The development of equipment capable of measuring the density and viscosity of liquids to 50,000 p.s.i. under controlled temperatures.

University of Windsor University of Windsor

Scholarship at UWindsor

Scholarship at UWindsor

Electronic Theses and Dissertations Theses, Dissertations, and Major Papers

1-1-1969

The development of equipment capable of measuring the density

The development of equipment capable of measuring the density

and viscosity of liquids to 50,000 p.s.i. under controlled

and viscosity of liquids to 50,000 p.s.i. under controlled

temperatures.

temperatures.

Krishna Kumar Rungta

University of Windsor

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd

Recommended Citation Recommended Citation

Rungta, Krishna Kumar, "The development of equipment capable of measuring the density and viscosity of liquids to 50,000 p.s.i. under controlled temperatures." (1969). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 6585.

https://scholar.uwindsor.ca/etd/6585

The D e v elo p m en t o f E q u ip m e n t C a p a b le o f M e a s u r in g t h e D e n s i t y a n d V i s c o s i t y o f l i q u i d s t o 5 0 ,0 0 0 p . s . l .

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by

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U n i v e r s i t y o f W in d so r

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ABSTRACT

S t u d i e s o f t h e e f f e c t o f p r e s s u r e o n t h e p h y s i c a l

p r o p e r t i e s o f b u t y r a l d é h y d e w e re made I n a n e w ly d e s i g n e d ,

c o m p a c t, e a s y t o o p e r a t e h i g h p r e s s u r e a p p a r a t u s . The p r e s s u r e

r a n g e w as fro m 0 t o 4 0 ,0 0 0 p . s . l . g . , a n d t e m p e r a t u r e r a n g e d

fro m 30° t o 6 0 °C . The p r o p e r t i e s I n v e s t i g a t e d w e re v i s c o s i t y

a n d s p e c i f i c v o lu m e .

The p r o p o s e d e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e I s ( 4 ) ,

P * r |B ( v ) ] ^

w h e re B ( v ) = j l v q / v ) ^ - (Vq/ v) ^

r a n d q a r e e m p i r i c a l c o n s t a n t s a n d v^ I s volum e a t a tm o s p h e r ic

p r e s s u r e .

The v l s c o s l t y - p r e s s u r e c o r r e l a t i o n I s

T \ * e x p mp

w h e re m I s a c o n s t a n t d e p e n d e n t o n t h e n a t u r e o f t h e s u b s t a n c e

a n d t h e t e m p e r a t u r e .

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

W ith r e a l p l e a s u r e , I w is h t o e x p r e s s my s i n c e r e

g r a t i t u d e t o D r. R . A. S t a g e r f o r t h e a b l e g u i d a n c e , a p p r e ­

c i a t i o n , a n d e n c o u ra g e m e n t g i v e n me t h r o u g h t o u t t h i s w o rk ,

t o D r. G. P . M a th u r f o r some v a l u a b l e s u g g e s t i o n s a n d

e n c o u ra g e m e n t g i v e n me d u r i n g v a r i o u s s t a g e s o f my w o rk , t o

H a l i l P a r l a r f o r a s s i s t i n g I n t h e b u i l d u p o f t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l

s e t - u p , a n d t o a h o s t o f f r i e n d s f o r m o r a l s u p p o r t .

The f i n a n c i a l s u p p o r t fro m t h e N a t i o n a l R e s e a r c h

C o u n c il o f C an ad a I s t r u l y a p p r e c i a t e d .

TABLE OP CONTENTS

a b str a c t ... I l

ACKN OWLEDGMENT ... I l l

TABLE OF CONTENTS ... I v

L IST OP TABLES ... v l

LIST OP FIGURES ... v l l

CHAPTER

I INTRODUCTION ... 1

I I LITERATURE REVIEW ... 2

I I I THEORY ... 5

IV EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURE ... 7

A. P r e s s u r e G e n e r a t i o n a n d M e asu rem en t . . . 7

1 . H y d r a u li c Hand O p e r a te d Pump . . . 7

2 . H ig h P r e s s u r e I n t e n s i f i e r . . . 7

3* H e ls e B o u rd o n G auge ... 8

B . The V is c o m e te r ... 8

1 . P a l l Tube ... 8

2 . Plum m et ... 8

3 . T im in g D e v ic e ... 14

C. C o m p r e s s i b i l i t y M e te r . . . 14

D. C o n s t a n t T e m p e r a tu r e W a te r C i r c u l a t o r • • • • • 15 E . W a te r B a th . . . 15

P . H ig h P r e s s u r e F i t t i n g s . . . 15

G. Dead W e ig h t P r e s s u r e T e s t e r . . . 16

1 . F i l l i n g ... « ... 17

2 . P r im in g t h e H .P . S y stem ... 17

3 . R e f i l l i n g t h e S c rew P r e s s . . . 17

4 . R a i s i n g t h e P r e s s u r e ... 17

5 . L o w e rin g t h e P r e s s u r e ... 18

H. E l e c t r i c a l C i r c u i t «... 18

I . L o a d in g t h e E q u ip m e n t ... 18

J . T e s t R uns . . . 19

V RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 21

A. T r e a tm e n t o f C o m p re s s io n D a ta ... 21

1 . F r i c t i o n a l E f f e c t o f R u b b e r P i s t o n . . . 21

2 . C o m p r e s s i b i l i t y D a ta ... 21

B . T r e a tm e n t o f V i s c o s i t y D a ta ... 21

1 . C a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e V is c o m e te r . . . 21

2 . V i s c o s i t y D a ta « ... 23

C. P r e s s u r e - V o lu m e C o r r e l a t i o n ... 23

D. V l s c o s l t y - p r e s s u r e C o r r e l a t i o n ... 23

VI CONCLUSIONS ... 37

APPENDIX I U n i t s o f P r e s s u r e ... 38

APPENDIX I I C a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e P r e s s u r e Gauge ... 39

APPENDIX I I I E x p e r i m e n t a l D a ta ... 40

NOMENCLATURE ... 4 l BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 42

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

I V is c o m e te r C o n s t a n t 25

I I P r e s s u r e - V o lu m e C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s . . . 26

I I I V l s c o s l t y - p r e s s u r e C o r r e l a t i o n C o e f f i c i e n t s • • 2?

IV P r e s s u r e U n i t s ... 38

V C a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e P r e s s u r e G auge ... 39

LIST OP FIGURES

FIGURE

1 D e t a i l s o f t h e F a l l T ube ... 9

2 H ig h P r e s s u r e I n t e n s i f i e r ... 10

3 V l s c o - C o m p r e s s l b l l l t y M e te r ... 11

4 D e a d -W e lg h t P r e s s u r e Gauge T e s t e r ... 12

5 E l e c t r i c a l C i r c u i t ... 13

6 F r l c t l b n a l E f f e c t o f R u b b e r P i s t o n . . . 22

7 E f f e c t o f P r e s s u r e on D e n s i t y o f B u ty r a l d é h y d e a t 3 0 ° a n d 4 0 °C ... 28

8 E f f e c t o f P r e s s u r e on D e n s i t y o f B u ty r a l d é h y d e a t 5 0 ° a n d 6 0 °C ... 29

9 E f f e c t o f P r e s s u r e on V i s c o s i t y o f B u ty r a ld é h y d e a t 3 0 °C ... 30

10 E f f e c t o f P r e s s u r e on V i s c o s i t y o f B u ty r a ld é h y d e a t 4 0 °C ... 31

11 E f f e c t o f P r e s s u r e on V i s c o s i t y o f B u ty r a ld é h y d e a t 50*C... 32

12 E f f e c t o f P r e s s u r e on V i s c o s i t y o f B u ty r a ld é h y d e

a t 60*C...

