means that idiom creates new meaning that is different from the real meaning of each word.
Example:
Semuanyaakanbaik-baiksajajikakamugo with the flow.
6) Code mixing in the form of clause
Clause is a unit of grammatical organization smaller than the sentence, but larger than the phrases, words or morphemes and clause having a subject and predicate.
Example:
TadidiabilangI miss you gitu.
7. Factors influencing the use of Code Mixing
There are some factors, that cause people do code mixing according toKim (2006:43). Some of them are:
1) Bilingualism. It cannot be avoided that the ability to use to speak more thanone language is a basic factor of code mixing.
Most of the world‟s populationis bilingual or multilingual.Code mixing by bilingual or multilingual speakers with the primary objective to be the meaning of the message in the communication can be received by more effectively.
2) Speaker and partner speaking. Communication is the process of expressingideas between two participants of conversation. Speaker needs partner speakingto communicate and code mixing could appear if both use and understand itwell.
In a speech event, speakers sometimes accidentally switch code for language partner because he has a purpose and a specific purpose.
Viewed from private speakers, there are a variety of purposes and
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objects move between other code talkers want to change the situation of the hearing, for example, from formal situations that are bound to space and time non-formal situations which are not bound space and time.
3. Socialcommunity. An individual lives and cooperates in one communityeither in monolingual or bilingual community. Now most communities arebilingual that use two languages in their interactions.
In this case, an individualwill be influenced by social community directly.
Interlocutors that the same linguistic background of speakers usually turn over the code in the form of variance and if the said partner different linguistic backgrounds tend to be code rather than language.To neutralize the situation and respect the presence of a third speech partners, speakers and partners usually said switch code, especially if they are of different linguistic backgrounds. In this situation, sometimes over the code is also used to convey messages that do not want to be understood by all three speakers.
4. Situation. Usually code mixing occurs in relax or informal situation.
Thissituation is closer with daily conversation and for writers is also describe astheir habitual communication.
Purpose of conversation is a means by which to speak. Oral mode (face-to-face, by telephone, or via audio-visual) use more variety compared to non-formal mode of writing (letter agencies, newspapers, scholarly books) that typically use formal variety. With
the more common oral mode code switching and mixed code than using write mode.
The subject or topic of discussion is the dominant factor in determining the occurrence of code switching. Formal subject is usually expressed with a variety of standard, neutral style and serious subject of informal language is not delivered with raw, emotional style, and completely arbitrarily. Instead the subject of formal scientific and frequent mixed code when a speaker does not find expression or equivalent capable of representing ideas in the language of instruction or intervention is often done when the code is deliberately to emphasize the speaker's personality.
5. Vocabulary. There is not appropriate word or when there is a lack ofvocabulary in one language.
The inability to find an appropriate word orexpression in one language makes people change the word or phrase from oneto another language and it can be combined together. some bilinguals mix two languages when they cannot find proper words or expressions or when there is no appropriate translation for the language being used.
6. Prestige. Globalization era has lad people must able to speak more than onelanguage, especially English. For many young people code mixing becomesawn style which is hoped to be modern and educational one. They mixlanguage because of prestige.Speaker is not seldom do plus a language code into otherlanguages because of habit or because taste would like to highlight its identity.
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8. Difference Between Code Switching And Code Mixing
From the explanation above, the difference between code mixing and code switching can be inferred. First, in code mixing, bilingual speakers seem to apply some foreign words or phrases (pieces of one language smaller than clause) while the other language (code) functions as the base. Second bilingual speakers are said to code mixing ( but not switch from one to another) when there is no topic that changes, nor does the situation.
One criterion to different code switching and code mixing. One creation that is sometimes offered to distinguish switching from mixing is that the grammar of the clause determines the language. By this criterion, if a person uses a word or a phrase from another language, he has mixed, not switched. But if one clause has the grammatical structure of one language and the next is constructed according to the grammar of another.
create a code.Code switching and code mixing living in a bilingual (or multilingual) community forces people to be able to speak in at least two different languages.
