DISTINGUISHING FACT FROM OiqNlON AND EVENTS FROM META-EVENTS C h r l l t l n e ,4. Mor~gomery
O l ~ r ~ l n g ~/zrtems Division I . ~ I c o n , Inc.
Woodlen~ NIIIw, California, U,9~d.
ABSTRACT
A major problem In automatically anaiy~dng the t e x t o f m~lltary messaq;les In m~lar to s y n t h e s i z e d a t a b ~ l e e l e - ments is separating f a c t from opinion, I.e., I d e n t ~ n 9 f a c t u a l s t a t e m e n t s v e r s u s e v a l u a t i v e commentary such 4,; d e g r e e Of b e l i e f or c o n f i d e n c e In t h e p a r a m e t e r s o f s particular e v e n t , com p a r a t i ve evaiual~ons o f e n t i t l e s and e v e n t s , predictions o f f u t u r e e v e n t s , e t c . This p a p e r d e s m l b e s a m ~ i e l which accmmta f o r t h e r a n g e o f f a c - tual t o e v a l u a t i v e Information In the m e s s a g e t r a f f i c , and dlocusses a means f o r r e p r ea en Un g such Ioformation In t h e c o n t e x t o f an oxperlmentsJ s y s t e m f o r a u t o ma t ed d a t a b a l e g e n e r s t l o ~
1.0 EIACI~GFIOUND
For s e v e r a l y e a r s , with some Inl;erroptlone, a r e s e a r c h end d e v e l o p m e n t e f f o r t h a l b e e n In procmm In t h e Operating Systems Division o f Logicon (and its p r e d e - c a m e ' company, OpereUng Systems, Inc.) aimed a t t h e automated c r e a t i o n o f d a t a b a s e e l e m e n t s from the t e x t ~ f electronically t rans mi t te d military me ss a g e s . 1 [Kuhna and Montgomery 1 9 7 3 , Kuhns 1Q74, Kuhns o t ai 1 9 7 5 , SIlva end Montgomery 1977, Silva e t el 1 9 7 9 e , 1 9 T 9 b , Owigglns and Silva 1 9 8 1 . ] The o b j e c t i v e o f this r e s e a r c h has b e e n to provide an a u t o m a t e d c a p a b il i t y t o supplement t h e p r e s e n t l y largely manuel, i s b o r - i n t e r m i v e t a s k o f meintainlng the c u r r e n c y o f d a t a b a s e s which derive their InformaUon elements from the t e x t o f mili- t a r y rues=ages. Although some e f f o r t has b e e n d e v o t e d to primarily I n t e r a c t i v e approaches to the problem, and to mwmages which h a v e highly p r e d i c t a b l e cniumnar summary formats, the majority o f the r e s e a r c h and devel opment work has c o n c e n t r a t e d on t h e more d i f f i c u l t t a s k o f analyzing unf o r ma t t ed n a r r a t i v e l : a x t with u s e r Interaction limited to occasional s s s i s t m l c a to t h e automated system.
A t e e t h e d system called MATRES has b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d In Prolog to run under the UNiX op er a t in g system on the POP 1 1 / 7 0 . MATRES Is a k n o wl e d g e b a s e d system for undorotanding the natural language t e x t o f e v e n t - oriented massages tn the domains o f air a c t i v i t i e s and space/missile (S&M) activities. The k n o wle d g e s t r u c - tures In MATRES, called " t e m p l a t e s a, are e s s e n t i a l l y frames or scripts describing e n t i t i e s and e v e n t s , which a n s w e r the military u~er's bsolc questions about t h e s e
1. This work has been carried out under the sponsorship o f the Rome Air Development Center (RADC), U. S. Air Force Systems Command, Grlffiss Air :'~,-~e 8 a B e , New York.
M l e n m m m L as Illustrated In the simplified v i e w o f an e v e n t t e m p l a t e p r l m e n t o d In Figure 1.