33

13 E f f e c t o f P r e s s u r e on V i s c o s i t y o f B u ty r a l d é h y d e

a t 3 0 ° a n d a t 4 0 ° C . 34

14 E f f e c t o f P r e s s u r e on V i s c o s i t y o f B u t y r a l d é h y d e

a t 5 0 ° a n d a t 6 0 °C . 35

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The e f f e c t o f t e m p e r a t u r e a n d p r e s s u r e on t h e v i s c o ­

s i t y o f l i q u i d s h a s b e e n s t u d i e d I n t e n s i v e l y f o r many y e a r s

b e c a u s e o f t h e I m p o r ta n c e o f t h e d a t a b o th t o t h e e n g i n e e r i n g

a n d t o t h e f u n d a m e n ta l s t u d y o f t h e l i q u i d s t a t e .

I t was f e l t t h a t t h e d e v e lo p m e n t o f a n e q u ip m e n t f o r

s i m u lt a n e o u s m e a s u re m e n ts o f s e v e r a l p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s w i t h

r e l a t i v e e a s e I s n e e d e d . The o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s p r o j e c t was t o

d e s i g n a n d d e v e lo p e q u ip m e n t c a p a b l e o f m e a s u r in g v i s c o s i t y

a n d d e n s i t y a t h i g h p r e s s u r e s .

The p r e v i o u s r e p o r t e d w ork on a ld e h y d e s was a t p r e ­

s s u r e s u p t o 2 0 ,0 0 0 p . s . l . g . , a n d a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . The

e f f e c t o f t e m p e r a t u r e on t h e v i s c o s i t y a t h i g h e r p r e s s u r e s was

n o t I n v e s t i g a t e d I n t h e p r e v i o u s I n v e s t i g a t i o n .

The e q u ip m e n t d e v e lo p e d I n t h i s s t u d y I s c a p a b l e o f

o p e r a t i o n f o r p r e s s u r e s u p t o 5 0 ,0 0 0 p . s . l . g , , a n d f o r tem p ­

e r a t u r e s fro m 30° t o 8 0 °C . The s u b s t a n c e s t h a t h a v e b e e n t r i e d

on t h e e q u ip m e n t I n t h e c o u r s e o f t h i s s t u d y I n c l u d e a c e t o n e ,

n - p e n t a n e a n d n - b u t y r a l d é h y d e . E x t e n s i v e d a t a w e re o b t a i n e d

f o r n - b u t y r a l d é h y d e o n l y . T h is s u b s t a n c e w as s e l e c t e d b e c a u s e

o f I t s r e l a t i v e l y n o n - t o x i c n a t u r e ( a s o p p o se d t o a c e t a l d e h y d e ) ,

a n d b e c a u s e t h i s I n v e s t i g a t i o n r e p r e s e n t s a f u r t h e r s t e p I n t h e

CHAPTER I I

LITERATURE REVIEW

Among t h e t r a n s p o r t p r o p e r t i e s o f a l i q u i d , t h e

v i s c o s i t y I s o n e w h ic h m ig h t be e x p e c te d t o b e o f m o st s i g n i ­

f i c a n c e . The e f f e c t o f t e m p e r a t u r e a n d p r e s s u r e o n t h e

v i s c o s i t y o f l i q u i d s h a s b e e n s t u d i e d I n t e n s i v e l y f o r many

y e a r s . B rid g m an ( 3 ) was t h e f i r s t t o d e v e lo p a f a l l i n g

c y l i n d e r v i s c o m e t e r I n 1 9 3 1 . He u s e d a s t e e l t u b e o f a p p r o x i ­

m a t e l y 6 m.m. I n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r , f i l l e d I t w i t h t h e sa m p le

l i q u i d , a n d d r o p p e d a s t e e l c y l i n d r i c a l w e ig h t c o a x i a l l y I n t o

t h e t u b e . The tim e o f v e r t i c a l f a l l o f t h e w e ig h t fro m one

en d o f t h e t u b e t o t h e o t h e r w as d e te r m in e d e l e c t r i c a l l y .

The f a l l tim e w as a m e a s u re o f t h e v i s c o s i t y . B rid g m a n fo u n d

t h a t v i s c o s i t y I n c r e a s e s r a p i d l y w i t h I n c r e a s i n g p r e s s u r e . A t

lo w p r e s s u r e s t h e r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n v i s c o s i t y a n d p r e s s u r e I s

a p p r o x i m a t e l y l i n e a r , b u t a t h i g h e r p r e s s u r e s v i s c o s i t y I n ­

c r e a s e s much m ore r a p i d l y .

J o b l l n g a n d L a w re n c e ( 7 ) I n 1951 r e p o r t e d m e a s u r e ­

m e n ts o n c a r b o n t e t r a c h l o r i d e a t 3 1 ° , 6l ° , a n d 90°C a n d on

b e n z e n e a t 3 0 ° , 5 0 ° , 7 0 ° a n d 9 0 °C , u s i n g t h e f a l l l n g - c y l l n d e r

v i s c o m e t e r . V i s c o s i t i e s w e re m e a s u re d a t c o n s t a n t volum e by

p r e s s u r e r a n g e w as 97 t o 420 a t m o s p h e r e s . T h e i r d a t a g a v e a

s t r a i g h t l i n e f o r I n

y\,

H e Ik s a n d O rb an ( 6 ) I n 1956 r e p o r t e d d a t a on

b e n z e n e fro m 9 0 ° t o 2 8 8 ° c , They fo u n d t h a t fro m 9 0 ° t o a b o u t

1 8 0 ° C ., t h e v a r i a t i o n o f t h e l o g a r i t h m o f v i s c o s i t y w i t h t h e

r e c i p r o c a l o f t e m p e r a t u r e I s a s t r a i g h t l i n e , b u t a b o v e t h i s

t e m p e r a t u r e t h e r a t e o f c h a n g e I n c r e a s e s w i t h I n c r e a s i n g tem p ­

e r a t u r e .

B o e lh o u w e r a n d Toneman ( 1 ) , I n 1 9 5 7 i u s i n g t h e

f a l l i n g w e ig h t m e th o d , o b t a i n e d d a t a on o r g a n i c com pounds f o r

p r e s s u r e s t o 1400 b a r s . T hey I n v e s t i g a t e d n - h e x a d e c a n e ; 1 ,3 »

5, 7- t e t r a p h e n y l - h e p t a n e a n d t h r e e d l m e t h y l s l l o x a n e p o ly m e r s .

The t e m p e r a t u r e s u s e d w e re 3 0 ° , 6 0 ° , 9 0 ° , 1 2 0 ° a n d 1 5 0 °C .

