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भारतीय संविधान का आधारभूत ढांचा

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Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk vk/kkjHkwr <kapk

“kf”kdkUr jko

,e-,-jkthufr foKku

bykgkckn fo”ofo|ky; bykgkckn

vk/kkjHkwr <kaps dk fl)kUr lokZsPp U;k;ky; ds }kjk fn, x;s vc rd ds fu.kZ;ksa esa lokZf/kd nwjxkeh izHkko okyk fl) gqvk gSA bl fl)kUr dh fo”ks’krk gh gS fd Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa bldk mYys[k u gksus ds ckotwn Hkh ;g fujUrj izklafxd cuk jgk gSA ;g fl)kUr O;kid izd`fr dk gS ftldh lhek lokZsPp U;k;ky; us Hkh vc rd fuf”pr ugha dh gSA ;g fl)kUr thoUrrk ds xq.k ls ;qDr gS vFkkZr~ ;g iqjkuk ugha iM+ ldrk gS tc Hkh dk;Zikfydk ;k fo/kkf;dk }kjk lafo/kku dh ewy Hkkouk ds vfrØe.k dk iz;kl fd;k tk;sxk ;g fl)kUr izgjh dh Hkkafr lafo/kku dh ewy Hkkouk dks lajf{kr j[ksxkA

rRoksa ,oa ewy Hkkouk ds lEcU/k esa Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk fo”o ds fofHkUu ns”kksa ds lafo/kkuksa esa vf}rh; LFkku gSA Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dh vusd fo”ks’krk,a fo”oHkj ds mRd`’B lafo/kkuksa ls yh xbZ gSa] fdUrq dqN fo”ks’krk,a ,slh Hkh gSa tks bls vU; lafo/kkuksa ls fof”k’V cukrh gSaA vk/kkjHkwr <kaps dk fl)kUr bUgha esa ls ,d gSA ;g fl)kUr ekSfyd :Ik ls Hkkjrh; lafo/kku esa of.kZr ugha gS] ;g o’kZ 1973 esa ds”kokuUn Hkkjrh cuke dsjy jkT; ds okn esa lokZsPp U;k;ky; us izfrikfnr fd;k FkkA rc ls ysdj vc rd ;g fl)kUr Hkkjrh; lafo/kku dk lcls egRoiw.kZ fl)kUr cudj mHkjk gSA nwljs “kCnksa esa dgk tk;s rks Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds fodkl dks bl fl)kur us cgqr nwj rd izHkkfor fd;k gSA dqN Lke; iwoZ 99osa lafo/kku la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e dks xSj&laoS/kkfud ?kksf’kr djrs gq, Hkh lokZsPp U;k;ky; us blh fl)kUr dk gokyk fn;k Fkk A

vk/kkjHkwr <kaps ds fl)kUr dk izknqHkkZo

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bl okn esa lokZsPp U;k;ky; us O;oLFkk nh fd laln esa vuqPNsn&368 esa lafo/kku la”kks/ku dh “kfDr ds vUrxZr gh ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa esa la”kks/ku dh “kfDr fufgr gS rFkk ;g Hkh Li’V fd;k fd vuqPNsn&13 eas fof/k ¼dkuwu½ “kCn ds vUrxZr ek= lkekU; fof/k;ka ¼dkuwu½ gh vkrh gSa] lafo/kku la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e ugha] vr% laln lafo/kku la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e ds }kjk ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dks laf{kIr dj ldrh gS vFkok fdlh ekSfyd vf/kdkj dks okil ys ldrh gSA

ysfdu o’kZ 1967 esa xksydukFk okn esa lokZsPp U;k;ky; us vius }kjk gh nh xbZ bl O;oLFkk dks cny fn;kA bl okn esa 17osa lafo/kku la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e dks pqukSrh nh xbZ Fkh] ftlesa 9oha vuqlwph esa jkT; }kjk dh tkus okyh dqN dk;Zokfg;ksa dks tksM+ fn;k x;k FkkA bl okn esa lokZsPp U;k;ky; us O;oLFkk nh fd ekSfyd vf/kdkj yksdksRrj rFkk vifjorZuh; gSa] vr% laln u rks ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa esa dVkSrh dj ldrh gS vkSj u gh fdlh ekSfyd vf/kdkj dks okil ys ldrh gSA lafo/kku la”kks/ku vf/kfu;e dks bl okn ds fu.kZ; esa vuqPNsn&13 ds vUrxZr fof/k ekuk x;k ftl dkj.k ;g fdlh Hkh ekSfyd vf/kdkj dk mYya?ku djus esa l{ke ugha FkkA