The t e m p l a t e e a r e hierarchically organized; l o w e r l e v e l t e m p l a t e s deal with ot)Jects or times, mid l e v e l with e v a r l t s containing o b j e c t s and times, higher l e v e l with a c t i v i t i e s composed o f e v e n t s . The slots in the tam- p l a t e s contadn p r o c e d u r e s which o p e r a t e upon t h e o u t - p u t o f t h e D e f i n i t e Clause Grammar (DCG) to I n s t a n t l a t a t h e templatlm.
We a r e c u r r e n t l y using a corpus o f s pp rc x im st aF/ 1 2 5 m e s s a g e s In t h e S&M domain s ~ a basis f o r dev el op i n g a s c e n a r i o f o r e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e e x t e n d e d MATRES teatl~bed, ms well ms a t e e t h e d f o r a r e l a t e d k n o w l e d g e b a a e d a y l t e m , t h e A c t i v e / I n t r o s p e c t i v e information S y s - tem [ d es C rib ed In Montgomery and Ruapini 1 9 8 1 , and Ruapinl 1 9 8 2 ] f o r which MATRES s e r v e s an a f r o n t end. The s c a n m l o Involves t w o simulated nations, the Delta C o l ~ e d a r a t t o n o f t h e Atlantic S t a t e s and the Epsilon Repobllk:. Both netlone h a v e s p a c e programs, and each Is i n t e r e s t e d in monitoring t h e technological p r o g r e s s o f t h e other, using t h e i r own s a t a i l l t e and s e n s o r r e s o u r c e s mid t h o s e o f o t h e r f r i e n d l y neUon8. The s o t o f fifes- s a g e s to be a n a l y z e d b y MATRES are mainly r e p o r t s o f s p a c e and s a t e l l i t e launches and orbital a c t i v i t i e s o f the Delta C o n f e d e r a t i o n , which are being monitored and e v a l u a t e d b y t h e Epsllon RepubUc. The t e x t o1' mes- s a g e s used In t h e s c e n a r i o has the s t r u c t u r e and format o f actual m e s s a g e s reporting on S&M activities, although the l e x i c o n is s u b s t a n t i a l l y d i f f e r e n t .
All discumled In s e v e r a l previous technical r e p o r t s p r e p a r e d under earlier c o n t r a c t s with RAOC (~Kuhns and Mantgamary 1 9 7 3 ] , [Silva a t el 1 9 7 9 0 ] , [Silva e t sl 1 9 7 9 b ] ) , the s u b s e t ot' t h e English language on which t h e t e x t Of Intelligence m e s s a g e s 18 b a s e d Is e s s e n t i s l l y a specialized language f o r reporting e v e n t s . Intermixed with f a c t u a l s t a t e m e n t s reporting on e n t i t l e s and e v e n t s , h o w e v e r , Is much e v a l u a t i v e commentary. M o r e - over, proms announcements of the Oeita C o n f e d e r a t i o n are Included In the r e p o r t s , and e v a l u a t i v e comments are made both a b o u t the e v e n t s r e p o r t e d In the press announcements and the announcements themselves. In synthesizing d a t a b a s e elements from t h e s e messages, it is crucial to s o r t out t h e s e d i f f e r e n t l e v e l s of informa- tion.
QUESTION
WItAT
WHO
WHEN
WHERE
TO WHOM
~n4Y
INFORMATION PARAMETER8 OF A PROTOTYPE TEMPt.ATE
PROTOTYPE EVENT
EVENT TYPE
AGENT (OR OBJECT PLUS OWNER)
TIME OF THE EVENT
LOCATION AT WHICH EVENT TOOK PLACE
PATIENT, OR ENTITY AF- FECTED BY THE EVENT
INTERPRETATION OF THE EVENT
PROTOTYPE OF SPECIFIC EVENT
AIRSPACE VIOLATION
AIRCRAFT OWNED BY COUNTRY C
TIME AT WHICH VIO" LATION OCCURRED
LOCATION AT WHICH VIOLATION OCCURRED
OWNER OF VIO- LATED AIRSPACE
PROBABLE REASON FOR VIOLATION EVENT
EXAMPLE
AIRSPACE VIOLATION
A UGANOAN FIGHTER AIRCRAFT
AT A B ( ~ T 0 2 0 0 HOURS ON 2 5 APRIL 1 9 7 8
8 MILES FROM THE KENYA 80ROER NEAR SUAM
KENYA
PROBABLE RECONNAISSANCE MiSSiON
F l g u r o 1, F o u r A s p e c t s o f an E v e n t T e m p l a t e .