K u ss ( 8 ) I n 1958 u s e d a f a l l i n g s p h e r e v i s c o m e t e r

t o o b t a i n d a t a u p t o 2000 a tm . f o r t e m p e r a t u r e s fro m 2 0° t o

9 0 °C . The s u b s t a n c e u s e d w e re a l c o h o l s d e r i v e d fro m p a r a f f i n s

a n d c y c l o - p a r a f f l n s , t h e c y c l o - p a r a f f l n s t h e m s e l v e s , d l e t h a n o l a -

m ln e , t r l e t h a n o l a m l n e , a n d p o l y m e r ic m e t h y l s l l o x a n e s . K u ss

r e p o r t e d t h a t a n e q u a t i o n o f t h e f o r m n * 0 e x p (E/R T) d e s c r i b e d

h i s d a t a , w h e re c I s p r e s s u r e I n d e p e n d e n t a n d E I s t e m p e r a t u r e

I n d e p e n d e n t .

G r l e s t ( 5 ) I n 1958 r e p o r t e d d a t a o n s e v e n v e r y p u r e

h y d r o c a r b o n s h a v in g 25 o r 26 c a r b o n a to m s a n d a l s o on b i n a r y

m i x t u r e s o f t h e s e h y d r o c a r b o n s f o r p r e s s u r e s u p t o 3 450 b a r s

a n d a t t e m p e r a t u r e s o f 1 0 0 ° , l 4 0 ° , 2 1 0 ° a n d 2 7 5 ° F . T h e s e I n ­

c lu d e d I s o - p a r a f f l n l c , c y c l o - p a r a f f I n l c a n d a r o m a t i c t y p e s .

T h e s e d a t a w e re o b t a i n e d u s i n g a r o l l l n g - b a l l v i s c o m e t e r . G r l e s t

d e p e n d e n t on m o l e c u l a r s t r u c t u r e . He fo u n d a n a p p r o x i m a t e l y

l i n e a r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n l o g n a n d ( (v/ vq) ^ - (v/ Vq) ^ ) f o r t h e

s a t u r a t e d com pounds a t c o n s t a n t t e m p e r a t u r e , w h e re v I s t h e

s p e c i f i c volum e a n d T i t h e a b s o l u t e v i s c o s i t y .

C h a u d h u rl (4 ) i n 196? r e p o r t e d v i s c o s i t y d a t a on

a l i p h a t i c a n d a r o m a t i c a ld e h y d e s a t p r e s s u r e s u p t o 2 0 , 0 0 0

p . s . l . g , a n d a t room t e m p e r a t u r e . He fo u n d t h a t t h e e q u a t i o n

CHAPTER I I I

THEORY

The m a in o b j e c t i v e o f t h i s p r o j e c t w as t o d e s i g n

a n d d e v e lo p a s im p le b u t a c c u r a t e a p p a r a t u s o f t h e f a l l i n g

w e l g h t - p l s t o n d i s p l a c e m e n t t y p e f o r m e a s u re m e n ts u p t o a

p r e s s u r e o f 50*000 p . s . l . The t h e o r y h a s p r e v i o u s l y b e e n

d e s c r i b e d by C h a u d h u rl ( 4 ) , P e r t i n e n t f e a t u r e s o f t h e t h e o r y

a r e o u t l i n e d b e lo w .

The v i s c o m e t e r c o n s i s t s e s s e n t i a l l y o f a t u b e w h ic h

I s c l o s e d a t I t s e n d s a n d w h ic h h a s a d i a m e t e r s l i g h t l y g r e a t e r

t h a n t h a t o f a plum m et c o n t a i n e d t h e l r l n . As t h e plum m et f a l l s

fro m t h e t o p t o t h e b o tto m o f t h e t u b e l i q u i d m oves by s t r e a m ­

l i n e f lo w t h r o u g h t h e a n n u l a r s p a c e . The r a t e o f f a l l o f t h e

plum m et c a n b e c o n t r o l l e d by p r o p e r s e l e c t i o n o f w e ig h t a n d d i a ­

m e t e r o f t h e p lu m m e t. The tim e o f v e r t i c a l f a l l o f t h e plum m et

fro m o n e e n d o f t h e t u b e t o t h e o t h e r I s m e a s u r e d . The f a l l

tim e I s a m e a s u re o f t h e v i s c o s i t y .

A c c o r d in g t o L aw a cz e ck (9 )* t h e r e a r e t h r e e d i s t i n c t

r e s i s t a n c e s t o t h e f a l l o f t h e plum m et th r o u g h t h e l i q u i d :

( I ) The r e s i s t a n c e w h ic h r e s u l t s fro m t h e l i q u i d f l o w i n g

t h r o u g h t h e plum m et a n d t h e f a l l t u b e .

( I I ) A v i s c o u s d r a g r e s u l t i n g fro m r e l a t i v e m ovem ent o f t h e

( I l l ) A h e a d r e s i s t a n c e c a u s e d by t h e f o r m a t i o n o f s tr e a m

l i n e s .

The e f f e c t o f h e a d r e s i s t a n c e c a n be lo w e r e d t o a

n e g l i g i b l e v a l u e by u s i n g a lo n g plum m et a n d a v e r y s m a ll

c l e a r a n c e b e tw e e n t h e plum m et a n d t h e f a l l t u b e .

The f o l l o w i n g e q u a t i o n w as p r o p o s e d by L aw a cz e ck

f o r c a l c u l a t i n g a b s o l u t e v i s c o s i t y .

t (6^ —"f)

= •

3(d+ 2& )2 +

A f t e r a l i t t l e s i m p l i f i c a t i o n t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n

w as u s e d by J o b l l n g ( ? ) f o r a b s o l u t e v i s c o s i t y m e a s u re m e n t.

T he s i m p l i f i e d fo rm I s a s f o l l o w s :

(6' - f ) ( a - b ) 3 g t

irv = ( I I I - 2 )

6 8 b

•n. = k ( ^ - f ) t ( I I I - 3 )

W here k =

( a - b ) ^ g

6 s

= I n s t r u m e n t C o n s ta n t

The a b o v e e q u a t i o n a s s u m e s t h a t t h e r e I s l a m i n a r

f lo w I n t h e a n n u l u s b e tw e e n t h e f a l l i n g c y l i n d e r a n d t h e

v i s c o m e t e r t u b e . The c o n s t a n t k c a n be d e te r m in e d b y c a l l l b r a -

CHAPTER IV

EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURE

The p r e s e n t e q u ip m e n t was d e s ig n e d t o m e a s u re v i s c o ­

s i t y a n d s p e c i f i c volum e o f l i q u i d s I n t h e same a p p a r a t u s , a t

p r e s s u r e s fro m 0 t o 5 0 ,0 0 0 p . s . l . g , , a n d fro m room t e m p e r a t u r e

t o 8 0 °C . A d e t a i l e d d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e e q u ip m e n t f o l l o w s .

(A) P r e s s u r e G e n e r a t i o n a n d M e asu rem en t

T h is s e c t i o n c o n s i s t s o f (1 ) H y d r a u li c h a n d o p e r a t e d

pump (2 ) H ig h p r e s s u r e I n t e n s i f i e r (3 ) H e ls e B o u rd o n G au g e.

1 . H y d r a u l i c Hand O p e r a te d Pump

P r e s s u r e w as g e n e r a t e d by a h y d r a u l i c pum p, m a n u a lly

o p e r a t e d . The pump was o b t a i n e d fro m B lack -H aw k I n d u s t r i a l

P r o d u c t s C o . , W is c o n s in . The r a t e d p r e s s u r e o f t h e pump was

4 0 ,0 0 0 p . s . l . , w i t h u s a b l e o i l volum e o f 3 0 . 7 c u . l n .