So the basic difference between code switching and code mixing is code mixing occurs when speakers mix/inser foreign words (other code) in the dominant language used, yes including the use of foreign terms that appear intellect. While code switching, speakers change the language used to code the others (including diversity) for consideration (1) the other person, (2) speakers themselves, (3) the presence of three speakers (4) create a sense of humor, or (5) increase the prestige. The same of code
switching and code mixing is that they commonly occur in a multilingual society in using two languages or more. The difference over the code (code switching) occurs between the language used is an autonomous individual, a conscious and deliberate, specific causes, while the mixed code (code mixing) occurs in a primary code or code base used has function and autonomy, while other involved in the use of such language is in pieces, without function and autonomy as a code.
C. Conceptual Framework
Figure: 2.1 Conceptual Framework
The conceptual framework above describes the research which was conduct by the researcher. This study was descriptive research which is done in English lesson class. This study aimed to see and explain how students used language on social networking (Facebook), especially on the phenomenon of code mixing that was often used by students in writing a status on Facebook. So this study aimed to explain what kinds of code mixing used and factors influencing students using code mixing on Facebook.
English as Foreign Language Classroom Observation
A Descriptive Study
Social Networking (Facebook)
Code Mixing
The kinds of code mixing used in Facebook
The factors influencing use of code mixing in Facebook
26 CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD A. Research Design
The design of this research as descriptive quantitative research, where researcher present data in the numerical and descriptive form. According to Sugiyono (2016: 13), quantitative research method can be intepreted as a research method that is based on the philosophy of positivism, used to examine the population or a particular sample. Arykunto (2002: 20) also states that descriptive research studies are designed to obtain information concerning the current status of phenomena. They are directed toward determining the nature of a situation, as it exists at the time of the study.The aim of this research were to analysis kinds of code mixing used in Facebook and factors influencing of code mixing in Facebook.
B. Research Population and Sample 1. Population
According Sugiyono (2016: 117), population is the generalization region consisting of the objects or subjects that have certain qualities and characteristics, established by researchers to learn and then be deduced.The population of these research were the second grade students of SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar, academic year 2017/2018.The total number of students were93.
Table 3.1 Number of Population
NO. COURSE NUMBER
1. Akuntansi 17
2. Administrasi Perkantoran 29
3. Teknik Komputer dan Jaringan 25
4. Keperawatan 22
Total 93
(Office of SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar, 2017) 2. Sample
According to Sugiyono (2016:118) sample is part of the number and characteristics possessed by this population. Based on population, researcher used purposive sampling method. The sample is 29 students Administrasi Perkantoranclass consisting of 25female and 4 male. In accordance with Sugiyono (2011: 300), purposive sampling is a technique of taking sample data sources based on consideration or focus of a particular sample. The goal is to maximize information, not to facilitate generalization, because the research wasanalyzed the students‟ status made in Facebook that used code mixing and take one as example, where the researcher wants to analyzed the kinds of code mixing used in Facebook and collected information about the factors influencing the student used code mixing in Facebook. So this method was in accordance with this research.
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C. Variable of the Research
There were two variable in this research, namely independent and dependent variables. The independent variable of this research was kinds of code mixing and the dependent variable was factors influence.
D. Research Instrument
Research instrument used to measure the value of the variables studied (Sugiyono, 2016:133). The instrument of the research were the analyzed and questionnaire.
1. Content Analysis
In this study the content analysis used to answer research question number one. According to Fraenkel and Wallen (2007: 482) content analysis is a technique that researchers can use to study human behavior indirectly through analysis of their communications such as textbooks, essays, newspapers, novels, magazine articles, songs, advertising images and any type of communication that can be analyzed.Content analysis was a research instrument that was focused on the actual content of a media feature. It was used to determine the existence of certain words, concepts, themes, phrases, characters or sentences in texts or a series of texts. In this study the researcher conducted content analysis to analyzed the student‟s status that used code mixing in Facebook.