2.0 THE RESEARCH PROBLEM
[image:2.612.226.474.532.700.2]/Ul n o t e d a b o v e , t h e s u b i e n g u s g e o f t h e m e s s a g e c a r - p o r e f o r t h e air sotivitJes and S&M domains Is e s s e n t i a l l y a v e h i c l e f o r ~ n g e v e n t s . Kuhns and Mo nt g o m er y [ 1 9 7 8 ] p r e s e n t e d • d e t a i l e d . : e t h o d o l o g y f o r c l a s s i f y i n g t h e v a r i o u s t y p e s o f e v e n t s d e s c r i b e d In t h e . : e s s a g e s , which Is shown In Figure 2, and summmtzed below. B e f o r e describing t h e e v e n t c l m l f l c a t l o n , h o w e v e r , It Is enlightening t o r e v i e w b r i e f l y soma e x a m p l e . : e s a a g e s In o r d e r t o u n d e r s t a n d t h e motivation f o r this r a t h e r com- p l e x m o d e l
Some m m s g a s w f o r example, t h o s e e n c o u n t e r e d In our previotm r e s e a r c h on the air a c t i v i t i e s domain - - may r e p o r t only p r i m i t i v e e v e n t s . H o w e v e r , a s n o t e d s h o v e and IlluatTerted in Figure 3, s m e s s a g e may in f a c t be a r e p o r t o f • r e p o r t - - t h a t Is, It may Include e r e p o r t o f an e v e n t by s o . : e o t h e r s o u r c e than t h e originator o f the message. The " a n n o u n c e m e n t m Is thus a row0rt o f • • launch m e v e n t , which Is the basic or p r l m i U v e e v e n t
being r e p o r t e d . The mmnrmunoementm ],., an e v e n t , b u t It Is c l e a r l y not on t h e same l e v e l a s t h e primitive e v e n t . Rather, it is s r e p o r t a b o u t t h e launch, s . : e t a - e v e n t t h a t Incidentally i n t r o d u c e s s n e w I n f a t u a t i o n s o u r c e o f d i f f e r e n t c red ib ilit y t h a n t h e o r i g i n a t o r o f t h e . : e s a e g e .
H o w e v e r , this dlsUnotJon alone Is n o t s u f f i c i e n t to a c c o u n t f o r t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e Initial t w o s e n - t e n c e a o f t h e s x a . : p i a m e s s a g e end t h e third s e n t e n c e , whloh c o n t a i n s an e v a l u a t i o n o f t h e announce.cent, s t a t - Ing t h a t It w u c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y " r o u t i n e " wording. It Is thus an e v a l u e U v e c o m . : e n t a r y on t h e p r e s s s n r m u n c e - , : a n t o f the launch e v e n t Since t h e a n n o u n c e m e n t has b e e n d e f i n e d am s . : e t a - e v e n t , t h e comment r e p r e s e n t s a n o t h e r m e t e - l e v e L In f a c t , In r e v i e w i n g additional e x a m p l e 8 o f t h e .:emsege t r a f f i c in this scenario, it Is c l e a r t h a t , In o r d e r t o a c c u r a t e l y distill and r e p r e s e n t Information c o n t a i n e d in t h e t e x t o f t h e s e m e s s a g e s , the enalyl:lcal .:ethodo~ogy must I d e n t i f y end uniquely label t h e following t y p e s o f information:
M a t e - e v e n t s llon.-meta-evm~bn
OIbsel, v a t i o n a l e v e n t s P r i m i t i v e e v e n t s
A t U t b u t l v a e v e n t s R e l a t i o n a l e v e n t s
W o r l d p o i n t e v e n t s ( l o c a t i o n e v e n t s )
W o r l d p o i n t q u a l i f i c a t i o n e v e n t s ( l o c a t i o n e v e n t q u a l i f i c a t i o n s )
N ( m - w o r l d p o i n t e v e n t s , o r e v e n t s i n v o l v i n g o r m o r e o b j e c t s o r l o c a t i o n s
NYI" ANNOUNCES LAUNCH OF TERREX 5 8 8 AND TERREX 5 8 0 .