2 . H ig h P r e s s u r e I n t e n s i f i e r

The h i g h p r e s s u r e i n t e n s i f i e r was o b t a i n e d fro m

A m e ric a n I n s t r u m e n t C o . , S i l v e r S p r i n g s . The I n t e n s i f i e r I s

a d i f f e r e n t i a l p i s t o n d e v ic e I n w h ic h d i f f e r e n c e s I n t h e a r e a

o f tw o p i s t o n s a r e u s e d f o r p r e s s u r e m u l t i p l i c a t i o n . The

a r e a r a t i o u s e d a r e 1 0 : 1 . The I n t e n s i f i e r c o n s i s t s o f a

d o u b le p l s t o n - c y l l n d e r a r r a n g e m e n t. O i l I s pum ped I n t o t h e

l a r g e c y l i n d e r by t h e h a n d h y d r a u l i c pum p, a n d I s e x p e l l e d

8

W ith v a l v e s C a n d D c l o s e d a n d v a l v e s A a n d B o p e n

( P i g 2 ) , o i l was pum ped fro m t h e r e s e r v o i r t h r o u g h v a lv e A

I n t o t h e lo w p r e s s u r e en d o f t h e I n t e n s i f i e r . H i g h - p r e s s u r e

o i l fro m t h e h i g h - p r e s s u r e en d o f t h e I n t e n s i f i e r p a s s e d o u t

t h r o u g h v a l v e B t o t h e p o i n t o f u s e . Pum ping was c o n t i n u e d

u n t i l t h e I n t e n s i f i e r p i s t o n r e a c h e d t h e t o p o f I t s s t r o k e

a s I n d i c a t e d by a r a p i d I n c r e a s e I n p r e s s u r e on t h e p r im a r y

s i d e o f I n t e n s i f i e r . The p i s t o n was t h e n r e t u r n e d t o t h e

b o tto m o f I t s s t r o k e .

3 . H e l s e B o u rd o n Gauge

The o i l p r e s s u r e w as m e a s u re d by a H e ls e B o u rd o n

g a u g e . The g a u g e c o u ld r e a d u p t o a maximum p r e s s u r e o f

75*000 p . s . l . , a n d h a d g r a d u a t i o n s o f 100 p . s . l . The a c c u r a c y

o f t h e g a u g e was 1 I n 4 0 0 .

(B) The V is c o m e te r

The v i s c o m e t e r c o n s i s t e d o f (1 ) P a l l t u b e (2 ) Plum m et

a n d (3 ) T im in g d e v i c e .

1 . P a l l Tube

The l e n g t h a n d t h e I n t e r n a l d i a m e t e r o f t h e f a l l

t u b e w as 5 7 .6 3 I n c h e s a n d 0 .1 8 7 I n c h e s r e s p e c t i v e l y . The

m a t e r i a l o f c o n s t r u c t i o n w as s t a i n l e s s s t e e l , t y p e 3 1 6.

2 . Plum m et

The plum m et made fro m a n AIN ICO m a g n e t, h a d a u n i ­

fo rm o u t s i d e d i a m e t e r o f 0 .1 7 2 I n c h e s , a n d h a d sm o o th r o u n d e d

e n d s . T he l e n g t h o f t h e plum m et was 1 .7 5 9 I n c h e s . The bod y o f

t h e plum m et was c a r e f u l l y p o l i s h e d by u s u a l m e th o d s t o g i v e I t

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E. P O W E R S U P P L Y

14

a n d t h e f a l l tu b e w as d e te r m in e d by t h e r a n g e o f v i s c o s i t y

s t u d i e d .

3 . T im in g D e v ic e

The t i m i n g d e v ic e c o n s i s t e d o f tw o r e e d s w i t c h e s ,

a t t a c h e d t o t h e t o p a n d b o tto m p a r t o f t h e f a l l t u b e . The

r e e d s w i t c h e s w e re o b t a i n e d fro m W in d s o r. The r e e d

s w i t c h c o n s i s t e d o f tw o s m a ll m e t a l l i c w i r e s , o n e e n d o f e a c h

w e re e n c l o s e d I n a s m a l l g l a s s b u l b a n d w e re 1 m.m. s e p a r a t e d

fro m e a c h o t h e r . The o t h e r e n d s o f t h e w i r e s w e re c o n n e c te d

t o t h e e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t . When t h e m a g n e tic plum m et p a s s e d

t h e r e e d s w i t c h , o n e w i r e becam e m a g n e tiz e d a n d a t t r a c t e d t h e

o t h e r w i r e . H ence t h e e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t w as c o m p l e t e . The

t o p r e e d s w i t c h g a v e a s t a r t s i g n a l a n d t h e b o tto m r e e d s w i t c h

g a v e a s t o p s i g n a l t o t h e e l e c t r o n i c c o u n t e r . The r e p r o d u c i ­

b i l i t y o f t h e t i m i n g d e v ic e w as m ore t h a n 99

%*

(C) C o m p r e s s i b i l i t y M e te r

T h is c o n s i s t e d o f a 6 1 .6 6 I n c h e s l o n g , i I n c h e s O . D . ,

0 . 0 8 3 I n c h e s I . D . , s t a i n l e s s s t e e l ( t y p e 316) t u b e w i t h c a p -

o o l l a r - g l a n d a s s e m b ly a t e a c h e n d s . I n s i d e t h e t u b e t h e r e

w as a r u b b e r p i s t o n , w h ic h p r e v e n t e d m ix in g o f o i l w i t h t h e

sa m p le l i q u i d . An AliîICO m ag n e t w h ic h w as much s m a l l e r t h a n

t h e I . D . o f t h e t u b e w as p l a c e d o n t h e r u b b e r p i s t o n . A f t e r

e v e r y r u n t h e r u b b e r p i s t o n h a d t o be r e p l a c e d b e c a u s e o f

e r o s i o n .

O u t s i d e t h e c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y m e te r t u b e t h e r e was a

m a g n e tic co m p ass f i t t e d I n a r e c t a n g u l a r p l e x i g l a s s b o x w i t h

15

o n t h e t u b e . The co m p ass was a b l e t o I n d i c a t e t h e p o s i t i o n

o f t h e p i s t o n t o 1 /1 0 0 t h o f a n I n c h .

(D) C o n s ta n t T e m p e r a tu r e W a te r C i r c u l a t o r

L a b - L in e S t a b l l t e m p e r a t u r e c i r c u l a t o r was u s e d f o r

c i r c u l a t i n g w a t e r a t u n if o r m c o n t r o l l e d t e m p e r a t u r e s I n t h e

w a t e r b a t h . The c i r c u l a t o r w as o b t a i n e d fro m L a b - L in e I n s t r u ­

m e n t s , I n c . , I l l i n o i s ; h a s a s e n s i t i v i t y o f

t

a h y d r a u l i c r e g u l a t o r f o r t e m p e r a t u r e c o n t r o l .

The u n i t was f i l l e d w i t h w a t e r a n d c o n n e c te d t o t h e

w a t e r b a t h . Pump m o to r s w i t c h was t u r n e d o n . The t h e r m o s t a t

k n o b w as t u r n e d c lo c k w i s e so t h a t p i l o t l i g h t w e n t o n . T h is

I n d i c a t e d t h a t h e a t i n g w as t a k i n g p l a c e . When l i g h t s t a r t e d

f l a s h i n g **on" a n d " o f f " a n d p r o p e r t e m p e r a t u r e h a d n o t b e en

r e a c h e d a s I n d i c a t e d on t h e th e r m o m e te r t h e kno b was t u r n e d

s l i g h t l y a n d c o n t i n u o u s l y u n t i l t h e d e s i r e d t e m p e r a t u r e was

r e a c h e d .