xksydukFk okn dh izfrfØ;k Lo:Ik laln us o’kZ 1971 esa 24oka lafo/kku la”kks/ku ikfjr dj fn;kA bl vf/kfu;e ds rgr vuqPNsn&13 rFkk vuqPNsn&368 esa la”kks/ku dj ?kksf’kr fd;k x;k fd vuqPNsn&368 ds vUrxZr laln ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa dks okil ys ldrh gS ;k lhfer dj ldrh gS] vkSj bl vk”k; dk vf/kfu;e vuqPNsn&13 ds vUrxZr fof/k ugha ekuk tk;sxkA

ds”kokUkUn Hkkjrh okn ,oa vk/kkjHkwr <kaps dk fl)kUr

o’kZ 1973 esa ds”kokUkUn Hkkjrh cuke dsjy jkT; okn esa lokZsPp U;k;ky; us xksydukFk cuke iatkc jkT; okn esa fn;s x;s vius fu.kZ; dh leh{kk dh rFkk 24osa lafo/kku la”kks/ku dh oS/krk dks cuk;s j[krs gq, vk/kkjHkwr <akps dk fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd;kA

bl okn ds fu.kZ; dks 13 ttksa dh ihB us ?kksf’kr fd;k fd gkykafd laln dks lafo/kku ds fdlh Hkh izko/kku esa la”kks/ku djus dh “kfDr gS] fdUrq ,slk djrs le; laln lafo/kku ds vk/kkjHkwr <kaps dk mYya?ku ugha dj ldrhA

gkykafd lokZsPp U;k;ky; us vk/kkjHkwr <kaps esa dh dksbZ Hkh Li’V ifjHkk’kk ugha nhA ;g le;&le; ij fofHkuu fu.kZ;ksa esa lokZspp U;k;ky; us r; fd;k gSA

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fo/kk;h “kfDr;ksa dh dksbZ lhek ugha gS vkSj fdlh Hkh lafo/kku la”kks/ku dks U;k;ky; esa pqukSrh ugha nh tk ldrh pkgs og ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa ds mYy?kau ds vk/kkj ij gh D;ksa u gksA

feuokZ feYl ekeys esa lokZsPp U; k;ky; dh O;oLFkk

o’kZ 1980 esa lokZspp U;k;ky; us 42osa la”kks/ku ds izko/kku dks vfof/kekU; ?kksf’kr dj fn;k] D;ksafd blesa U;kf;d leh{kk ds fy, dksbZ LFkku ugha Fkk] tks lafo/kku dh ewy fo”ks’krk gSA vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk ds fl)kUr dks feuokZ feYl ekeys ij ykxw djrs gq, lokZsPp U;k;ky; us O;oLFkk nh fd **pwafd lafo/kku us laln dks lhfer la”kks/kudkjh “kfDr nh gS] vr% bl “kfDr dk mi;ksx djrs gq, laln bls pje lhek vFkok fujadq”k lhek rd ugha c<+ ldrhA

laln vuqPNsn&368 ds vUrxZr viuh la”kks/kudkjh “kfDr dks foLrkfjr dj fujLr djus dk vf/kdkj gkfly ugha dj ldrh] vFkok lafo/kku dk jn~n vFkok bldh ewy fo”ks’krkvksa dks u’V ugha dj ldrhA lhfer “kfDr dk mHkksxdrkZ ml “kfDr dk mi;ksx djrs gq, lhfer “kfDr dks vlhfer “kfDr esa ugha cny ldrkA**

bl fu.kZ; ds Ik”pkr iqu% okeu jko ekeys ¼1981½ esa lokZsPp U;k;ky; us vk/kkjHkwr <kaps ds fl)kUr dks ekurs gq, Li’V fd;k fd ;g fl)kur 24 vizSy] 1973 ds ckn vf/kfu;fer lHkh lafo/kku la”kks/kuksa ij ykxw gksxk] D;ksafd blh fnu ds”kokUkUn Hkkjrh okn dk fu.kZ; vk;k FkkA

vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk esa “kkfey rRo

vHkh rd lokZsPp U;k;ky; us vius fdlh Hkh QSlys esa vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk esa D;k “kkfey gS D;k ugha] bl ij fLFkfr Li’V ugha dh gSA fofHkUu fu.kZ;ksa ds vk/kkj ij vk/kkjHkwr lajpuk esa fuEufyf[kr rRoksa dks “kkfey fd;k tk ldrk gSA

1- lafo/kku dh lokZsPprk

2- Hkkjrh; jktuhfr dh lkoZHkkSe yksdrkfU=d rFkk x.kjkT;rkRed izd`fr 3- lafo/kku dk /keZfujis{k pfj=

4- fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk ,oa U;k;ikfydk ds e/; “kfDr dk foHkktu 5- lafo/kku dk la?kh; Lo:Ik