AT 1087Z, NYT-THE DELTA N E I $ AGENCY-ANNOUNCED THE LAUNCH OF TERREX 5 8 8 ANO TERREX 5 8 9 , THE MAN RELATED SPACECRAFT LAUNCHED FROM THE BOGOTA MI881LE TEST RANGE AT OSOOZ ON 17 NOVEMBER. THE ANNOUNCE- MENT CONTAINED ROUTINE WORDING ANO STATED THE ES1/'8 WERE PLACED iN ORBIT BY A SINGLE CARRIER ROCKET. ORBITAL PARAmI= i ~R8 CONTAINED IN THE ANNOUNCEMENT ARE,
APOGEE KILOM= u =AS
PERIGEE KILOMETER3
INCUNATION . DEGREES
I ~ 1. I x e p i o S i N l q ~ i q o .
• - f a c t u w s t e t e m o n ~ l a ~ e v e n t s made b y Epai- Republic r e p o r t e r s ,
• d l g f a e n o f b a i l e r In ~ s t s t a m e n t o ,
• evaluations o f e v e n t s and p r e d l c t l ~ t a o f f u t u r e e v e n t s ,
• d o ~ ' e e a o f b e l i e f In t h o s e s t a t e m o n t ~
• f a c t u a l s t a t e m e n t s a b o u t e v e n t s made b y t h e Delta Presu,
• d e g r e e o f b a i l e r o f t h e Epaikm Republic rel~urt- ors In such s t a t e m e n t s ,
• prediction8 o f f u t u r e e v e n t s In the p r e s s m~nouncomen~
• evaJuatlona o f e v e n t o r e p o r t e d and predlctlmls made by t h e EpWIon RepubUc r e p o r t e r s .
a . o AMALYTICAL MLrrHoDQLOGY
~mdyticaJ methodology IS b a a e d on • model o f the mW world situeth=n which underlies t h e scenmto. Part o f t h e modet d e r i v e s from the e v e n t c l m i f i c a U o n schema mentlmled s h o v e , and Illustrated in Figure 2, which w a s d e v e i o o e d to a c c o u n t f o r t h e l e v e l s o f c o n t e n t occurlng in the e v e n t - o r i e n t e d message disooume, in this clan- slficetion, t h e r e are t w o major t y p e s o f e v e n t s , m e t e m e a t s and n ~ t - m e t e e v e n t I . Of the l e t t e r , e v e n t s may bo al~lorvartkNlei, Or p r lm lt iv e . An obaervetlonaJ evenf~ la a d i r e c t p e r c e p t i o n o f an e v e n t , which may be a visual percopUon (e.g., " o b s e r v e " , "sightS), Or In Ute cane o f a sensor, an e l e c t r o n i c measurement o f the emitted e n e r g y charanterizlng t h e e v e n t . A primlt|ve e v e n t is thus a physical e v e n t o f some kind which does not Involve an obaervaU on Or per~epUQn. Primitive e v e n t o may be a t t r i b u t i v e Or r e l a t l o e a i . An attribuUve e v e n t doacriben a situation In which a particular e n t i t y hag • partiooiar a t t r i b u t e at a c e r t a i n time or during a p a r t i c u - lar time Interval ( o t h e r than the a t t r i b u t e location, which Is c o v e t e d under relational e v e n t s ) , f o r example: WTer- r e x 5 3 4 o p e r a t e s In the high d e n s i t y mode". A relational e v e n t Involves e n t i t l e s which s t a n d In an n - s t y relation with o a t h o t h e r s t a c e r t a i n Urea or during s f i x e d time period. The Importance o f the s u b c l a s s e s o f world point and world point qualification e v e n t 8 la in defining the world l i r a o f sn entity, s a y the t r a c k c f s ship or subma- rine. Of t h e s e distinctions, the moat r e l e v a n t f o r this discussion e r e t h o s e Involving m e t e - e v e n t s and m e - m e t e e v e n t s , and o f the latter, p r i m i U v e v e f = u s o b a e r - vetkmad e v e n t s .