(E ) W a te r B a th

A 6 I n c h e s I . D . , 120 I n c h e s l o n g g l a s s p i p e l i n e was

u s e d a s w a t e r b a t h . The g l a s s p i p e l i n e was o b t a i n e d fro m Q .V .F .

G la s s L i m i t e d , S c a r b o r o u g h , O n t a r i o .

(P ) H ig h P r e s s u r e F i t t i n g s

A l l t h e f i t t i n g s a n d t u b i n g s u s e d w e re s t a n d a r d , made

o f 316 s t a i n l e s s s t e e l a n d s u p p l i e d by A m e ric a n I n s t r u m e n t C o . ,

16

p r e s s u r e o f 6 5 ,0 0 0 p . s . l . H ig h p r e s s u r e t u b i n g s u s e d f o r

t h e c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y m e t e r , a n d f o r c o n n e c t i n g t h e c o m p r e s s i ­

b i l i t y m e t e r w i t h t h e I n t e n s i f i e r a n d t h e pump h a d a n I . D , o f

0 . 0 8 3 a n d a n O .D . o f 0 . 2 5 I n c h e s .

(G) Dead W e ig h t P r e s s u r e T e s t e r

The d e a d w e i g h t p r e s s u r e t e s t e r w as o b t a i n e d fro m

B u d e n b e rg Gauge Co. L t d . B r o a d h e a th , M a n c h e s te r , U .K . The

t e s t e r I s s u i t a b l e f o r t e s t i n g p r e s s u r e g a u g e s u p t o a m a x i­

mum o f 5 0 ,0 0 0 p . s . l . The a c c u r a c y o f t h e t e s t e r I s 1 I n 2 0 0 0 .

The h i g h p r e s s u r e s w e re a c h i e v e d by u s i n g a f r e e

p i s t o n I n t e n s i f i e r . T he h i g h p r e s s u r e s i d e o f t h e I n t e n s i f i e r

s u p p l i e d o i l s i m u l t a n e o u s l y t o t h e 1 /2 0 0 In c h ^ p i s t o n a n d

c y l i n d e r u n i t a n d t o t h e g a u g e c o n n e c t i o n . On t h e lo w p r e s s u r e

s i d e , t h e s c r e w p r e s s a c t e d a s a p r i m i n g pump a n d g a v e I n i t i a l

p r e s s u r e s u p t o 2000 p . s . l .

The w e ig h t co lu m n w as r o t a t e d by a s m a ll e l e c t r i c

m o to r . The lo w e r p r e s s u r e o f 2000 p . s . l . w as o b t a i n e d w i t h

t h e w e ig h t c a r r i e r a n d m a k ln g -u p w e i g h t . The m a k ln g -u p

w e ig h t w as f i t t e d w i t h a r e d b a n d f o r s i g h t i n g p u r p o s e s . The

h e i g h t o f t h e w e ig h t c a r r i e r w as ju d g e d by o b s e r v i n g t h e r e d

b an d o n t h e m a k ln g -u p w e ig h t t h r o u g h a p r is m f i t t e d a d j a c e n t

t o a s i g h t i n g p i n . When t h e b a n d o n t h e p i n a n d t h e b a n d on

t h e m a k ln g -u p w e ig h t l i n e d u p , t h e p i s t o n w as f l o a t i n g a n d

t h e c o r r e c t p r e s s u r e h a d b e e n a t t a i n e d . The m a k ln g -u p w e ig h t

17

t h a t c o u ld be m e a s u re d w as 100 p . s . l .

P r o c e d u r e F o r C a l i b r a t i n g Gauge

The p r o c e d u r e c o n s i s t e d o f (1 ) F i l l i n g (2 ) P r im in g

t h e H .P . s y s te m (3 ) R e f i l l i n g t h e s c re w p r e s s (4 ) R a i s i n g t h e

p r e s s u r e (5 ) L o w e rin g t h e p r e s s u r e .

1 . F i l l i n g

V a lv e A w as o p e n e d a n d t h e s c re w p r e s s was t u r n e d

f u l l y c lo c k w i s e ( F i g 4 ) . T hen v a l v e s B , C, a n d D w e re c l o s e d

a n d t h e s c r e w p r e s s w as t u r n e d f u l l y a n t l - c l o c k w l s e . T h is

made s u r e t h a t t h e s c re w p r e s s was f i l l e d w i t h o i l w i t h o u t

s u c k i n g a n y a i r I n t o t h e s y s te m .

2 . P r i m in g t h e H .P . s y s te m

V a lv e s A a n d B w e re c l o s e d , a n d v a l v e s C a n d D w ere

o p e n e d . The s c re w p r e s s w as t u r n e d c lo c k w is e u n t i l a b o u t

2000 p . s . l . w as r e a c h e d . T h is c o u ld be e i t h e r I n d i c a t e d on

t h e g a u g e , o r c o u ld b e ju d g e d fro m t h e s t i f f n e s s o f t h e s c r e w

p r e s s . T h is o p e r a t i o n a l s o p u s h e d t h e f r e e I n t e n s i f i e r p i s t o n

f u l l y to w a r d s t h e lo w p r e s s u r e e n d .

3 . R e f i l l i n g t h e S crew P r e s s

V a lv e s B , C a n d D w e re c l o s e d a n d v a l v e A was o p e n e d .

The s c r e w p r e s s w as t u r n e d f u l l y a n t l - c l o c k w l s e . D u rin g t h i s

s t r o k e t h e p r i m i n g p r e s s u r e w as r e t a i n e d I n t h e h i g h p r e s s u r e

s y s te m by c l o s i n g v a lv e 0.

4 . R a i s i n g t h e p r e s s u r e

V a lv e s A, C a n d D w e re c l o s e d , a n d v a l v e B w as o p e n e d .

18

t o t h e w e ig h t c o lu m n . The s c r e w p r e s s was t u r n e d c l o c k w i s e ,

a n d when t h e w e ig h t colum n l i f t e d , t h e m o to r s w i t c h w as t u r n e d

o n t o r o t a t e t h e w e i g h t s . T he r e d b an d on t h e m a k ln g -u p w e ig h t

was o b s e r v e d t h r o u g h t h e p r i s m . The s c re w p r e s s was a d j u s t e d

u n t i l t h i s b an d l i n e d u p w i t h t h e b an d on t h e s i g h t i n g p i n .

The c o r r e c t p r e s s u r e h a d t h e n b e e n o b t a i n e d . The p r e s s u r e c o u ld

be r a i s e d I n I n c r e m e n t s by r e p e a t i n g t h i s p r o c e d u r e .

5* L o w e rin g t h e P r e s s u r e

The w e i g h ts w e re rem o v ed t o o b t a i n t h e lo w e r p r e s s u r e

a n d t h e s c re w p r e s s was t u r n e d I n a n a n t l - c l o c k w l s e d i r e c t i o n

u n t i l t h e w e ig h t colum n f e l l . When t h e s c re w p r e s s h a d b e e n

t u r n e d f u l l y a n t i c l o c k w i s e , r e s i d u a l p r e s s u r e c o u ld be r e l e a s e d .