2. Questionnaire
The questionnaire was the commonly used instrument for collecting research data from the participants of a study.The questionnaire is a technique of data collection the done by giving a set questions or a
written statement to the respondent to answer (Sugiyono, 2016: 199). In this study the questionnaire used to answer research questions number two, consist of 20 items and devided into two statements; they were 15 positive statements and 5 negative statements and used an instrument with a Likert scale. Likert scale is used to measure attitudes, opinion, someone or some people perceptions about social phenomena (Sugiyono, 2016:
134). The answer for every item of instrument that used Likert scale had gradation from Strongly Agree, Agree, Disagree, And Strongly Disagree (Sugiyono, 2016: 135).In this study the instrument, respondents are asked to choose their retort to signify one of the numbers from 1 to 5 based explanation for the numbers that are:
1. Strongly Agree, respondents got score (5) 2. Agree, respondents got score (4)
3. Neutral, respondents got score (3) 4. Disagree, respondents got score (2)
5. Strongly Disagree, respondents got score (1)
Table 3.2The Factors of Using Code Mixing
Factors Description No.
Item
Types of Number
Bilingualism
Students always using more than one
language in daily conversation 1 + Students are bilingual or multilingual
with the primary objective to be the meaing of the message in the communication can be received by more effectively.
2 +
Is the mixing of English and
Indonesia words a threat to Indonesia
20 +
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language?
Speaker and Partner Speaking
Students usually mix the language
because their partner speaking. 3 + Students always mix codes when they
are talking to their friends. 4 + Students sometimes mix the language
with their teacher. 5 +
Social Community
Students sometimes use code mixing
because they try to use pidgin. 6 + Students always use code mixing
through social media. 7 +
Students sometimes use code mixing because their interlocutors have different lnguistic background (native speaker).
8 +
Students sometimes use code mixing to convey message that do not want to
be understood by other people. 9 -
Situation
Students never use code mixing in
formal situation. 10 +
Students never use code mixing
through writing. 11 +
Students always use code mixing through oral mode (face to ace or by telephone).
12 +
Students always using code mixing
because they want to make a joke. 13 -
Vocabulary
Students usually mixed language
because they lack of word. 14 -
Students usually use code mixing because they want to improve their
15 +
vocabulary skill.
Prestige
Students do code mixing because it is
plannned. 16 +
Students never using code mixing
because overgeneralization. 17 + Code mixing usually appear because
prestige. 18 -
Students sometimes mixed the language because they hope to be modern and educational.
19 -
E. Procedure of Data Collection
The procedure of collecting data was involved the following steps:
1. The researcher opened Facebook account (online) and the researcheranalyzed activities Facebook of students by reading status.
2. The researchers identified the status of students on Facebook using code mixing in the form of words, phrases, clauses, reduplication, hybrids and idioms.
3. Then the researcher used questionnaire in collecting data.
4. The researcher distributed questionnaire to the students to responds a series of statements by indicating the answer of students which each statement by Likert Scale.
F. Technique of Data Analysis
In analysing the data, the researcher did the steps as follows:
1. The first step, the researcher collected data from Facebook account of students and classified students‟ status into the kinds of code mixing.
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2. Then, the researcher percentage the data to know the kinds of code mixing that used students in Facebook.
3. The researcher distributed the questionnaire to the students. It consisted of 20numbers. Then, the students answer the question in questionnaire. It took 20 minutes for student to finish it. After finished, the researcher collect the students' paper.
4. The reseacher explored the data about the factors influencing of using code mixing in Facebook.
5. After getting the data questionnaire the researcher analyzed it by using the formula as follows:
P = 𝑓
𝑁 x 100%
Where:
P = Percentage f = Frequency
N = Number of the students
(Gay, 1981) 6. The researcher explored and presented the data to findings.
7. Finally, the researcher took conclusion about code mixing in social networking (Facebook) at SMK Muhammadiyah 3 Makassar.