In torero o f the scenm'io d e s c r i b e d aDQve, a primitive o v w r t many occur, say, • a a t e l l l t e launch by tllo Delta
C o n f e d e r a t i o n , am Illustrated In Figure 4. This e v e n t , like a n y o t h e r e v e n t , Involves t h e emission o f energy. Such i n omission 18 p e r c e i v e d
by
a sensing d e v i c e o f the El~ilml RopubllG. The d e v i c e g e n e f e t o e (down a r r o w ) a r e p o r t o f t h e giv|m e v e n t , In terms o f the par tl c ui sr a t t r i b u t e s o f t h e e v e n t It la d e s i g n e d t o measure. This sefmer r e p o r t Is an o b a e r v e t l o n a J e v e n t , entailing an o b a e r v e t l m l o f a primitive e v o n L An S&M a n a l y s t f o r the Repubilk: a n c e m l e s (up a r r o w ) this report, which contains digitized Information g e n e r a t e d b y the sensor, I l t t e f l l ~ t o this Information ~1 • launch e v e n t , and Issues his own r e p o r t about t h a t e v e n t .HI8 r e l ~ r t , which la an I n t s r p r e t a U o n o f t h e primitive e v e n t b a n e d on t h e obaervetionW e v e n t , Is s z e r o t h m~lm. m e t e - e v e n t = t h e common denominator o f the rues- mlge t r a f f i c . At t h e same time, t h e Deltas may r e l e a s e an Internal r e p o r t a b o u t the launch, which would also (mnstltlxte s z e r o t h o r d e r m o t e - e v e n t . Based on t h a t a p o r t , t h e Delta p r i m agency, NYT, may Issue an snnounomaent o f t h e primitive e v e n t , t h e snnmmoemsnt thus e~nwUtutea s f ~ d e r m e t e - e v e n t . An Epsllon Republk: r q ~ r t e r may t h e n make an I n t e r p r e t a t i o n of. t h a t e n n o t a ~ e n e n t ~ In t h e form o f a report, which being a r e p o r t o f 4 f i r s t - o r d e r m e t e - e v e n t - - Is t h e r e - f o r e m a e c m t d ~ m e t e - e v e n t . Corrections or o t h e r c h a n g e s made by El=~lllon r e p o r t e r s to t h e s e m e s s a g e s c o n s t i t u t e a t h i r d m e t e l e v e l o f r e p o r t i n g e v e n t , since t h e y may r e f e r e n c e r e p o r t s o f r e p o r t s o f e v e n t s .
The m(xlet t h u l fair a c c o u n t s f o r the e v e n t reporting s t r u c t u r e which undmtioa t h e Delta/Epsilon scenario, but w e must slam a c m ~ a l t f o r t h e r e p o ~ a r ' s comments about t h e e v e n t - - Le., his i n t e r p r e t a t i o n or e va lu at io n o f the e v e n t - - which can o c c u r a t a n y o f t h e s e levels.
OELTA CONIFEDERATIQN
EPSlLON REPUBUC
I
I
I
f"'--'°~
~
olr Obe. E~Int
I ~ Ol~mrvaIJonal &
I
I
Ideta Event
Prmm Annauncement I
I
of Prlmtlvt Event i ~ ~ 1 ~
I
I
t
I
I
Immq~rg1~m1~a~' P ~
Announcement
Om Order
Idet~ Event
k
L
2rid O ~ l l r
Meta Event
, , , , u3rd Order
I ~
S
v
e
n
t
~
ChmnQes. UpdalLlm
to
Mite Evenl~
RgUrO 4. Modet for Orders o f Metro Evenl~l
s a u c e 18 e x e m p l i f i e d b y the l a s t s e n t e n c e In the sample memmge p r e s e n t e d a b o v e : the assignment o f an Iden-
UflcaUon number to s s p a c e o b j e c t .