The p r e s s u r e was r e l e a s e d by o p e n in g v a l v e s A a n d C a n d by

c l o s i n g v a l v e s B a n d D.

(H) E l e c t r i c a l C i r c u i t

The p u l s e n e tw o rk d e s i g n e d f o r o p e r a t i n g t h e c o u n t e r

d u r i n g t h e f l i g h t o f t h e plum m et c o n s i s t e d o f O.OOljJLP c a p a ­

c i t o r s a n d 10 K ohm r e s i s t o r s . The e l e c t r i c a l c i r c u i t I s shown

I n F i g u r e 5* The e l e c t r o n i c c o u n t e r t o w h ic h p u l s e s w ere

f e d f o r m e a su re m e n t o f tim e I n t e r v a l was fro m H e w l e t t - P a c k a r d

Company.

( I ) L o a d in g t h e E q u ip m e n t

As t h e a ld e h y d e v a p o u r s a r e v e r y h a r m f u l t o t h e r e s ­

p i r a t o r y s y s te m , e x tr e m e p r e c a u t i o n s w e re t a k e n d u r i n g t h e

l o a d i n g o f t h e e q u ip m e n t. The v i s c o m e t e r a n d t h e c o m p r e s s i ­

19

g a u g e a n d t h e I n t e n s i f i e r w i t h o u t t h e w a t e r b a t h . The p i s t o n

o f t h e c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y m e t e r w h ic h s e p a r a t e s t h e h i g h p r e s s u r e

o i l a n d t h e o r g a n i c l i q u i d s w as b r o u g h t t o t h e sa m p le en d o f

t h e c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y m e t e r . The p l u g s a n d p £ w e re o p e n e d .

By a s y r i n g e , t h e s a m p le l i q u i d w as I n j e c t e d th r o u g h a s p a g h e t t i

I n t h e v i s c o m e t e r a n d t h e c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y m e t e r t u b e s . The

sa m p le l i q u i d w as a llo w e d t o f lo w o u t th r o u g h t h e p l u g s P^ a n d

Pg f o r a b o u t o n e m i n u t e . The p l u g P i was c l o s e d , a n d a g a i n t h e

sa m p le l i q u i d was a ll o w e d t o f lo w o u t th r o u g h p l u g P g . The

p l u g Pg was c l o s e d . T h is I n s u r e d t h a t t h e r e was n o a i r b u b b le

I n t h e v i s c o m e t e r o r I n t h e c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y m e t e r t u b e s . A

p r e s s u r e o f 5*000 p . s . l . was b u i l t u p I n t h e a p p a r a t u s . When

t h e r e was no d e c r e a s e I n t h e p r e s s u r e . I t was a ssu m e d t h a t t h e r e

was no l e a k a g e I n t h e a p p a r a t u s . The p r e s s u r e was b r o u g h t b a c k

t o a tm o s p h e r e . The v i s c o m e t e r a n d t h e c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y m e te r

t u b e s w e re now p l a c e d I n t h e w a t e r b a t h a n d a g a i n c o n n e c te d t o

t h e g a u g e a n d t h e I n t e n s i f i e r .

A f a n was u s e d t o e x h a u s t t h e a ld e h y d e v a p o r s t h r o u g h

a w indow . P o l y v i n y l d i s p o s a b l e g l o v e s a n d a g a s m ask w e re u s e d

when h a n d l i n g l i q u i d s .

( J ) T e s t R uns

F o r f i n d i n g t h e f r i c t i o n a l e f f e c t o f t h e r u b b e r p i s t o n

I n t h e c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y m e t e r t u b e , t h e c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y m e te r

r e a d i n g s a t t h e I n c r e a s i n g a n d a t t h e d e c r e a s i n g p r e s s u r e s w ere

r e c o r d e d . B e f o r e s t a r t i n g t h e a c t u a l e x p e r im e n t w i t h a l d e h y d e ,

-20

s l t y t o ex am in e t h e a c c u r a c y o f t h e I n s t r u m e n t . P lu m m ets o f

d i f f e r e n t d im e n s io n s ( d i a m e t e r s r a n g i n g fro m 0 . l 4 I n c h e s t o

0 ,1 8 I n c h e s a n d l e n g t h s r a n g i n g fro m 0 . 5 I n c h e s t o 3 .0 I n c h e s ) ,

w e re t r i e d t o f i n d t h e optim um s i z e f o r t h e r a n g e o f v i s c o s i t y

e x p e c t e d . The v i s c o m e t e r c o n s t a n t k was fo u n d t o b e f a i r l y

c o n s t a n t f o r a l l t h e l i q u i d s . V i s c o s i t y d a t a o f n - p e n t a n e

CHAPTER V

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

P r o c e s s i n g a n d a n a l y s i s o f t h e d a t a was c a r r i e d o u t

on a n IBM 1620 I I c o m p u te r .

(A) T r e a tm e n t o f C o m p re s s io n D a ta

1 . F r i c t i o n a l E f f e c t o f R u b b e r P i s t o n

C o m p r e s s i b i l i t y m e t e r r e a d i n g s f o r a c e t o n e w e re p l o t t e d

a g a i n s t p r e s s u r e a t I n c r e a s i n g a n d a t d e c r e a s i n g p r e s s u r e ( F i g 6) .

The c u r v e o f d e c r e a s i n g p r e s s u r e I s a lm o s t t o u c h i n g t h e c u r v e

o f I n c r e a s i n g p r e s s u r e . H ence I t was c o n c lu d e d t h a t t h e f r i c ­

t i o n a l f o r c e b e tw e e n t h e r u b b e r p i s t o n a n d t h e w a l l s o f t h e

c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y m e t e r I s n e g l i g i b l e .

2 . C o m p r e s s i b i l i t y D a ta

L i n e a r c o m p r e s s io n o b t a i n e d fro m t h e c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y

m e t e r was c o n v e r t e d I n t o volum e c o m p r e s s io n by m u l t i p l y i n g I t

w i t h a f a c t o r o f 0 .0 0 5 4 9 2 . T h is f i g u r e c o r r e s p o n d s t o t h e

volum e o f e a c h I n c h d i s p l a c e m e n t o f t h e p i s t o n I n t h e co m p re­

s s i b i l i t y m e t e r . The c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y d a t a a r e e s t i m a t e d t o be

c o r r e c t w i t h i n

t

%,

(B) T r e a tm e n t o f V i s c o s i t y D a ta

1. C a l i b r a t i o n o f t h e V is c o m e te r

The v i s c o m e t e r c o n s t a n t k was f o u n d fro m t e s t r u n s

made w i t h v a r i o u s l i q u i d s o f known v i s c o s i t y a t a tm o s p h e r i c

# IN C R E A S IN G P R E S S U R E

V D E C R E A S I N G P R E S S U R E

X Ü

z

z

ÇQ

2 4

CO

CO

O

2 8

Ü

3 2

3 6

0

20

P X I O ^ (RS .I.G .)