33 CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
This chapter consist of two sections; they were findings of the research and discussion on the result of the data analysis.
A. Findings
1. Kinds of code mixing used in Facebook
As having been mentioned above, Suwito in Medhiyanti devides kinds of code mixing into six classification; they were the insertion of word, phrase, clauses, reduplication, hybrids and idiom. But in this study, the researcher only found four classification from the analysis students‟ status, they were word, phrase, clause and hybrids. The data classified as code mixing were written bold.
1) The insertion of word
Word is the smallest unit of language consist of a morpheme or more than a morpheme. One of code mixing comes into being by inserting English Words into Indonesian utterances. Sometimes it happens when Indonesian utterances contain different words. There were some examples the insertion of word that students wrote status in Facebook:
Stay disini ji (1)
Ngausah tag merasa aja (2)
Sepinya.. ndk minatko itu chat sama saya nah (3)
Post ulang karena lagi kangen.. (4)
Suka game yah? Ya uda pacaran aja dengan games.. (5)
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Sehat selalu dear.. (6)
Break aja dulu. (7)
New akun Pippo Pip, yang ini sudah dihack Pippo (8)
Hater = Pembantu paling ikhlas, ga digaji aja rela ngurusin hidup kita (9)
Kritikan kasih pendapat itu hak semua orang, kamu boleh judge gue tapi nanti (10)
Suka ka traveling? Haha itu hobiku, nda suka dgn hobi saya silahkan mundur,, (11)
Ndak ku suka nha saya kalau ada org yg upload khi fotoku sama org lain dehh... (12)
Miss batt (13)
Sorry, telat kasinya.. (14) 2) The insertion of phrase
Phrase is grammatical analysis to refer to a single element of structure typically containing more than one words, and lacking the subject and predicate structure typical of clauses. The example of phrase insertion were:
Jadi cerita nah ini on the way ki lagi ke Unismuh.. ?(15)
Tanpa Make up oun udah maniss! (16)
Keep smile bahagia itu kita yang buat! Jalan yang ngk mudah.
(17)
Dehh bikin emosinya kita mau pakai untuk study tour tapi tidak ada gara-gara na kasih orang baru kita juga perlu. (18)
Cobasaiki itu hargai perasaaanku, always strong.. (19)
bakwan & Tempeku... Stay School. (20)
Happy wedding Alfyanti & pak mail,, semoga menjadi keluarga SAMAWA. (21)
maaf telat kasinya, but happy birthday for you,, ingatki masih tungguka traktirannya. (22)
Selamat malam kamu, have a nice dream yaa. Meski tulisan ini gak terkirim ke kamu, dibaca nggaknya, yg jelas itu buat kamu.
(23)
Ayah makasih udah jadi seorang pria yang pertama dalam hidupku dan mencintaiku walau kadang kau selalu berkecil hati atas sikapku, dear you daddy. (24)
Satu kali lagi Happy birthday Thina X (25) 3) The insertion of clause
Clause is a unit of grammatical organization smaller than the sentence, but larger than phrases, words or morphemes and clause having a subect andd predicate. Here the example of insertion clause in students‟ status:
I love you Dad & Mom maafkan anakmu ini kalau ada salah.
(26)
Untuk kedua kalinya cuman mau bilang I Love You... (27) 4) The insertion of hybrids
Hybrid is the result from unification of two different language substances which has meaning. Hybrid was another type of Indonesian
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– English code mixing that accur in this research. The example of insertion hybrid as follow:
Selamat ulang tahun yang making tua wishnya semoga panjang umur, tambah tinggi, tambah pintar, tambah cantik. (28)
Menjadi penengah? Ending-nya serba salah terus.. (29)
Table 4.1 Data Content Analysis Kinds of Code Mixing No. Kinds of Code Mixing Frequency Percentage (%)
1. The insertion of word 14 48.27%
2. The insertion of phrase 11 37.93%
3. The insertion of clause 2 6.9%
4. The insertion of hybrid 2 6.9%
TOTAL 29 100%
2. Factors influencing the use of code mixing in Facebook.
Based on the questionnaire the factors influencing of using code mixing in social networking (Facebook) as follow:
Table 4.2 Factor Influence of Code Mixing in Facebook No. Indicators Score Percentage
(%) Classification 1. Students always use
more than one language in daily conversation
8.83 88.28% High
Influenced 2. Students are bilingual or
multilingual with the primary objective to be the meaing of the message in the
communication can be received by more effectively.