If a r e p o r t e r ' a InformaUon is good, I.e., complete and p r e - cise, t h e fo4iowing t y p e o f launch r e p o r t i8 produced:
t h e s ~ J r c e 18 t h e a c t u a l o ri gin at or o f the message. Thus, In t h e c a n e of t h e " d e s i g n a t e : mete template, the mlnfoamm=e" o f t h e d es ig nat i on Information (i.e., t h a t t h e p ar tic u lar s a t e l l i t e launched from t h a t s i t e s t t h a t d a t e end time hen b e e n d e s i g n a t e d s s p a c e o b j e c t called
Meg. g 4 - O O g
VARIABLE DENSITY CE AGSAT LAUNCH, 20 SEPTEMBER 1 9 8 3
A VARIABLE DENSITY CROP ENHANCEMENT AGRICULTURAl. SATELLITE WAS LAUNCHED FROM THE HARRI88URG MJS.51LE AND 8PACE COMPLEX (HM8C) AT 1808Z ON 20 8avur.MBER 1988. THE BR02 LAUNCH SYSTEM WAS U8ED TO PLACI THE ~TELJJTE INTO A 3 DEGREE ORBIT. WSJ OBJECT NUMBER
8 0 1 8 HA8 BEEN ASSIGNED TO THE PAYLOAD,
However, w h e n hi8 Informat~n Is Impremiao and hie Imowledge can add little to it, he must rmmrt t o t h e qualified or mota-Gommented t y p o s o f m e s s a g e s
dlm(~rJbed a b o v e .
In o r d e r to a c c o m m o d a t e s u c h qualified end m e t e - ~ m m e c t a r y t y p e s o f Informatkm, e a c h e v e n t t e m p l e t s may h a v e e m a c i a t e d with It one o r more mote t e m p l a t e s contA~ing I n t e r p r e t i v e or e v a l u a t i v e Information. Thus, 88 r e p r e s e n t e d In Figure 5, an I m i t a n t i a t e d launch tent- plate produced frmn an obaervaUonal e v e n t and a primi- t i v e e v e n t (a z e r o t h o r d e r reporting e v e n t , ea illustrated in Figure 4) may h a v e s e v e r a l additional quallficetlorm ( e x e m p l i f i e d by, h u t not Ilmlted to, t h e mete t e m p l a t e s llh~streted In t h e figure). So, f o r example, a meta evaltmttve t e m p l a t e 2 mmoclated with • l a u n d l t e m p l a t e e x l = r e a l e s the Epalion reporterJs d e g r e e o f b e l i e f or m=nfidenco In t h e launch p a r a m e t e r s he rep(x~a: t h e o b j e c t in t h e e v e n t t e m p l a t e 18 belaeved b y t h e Epalion r e p o r t e r to be a CE (or Crop Enhancement) s a t e l l i t e from t h e I n f o m e t i o n p r e s e n t e d In the o b s e r v a t i o n a l r e l x ~ b y t h e s e n s o r , end from hht owvl k n o w l e d g e o f p e s t o c c u r r e n c e s o f CE s a t e l l i t e launches, as wail as e x p e a - teth:me o f pG88iblc re p l ac e m e n t ieunchee, etc., during p~rtlculer U s e Intervals. All or none o f the listed p s i ' e a s t e r s f o r • launch e v e n t may be qualified In this way. Thus, in Figure 5, t h e Epalk=n r e p o r t e r b e l i e v e s that, to the b e s t o f hhl knowledge, t h e s p a c e o b j e c t Involved In the major launch e v e n t 18 a " p r o b a b l e " CE or crop enhancement s a t e l l i t e , and t h a t the time o f launch IS " a p p r o x i m a t e [ y " 113OZ.