F I G . 6 F R I C T I O N A L E F F E C T OF RUBBER

2 3

p r e s s m r e , k i s f a i r l y c o n s t a n t f o r a l l t h e l i q u i d s ( T a b le 1 ) ,

2 , V i s c o s i t y D a ta

The tim e i n t e r v a l b e tw e e n t h e s t a r t a n d t h e s t o p o f

t h e plum m et was n o t e d by a n e l e c t r o n i c c o u n t e r . F o r e a c h p r e ­

s s u r e a t l e a s t 5 f l i g h t t i m e s w e re r e c o r d e d a n d t h e a v e r a g e

v a lu e was u s e d f o r c a l c u l a t i o n o f v i s c o s i t y . The v i s c o s i t y

d a t a a r e p r e s e n t e d i n F i g 9 t o F i g l 4 . The v i s c o s i t y d a t a a r e

e s t i m a t e d t o be c o r r e c t w i t h i n

t. 1 %•

(C) P r e s s u r e - V o lu m e C o r r e l a t i o n

An e q u a t i o n o f s t a t e was d e v e lo p e d by C h a u d h u ri (4 )

i n h i s w ork o n a l d e h y d e s . The e q u a t i o n I s a s f o l l o w s :

P = r | B ( v ) ] ^ (V -1 )

I n e q u a t i o n (V -1 ) r a n d q a r e c o n s t a n t s a n d B (v ) i s a volum e

f u n c t i o n g iv e n b y :

B (v ) = [(vq/ v) ^ - (Vq/ v)^ ] (V -2 )

The d a t a o b t a i n e d i n t h i s s t u d y w e re f i t t e d t o t h e

l i n e a r i z e d fo rm o f t h e a b o v e e q u a t i o n . The f i t i s e x tr e m e l y

good a s i n d i c a t e d by t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e l a t i o n l i s t e d i n

T a b l e - 2 .

(D) V i s c o s i t y - P r e s s u r e C o r r e l a t i o n

V i s c o s i t y i n c r e a s e s w i t h p r e s s u r e a t c o n s t a n t tem p ­

erature. U n l i k e most other p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s I t s r a t e o f

c h a n g e i n c r e a s e s a s t h e p r e s s u r e i n c r e a s e s .

T he c o r r e l a t i o n i s :

2 4

o r irv. = "VLoexp (mp) (V -3 )

w h e re m I s a c o n s t a n t d e p e n d e n t on t h e n a t u r e o f t h e s u b s t a n c e

a n d t h e t e m p e r a t u r e a n d P I s g i v e n I n p . s . l . The v a l u e s o f

t h e c o n s t a n t s a n d t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f c o r r e l a t i o n a r e g iv e n i n

T a b l e - 3»

Prom 3 ,0 0 0 p . s . i . g . t o 4 0 ,0 0 0 p . s . i . g . , v i s c o s i t y

i n c r e a s e s e x p o n e n t i a l l y w i t h p r e s s u r e , a n d on s e m i - l o g p a p e r

t h e r e i s a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n I n tv

,

t i a l l y fro m 0 t o 5 ,0 0 0 p . s . i . g . , t h e v i s c o s i t y d o e s n o t i n ­

c r e a s e e x p o n e n t i a l l y w i t h p r e s s u r e . A c c o r d in g t o R e id a n d

S herw ood ( 1 0 ) , i t seem s m ore l o g i c a l t h a t v i s c o s i t y - p r e s s u r e

p l o t i s l i n e a r a t lo w e r p r e s s u r e s . C h a u d h u r i* s r e s u l t s f o r

b u t y r a l d é h y d e a r e p l o t t e d f o r c o m p a r is o n i n F i g 15» The p r e s e n t

w o rk i n d i c a t e s c l e a r l y t h e h i g h e r v i s c o s i t y r a t i o a g a i n s t p r e ­

s s u r e t h a n C h a u d h u ri o b t a i n e d i n h i s w ork ( 4 ) . I t s h o u ld be

p o i n t e d o u t t h a t t h e r e i s some d i f f e r e n c e i n t e m p e r a t u r e .

M o re o v e r C h a u d h u ri w as n o t a b l e t o c o n t r o l t e m p e r a t u r e . H is

d a t a a r e a t a m b ie n t t e m p e r a t u r e w h ic h c a n f l u c t u a t e v e r y m uch.

I t s h o u ld be p o i n t e d o u t t h a t a l l g r a p h s p r e s e n t e d

i n t h i s c h a p t e r r e p r e s e n t t h e a v e r a g e o f f i v e o r m ore r u n s .

25

TABLE I

V is c o m e te r C o n s t a n t k

No

1

2

3

S u b s ta n c e

W a te r

T o lu e n e

B e n ze n e

V is c o m e te r C o n s t a n t k

0 . 0 0 2 6 2 2 0

0 .0 0 2 6 3 7 3

0 .0 0 2 6 4 1 0

26

O s C s - t-H

S O s n

o V T \ t s - 0 0 o

> N ( S I < M o n

• •

T - l r l r H

o

o

o

o

o

P4 • • • •

§

U O S O S O S O S

U O s O S O S C T s

O S O s o s o s

o A O s O s O s o s

Ü • • • •

o o o o

11 O

o

i

I

o

I

0 0 o tH O s

s r s s r s tH 0 0

T - l o s s o ( S I

T - l 0 0 O O s

c n . d - i n O

-tH w tH tH

• •

T—1 v H t-4 T—1

( S I c n C s

-c n ( S I ( S s o

s o ( S I ( S .

0 0 o o ( S I

0 0 o n o ( S I

n - o m

* # • •

C s . C s . C S . s o

s o s o s o s o

• H t—1 tH T - l

• • •

o n o n o n o n

o T - l ( S I o n

o n o n o n o n

27

No

1

2

3

4

Temp °K

3 0 3 .1 6

3 1 3 .1 6

3 2 3 .1 6

3 3 3 .1 6

TABLE I I I

mxlO^

3 0 .5 9 2 8 5

2 7 . 8 3 1 1 7

2 6 .7 0 2 9 6

2 7 . 7 5 1 1 9

C o r r . C o e f f i c i e n t E

0 . 9 9 8 6 1

0 .9 9 4 4 8

0 . 9 9 7 4 2

0 9 0

A T 4 0 C

0

88

0

86

c

Z ÜJ O

0 8 0

0 78

0

20

P X 10 (P.S.I.G.)

FIG. 7 EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON

c . z>

0 9 0

AT 6 0 C

0

88

0

86

0

0

>-

h-CÔ Z Lü

Q

0 8 0

0 7 6

0

2 0

- 3

P X 10 (RS.I.G.)

F I G . 8 EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON

4 - 0

3 0

J 2-0

1-0

0 10

2 0

P X I O - 3 (RSU.G.)

F I G . 9 EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON

V IS C O S IT Y OF BUTYRALDEHYDE

4 0

2 0

0

o

20

P X I O ( R S .I.G .)

FIG. 10 EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON

VISCOSIT Y OF BUTYRALDEHYDE

sJ c.

4 0

3 0

2 0

0 10

2 0

P X I O ^ (P.S.I.G.)

FIG.II EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON

VISCOSITY OF BUTYRALDEHYDE

4

0

3 0

J 2 0

5^

3 0 4 0

20

- 3

( P . S . I . G . ) P X I O

F I G . I 2 EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON

VISCOSITY OF BUTYRALDEHYDE

34

/UT 4 0 C

ü

>-H" cô O

% 0 9

>

0 7

0 5

0

2 0

FIG. 13 EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON

CL d

>-CO

O

ü

CO

1-4

0 8

0

6

0 4

0

2 0

P X I O (RS.I.G.)

o

FIG. 14 EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON

V CHAUDHURI (4) 8 4 . F

" PR ESENT WORK

2 0

•8

1-6

1-4

1*2

•0

0

20

$ 6

P X I O ^ (P.S.I.G.)