6- jk’Vª dh ,drk o v[k.Mrk

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9- oS;fDrd Lora=rk ,oa xfjek 10- lalnh; “kklu iz.kkyh 11- fof/k dk “kklu

12- ekSfyd vf/kdkjksa rFkk uhfr&funs”kd fl)kUrksa ds chp lkSgknZ vkSj lUrqyu 13- leRo dk fl)kUr

14- Lora= ,oa fu’i{k pquko 15- U;k;ikfydk dh Lora=rk

16- lafo/kku la”kks/ku dh laln dh lhfer “kfDr 17- U;k; rd izHkkoh igaqp

18- rdZlaxr dk fl)kUr

19- vuqPNsn&32] 136]141 rFkk 142 ds vUrxZr lokZsPp U;k;ky; dks izkIr “kfDr;ka fo/kkf;dk ,oa dk;Zikfydk dk i{k

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vk/kkjHkwr <kaps dk fl)kur yEcs le; ls U;k;ikfydk ,oa fo/kkf;dk ds e/; Vdjko dk dj.k cuk gqvk gSA Hkkjrh; jktO;oLFkk esa “kfDr i`FkDdj.k dk fl)kUr ykxw gSA bl fl)kUr ds rgr lafo/kku eas fo/kkf;dk] dk;Zikfydk ,oa U;k;ikfydk ds e/; vf/kdkj {ks= dk foHkktu fd;k x;k gS] ftlds vuqlkj fof/k fuekZ.k fo/kkf;dk dk dk;Z gS tcfd mls ykxw djkuk dk;Zikfydk dk i{k gSA

U;k;ikfydk dk dk;Z ;g tkap djuk gS fd cuk;k x;k dkuwu lafo/kku lEer gS ;k ughaA lafo/kku le; dh ekax ds vuqlkj ifjofrZr fd;k tk lds blfy, laln dks /kkjk&368 ds rgr blesa la”kks/ku dk vf/kdkj fn;k x;k gSA ;gh vf/kdkj gS ftls ckf/kr djus dk vjksi U;k;ikfydk ij yxk;k tkrk gSA fo/kkf;dk }kjk bls xSj&fuokZfprksa dk vf/kuk;dRo ykxw djus ds leku dgk tkrk gSA

fu’d’kZ

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vr% blh izp.M cgqer ij lokj gksdj vusd ckj ,sls fu.kZ; Hkh dk;Zikfydk }kjk fy;s x;s tks lafo/kku dh ewy Hkkouk ds fo:) Fks] vr% vius bl fl)kUr ds ek/;e ls u dsoy U;k;ikfydk us fo/kkf;dk o dk;Zikfydk dks fujadq”k gksus ls jksdk gS] cfYd yksdrU= dh j{kk dk dk;Z Hkh fd;k gSA blds vykok ;g fl)kUr lafo/kku dh thoUrrk dk izek.k Hkh gSA ;g ,d ,slk fopkj gS] tks U;kf;d O;k[;kvksa ls tUek gSA bl fl)kUr us lafo/kku dh dBksjrk vkSj yphysiu dks etcwr gh fd;k gSA lafo/kku ds dqN fgLlksa dks la”kks/ku ds nk;js ls ckgj j[kdj rFkk dqN Hkkxksa dks la”kks/ku izfØ;k ds vUrxZr cu;s j[kus ls dBksjrk o yphysiu dk lUrqyu fuf”pr :Ik ls iq’V gh gqvk gSA

References

"The basic features". The Hindu. 2004-09-26. Retrieved 2012-07-09.

Austin, Granville (1999). Working a Democratic Constitution - A History of the Indian Experience. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 258–277

Jasdeep Randhawa. "Understanding Judicialization Of Mega-Politics : The Basic Structure Doctrine And Minimum Core". Jus Politicum. Retrieved 2012-07-17

"Indian Constitution: Sixty years of our faith". The Indian Express. 2010-02-02. Retrieved 2013-12-01.

"India - The Constitution". Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 2013-12-01.

H M Seervai, 'Constitutional Law of India'

V.N. Shukla 'Constitution of India' 10th edition

Anuranjan Sethi (October 25, 2005), 'Basic Structure Doctrine: Some Reflections". SSRN 835165

Conrad, Dietrich, Law and Justice, United Lawyers Association, New Delhi (Vol. 3, Nos. 1-4; pages 99–114)

Keshavanand Bharti v. State of Kerala AIR 1973 SC1461: (1973) 4 SCC.225.

Article 368 of the Constitution of India

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Golak Nath v.State of Punjab, (1967) 2 SCR 762: AIR 1967 SC

Article on “Basic Structure Doctrine and its Widening Horizons” by V.R.Jayadevan, published in CULR, Vol.27, March 2003,p.333.

References

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