Each mete template ha8 field8 which Identify t h e source, am weft ms the U s e and d a t e o f the I n t e r p r e t i v e Informa- t i l l . As o p p o s e d to t h e " i n f o s o u r o e = p a r a m e t er o f t h e s e mote templates - - which s h o w s t h e ulUmate s o u r c e o f the Information contained in the I ns t a n t la t a d t e m p l e t s - -
2. The template and mats template s t r u c t u r e s shown in this figure are Intended t o be Illustrative only: f o r example, the o b j e c t , d a t e / t i m e group, and d e o r b i t information c o n s t i t u t e embedded t e m pl a t es linked to the main "launch" e v e n t t e m p l a t e by pointers. In addition, t h e r e are s e v e r a l a l t e r n a t i v e s f o r more economical Internal r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f mete t e m p l a t e Ioformation, which are cu r r e n tl y under r e v i e w f o r t h e ~'~uai design and Implementation o1' this information within MATRES and within t h e A c t f v s / I r r m ~ p e c t i v e InformaUon System (a k n o w l e d g e - b a s e d Intelligent 88alatsnt, as menUonod above), which MATRES f e e d s .
• T e r m x 5 8 4 " ) Is NY'r, t h e n e w 8 a g e n c y o f t h e Delta Corffederetiofl, Indicating t h a t this InformaUon came from i n NYT proml w m o u n o e m e n t q u o t e d (and I n t e r p r e t e d ) b y an Epalion r e p o r t e r . This distinguishes such Information frmu t h a t relmremented b y t h e "mmignn mete template, w h e r e t h e Epellon Republic r e p o r t i n g s t a f f ~8algn an I d en tm c et lo n number o f t h e i r own t o t h e s a t e l l i t e p a y - load f a r f u t w e r e f e r M m e .
Another s i g n i f i c a n t a na ly t ica l ~ o f t h e Epallon r e p o r t e r In thio suemmlo 18 t h e ¢oem=eratlve evaluation, XUuatrstod b y t h e w~'omperQm mete template. T h e s e comparisons Involve overate which h a v e t a k e s p l a c e b e f o r e , in thhs ¢:880, ImJnch e v e n t o , a n d / o r obJecto Involved In such h t u n ~ e a . Ao In t h e e x a m p l e s h m e . In Figure 5, t h e com- p e r i m ~ nuty s p e c i f y an e w m t Involving t h e continuation o f • s a t e l l i t e In am a c t i v e s t a t u s , w h e r e o t h e r such i s r a e l i t e 8 a n now I n a c t i v e (Jew[led compsr18on): e.g., ~'oft~Jx 5 8 4 141 t h e o n ~ f i r s t g e n e r a t i o n crop e n h a n c e - m e t sutoUlta which 18 mm~mtiy a c t i v e . "
An I ~ fINtOUolt o f m i t e t e m p l a t e s Is to r e p r e s e n t pimdkrtJve In/~N~tJons I.o., descriptk:m8 o f e v e n t s e x p e , ~ e d In t h e f u t u r e , b a s e d on o t h e r e v e n t s which h a v e ocmHyed In t h e p e l t , or are c u r r e n t l y In process. The " e x p e c t e t e m p l a t e in Figure 5 e x p r e s s e s the presumable or e x p e c t e d pMsJlrleters o f mission duration, and conaoqueRtly, t h e d e o r b i t e v e n t which 18 m l t l c l p a t e d f o r ( ~ t o b e r 2 ~
To summarize, t h e function o f the mete t e mp lat es Is to Identify and delimit e v a l u a t i v e commentary, which iso- l a t e s t h e f a c t u a l InformaUon p r e s e n t e d In most zeroth o r d e r mote e v e n t r e p o r t s , and Id en t ifi es Information p e r - taining to credibility o f t h e e v e n t o c c u r r e n c e , compere- bllll~/ with o t i l c r aim[Jar e n t i t l e s and e v e n t s , prediction8 o f fUtlKe r e l a t e d o v e n t o , e t c .
m
. . ¢) U ' I ~ ~ ; . .