FIG. 15 EFFECT OF PRESSURE ON

37

CHAPTER VI

CONCLUSIONS

The v l s e o - c o m p r e s s i b l l l t y m e te r d e s i g n e d a n d d e v e ­

l o p e d i n t h i s p r o j e c t may be f o u n d u s e f u l i n i n d u s t r y . The

m ain a d v a n ta g e o f t h i s i n s t r u m e n t i s t h a t d e n s i t y w h ic h i s

e s s e n t i a l f o r a b s o l u t e v i s c o s i t y m e a su re m e n t c a n b e r e a d i l y

o b t a i n e d i n t h e same a p p a r a t u s .

I t w as fo u n d t h a t fro m $ ,0 0 0 p . s . i . g . , t o 4 0 ,0 0 0

p . s . i . g . , v i s c o s i t y i n c r e a s e s e x p o n e n t i a l l y w i t h p r e s s u r e ,

a n d on s e m i - l o g p a p e r t h e r e i s a l i n e a r r e l a t i o n b e tw e e n

l o g TV. a n d P . I n i t i a l l y fro m 0 t o 5 ,0 0 0 p . s . i . g . , t h e v i s c o ­

APPENDIX I

T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l u n i t s o f p r e s s u r e c u r r e n t l y i n u s e ;

t h e m o st i m p o r t a n t o f t h e s e , a r e ;

b a r ( b a r ) = 10^ d y n e s p e r s q u a r e c e n t i m e t e r

K i l o b a r (Kb) = 1 ,0 0 0 b a r s

a tm o s p h e r e (atm )

K i lo a tm o s p h e r e (K a t) = 1 ,0 0 0 a tm

K ilo g r a m s p e r s q u a r e c e n t i m e t e r (K g/cm ^)

P o u n d s p e r s q u a r e i n c h ( p . s . i . )

T h e i r i n t e r - r e l a t i o n s h i p s a r e g i v e n by t h e f o l l o w i n g

t a b l e , e a c h u n i t o f p r e s s u r e i s f o l lo w e d on t h e r i g h t by i t s

p h y s i c a l e q u i v a l e n t i n p r e s s u r e e x p r e s s e d i n t h e o t h e r u n i t s ,

TABLE IV

b a r

1 b a r

1 atm 1 .0 1 3 2 4 9

1 K g /o a f 0 . 9 8 0 6 6 5

1 p . s . i . 0.0689474

a tm

0 . 9 8 6 9 2 4

1

0 .9 6 7 8 4 2

0 .0 6 8 0 4 6

Kg/cm

1 .0 1 9 7 1 6

1 .0 3 3 2 2 6

1

0 .0 7 0 3 0 7

p . s . i .

1 4 .5 0 3 8

1 4 .6 9 6 0

1 4 .2 2 3 4

1

APPENDIX I I

CALIBRATION OF THE PRESSURE GAUGE

TABLE V

No Gauge P r e s s u r e T e s t e r P r e s s u r e

( p . s . i . g . ) ( p . s . i . g . )

1 5,000 5,000

2 10,000 9 ,9 7 5

3 1 5 ,0 0 0 1 5 ,0 0 0

4 2 0 , 0 0 0 2 0 , 0 0 0

5 2 5 , 0 0 0 2 5 , 0 5 0

6 3 0 ,0 0 0 2 9 , 9 7 5

7 3 5 ,0 0 0

34,975

8 4 0 ,0 0 0 3 9 ,9 5 0

APPENDIX I I I

EXPERIMENTAL DATA

The o r i g i n a l e x p e r i m e n t a l d a t a a r e a v a i l a b l e on

c o m p u te r c a r d s fro m t h e D e p a rtm e n t o f C h e m ic a l E n g i n e e r i n g ,

U n i v e r s i t y o f W in d s o r, W in d s o r, O n t a r i o ,

NOMENCLATURE

B (v ) ss _{Volume f u n c t i o n}

D s _{D ia m e te r , i n c h e s}

P P r e s s u r e , p . s . i . g .

T T e m p e r a tu r e , °K

V = V olum e, c . c .

a , b C o n s t a n t i n e q u a t i o n ( I I I - 2 )

k =s _{V is c o m e te r c o n s t a n t i n e q u a t i o n ( I I I - 3 )}

m « _{C o n s t a n t i n e q u a t i o n (V -3 )}

q , r C o n s t a n t i n e q u a t i o n (V -1 )

8 F l i g h t d i s t a n c e i n e q u a t i o n ( I I I - l ) , i n c h e s

t F a l l tim e i n e q u a t i o n ( I I I - 3 ) , s e c o n d s

V S p e c i f i c v o lu m e , c . c . / g m

S u b s c r i p t s

o r= _{U n d e r a tm o s p h e r i c c o n d i t i o n}

G re ek l e t t e r s

s

f

6

■n.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1 . B o e lh o u w e r, L .H .T o n e m a n ., P r o c , C o n f e r e n c e on

L u b r i c a t i o n a n d W ear, I n s t . E l e c t . E n g ., L ondon 2 l 4

( 1 9 5 7 ) .

2 . B rid g m a n , P .W ., The P h y s i c s o f H ig h P r e s s u r e , G .B e l l

a n d S o n s ( 1 9 5 2 ) .

3 . B rid g m a n , P .W ., " C o l l e c t e d E x p e r i m e n t a l P a p e r s " , H a r v a r d

U n i v e r s i t y P r e s s , C a m b rid g e , M a ss. ( 1 9 6 4 ) .

4 . C h a u d h u r l, P .M ., M .A .S c .T h e s i s , U n i v . , W in d s o r , O n t . ( 1 9 6 ? ) .

5 . G r l e s t , E .M ., W.Webb, R . W . S c h l e s s l e r . , J . C h e m .P h y s .,

2 i , 711 ( 1 9 5 8 ) .

6. Helks, J.R., E . Or b a n . , J. Phys.Chem., 8, 1025

( 1 9 5 6 ) .

7 . Jobllng,

A ., A.

206,

8. Kuss, E . , Z. Angew. Phys. j ^ , 566 (1 9 5 8) .

9 . L a w a c z e c k , P . , Z. V e r . D tS c h . I n g . , 6 3, 677 ( 1 9 1 9 ) .

1 0 . R e i d , R . C . , T .K .S h e r w o o d ., "T he P r o p e r t i e s o f G a se s a n d

L i q u i d s " , 430 (1 9 6 6) .

1 1 . W ils o n , D .R ., F . J . B a r k e r s . , P r o c . ÜSAF A e r o s p a c e F l u i d s

L u b r i c a n t s C o n f. , S an A n t o n io , 266 (1 9 6 3) .

VITA AUCTORIS

1947 B o rn I n J a y n a g a r , B i h a r , I n d i a .

1966 R e c e iv e d t h e d e g r e e o f B a c h e lo r o f S c i e n c e I n C h e m ic a l E n g i n e e r i n g fro m B i h a r I n s t i t u t e o f T e c h n o lo g y ,

S l n d r l , I n d i a .

1969 P r e s e n t l y a c a n d i d a t e f o r t h e d e g r e e o f M a s te r o f A p p lie d S c i e n c e I n C h e m ic a l E n g i n e e r i n g a t t h e U n i v e r s i t y o f W in d s o r, W in d s o r, O n t a r i o , C a n a d a .