8.28 82.76% High
Influenced
3. Students usually mix the language because their partner speaking.
8.69 86.90% High
Influenced 4. Students always mix
codes when they are talking to their friends.
7.93 79.31% Influenced
5. Students sometimes mix the language with their teacher.
5.72 57.24% Mid
Influenced 6. Students sometimes use
code mixing because they try to use pidgin.
7.03 70.34% Influenced
7. Students always use code mixing through social media.
7.95 79.45% Influenced
8. Students sometimes use code mixing because their interlocutors have different lnguistic background (native speaker).
7.38 73.79% Influenced
9. Students sometimes use code mixing to convey message that do not want to be understood by other people.
7.52 75.17% Influenced
10. Students never use code mixing in formal
situation.
7.10 71.03% Influenced
11. Students never use code
mixing through writing. 6.97 69.66% Influenced 12. Students always use code
mixing through oral mode (face to ace or by telephone).
6.97 69.66% Influenced
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13. Students always using code mixing because they want to make a joke.
8.28 82.76% High
Influenced 14. Students usually mixed
language because they lack of word.
6.90 68.97% Influenced
15. Students usually use code mixing because they want to improve their vocabulary skill.
6.97 69.66% Influenced
16. Students do code mixing
because it is plannned. 7.10 71.03% Influenced 17. Students never using
code mixing because overgeneralization.
5.66 56.55% Mid
Influenced 18. Code mixing usually
appear because prestige. 6.21 62.07% Influenced 19. Students sometimes
mixed the language because they hope to be modern and educational.
6.41 64.14% Influenced
20. Is the mixing of English and Indonesia words a threat to Indonesia language?
3.66 36.55% Low
Influenced
B. Discussion
Based on the finding above the kinds of code mixing used in Facebook, the researcher found that there were four classfication of kinds of code mixing from the analysis students‟ status in Facebook, they were insertion of word, insertion of phrase, insertion of clause and insertion of hybrids. The finding support the previous study conducted by Mardikasari (2011) that the form of
code mixing was divided into 5 forms, namely code mixing in the form of word, phrase, repetition, hybrid, and clause.
For the first kinds of code mixing used in Facebook was insertion of word, and the researcher found some of word that used students on wrote their status on Facebook that were stay, tag, chat, post, miss, game, dear, break, haters, judge, travelling and upload. In this researsh has been relevant with Mediyanthi (2012) shows that the insertion of word can be classified into eight groups;
they are; the insertion of noun, adjective, verb, adverb, conjunction, exclamation, and preposition. Second kinds of code mixing used in Facebook was the insertion of phrase. The researcher found some of phrase that used students on wrote their status on Facebook they were happy birthday, on the way, make up, keep smile, study tour, always strong, happy wedding, have a nice dream, and dear you daddy. The findings support the previous study conducted by Mediyanthi (2012) that founds three types of phrases, they are:
noun phrase, adverbial phrase, and prepositional phrase. The third kinds of code mixing used in Facebook was the insertion of clause. The researcher founds two of clause on students‟ status in Facebook they were I love you Dad and mom and I love you. This finding relevant with Mediyanthi (2012) that she devides kinds of clause used by the user facebook into two types, they are : Independent caluse, and Dependent clause. And the last kinds of code mixing that found in this research was insertion of hybrid, and there were two insertion hybrid that found on students‟ status in Facebook, they were wishnya and endingnya. This findings support the previous study conducted by Mediyanthi