~, = ~ :,.=..=.
~'~ .. [i [i-=l?,
,
i i i e l v ~ l l ,111 ,Ul *11 14
~ = . ~
--- ' ~ , - u cl..l~ ..
=I ~ I " ' 1 1 4 1 4 1 4 1 _ ~ ~ ~ •
- ~ ' a : o o l i ~ . i i ! i
ii
o E q ,
i
~1.. ~ . . ~
~g
|
~
~
I~
~:~.
.~1~
~
~ = ~ .
=
~=
I
I:
= ~ = .
;~
I J Q . * . ~ , Q . I I III "11 I ~ r " "
. . . . a . - . I I " . ~
t. m m Q U Q , ~ . * - , . , ~, "I~ . -
~ 1 ~ _ ~ ~ ~- -~ .', = - - - - = - ~ - = ' ~ 1 - " =- -i" I m ~ - ~ '=- .'-" _~i
=programs = and "medntenance" of such progreums, at(:., to the Delten.
Alll~1ough the detailed ImplementaUon of some of theme noUon= remedna to be worked out - - In perttGular, the
I n t e r f l c l m with the Acthte/InU'oepectJve Informatlon
System - - we e x p e c t t h a t the essentleda of the analyl;I- r.4d ~oproech dls(:u~sed In this paper will be demonstr- able on the MATRES teethed toward the end of 188;).
I~Ermd~NCES
O ~ l l i k ~ D. L, end G. Silva [ 1 9 8 1 ] A/8 Data 8ass Generation.
RADC-TR-81-4;), Rome Air Development Center, Grilffl=m Nr F~,-~e 84me, New York, April° 1981.
Kuhn=, J. L~ end C. A. Montgomery [ 1 9 7 3 ] E M R o c o ~ SpeciflcatJon System C~rlcep¢# Preliminary Notlon~
Operating Systema, Inc., N73-007, August, 1973.
r ~ , , , . J. L [1==;,=]
Syntaeele o f Inference rectmique~ An InterprateO Symax for the Logic=# De.gcrl pUon o f Events. Operating Systems, Inc., N74-003, May, 1 9 7 &
Kahn=, J. L, Montgomery, C. A., end O. K. Whelched [ 1 9 7 5 ] ERGO - - A System for Evem Record Generalon w ~ O¢gentzatlon.
RAOC-TR-75-61, Rome Air Oewdopment Center, @riflqs= • Jr ~'~ce S~m, New York, March, 1975.
Montgomery, C. A., end F- H. Ruepinl [ 1 0 8 1 ]
The Active Inforn~tion ~ystemt A Data-Driven ~yatom for the Analysis of Imprecise Data
Pm©emdlngo of the Seventh InternatJoned Conference on Very Large Data Bases, pp. 376~385, IEEE Computer Society Prima, 1981.
Ruspini, Endque H. [ 1 9 8 2 ]
Possibili W Theory Approe~he: for Advanced InformeR/on S'yatwns.
IEEE Computer, Volume 15, Number 9: pp. 83-91, Seotembar, 1982.
Silva, G., end C. A. Montgomery [ 1 9 7 7 ] Autom~eO I&W File Generation.
RAOC-TR-77-194, Rome Air Development Center, Grlfflss Air Force B~se, New York, June, 1977.
Silva, G., Owlggins0 D. I.., end J. L Kuhns [ 1 9 7 9 a ] A Knowledge-Based Automated Message U n d e r s t ~ l n g Matltodology for an A@vanced /r, glcat/ons System. RAOC-TR-79-133, Rome Air Development Canter, Grlfflse Air Force Base, New York, June, 1979.
Silva, ~ , Owigglns, D. L, end C. A. Montgomery [ 1 9 7 9 b ] Satellite etxY Missile Data Generation for AIS.
fined Technical Report, Operating Systems, Inc., R79-037,
