Lecture 2a-Research Problem

(1)

RESEARCH ON ELT I

Lecture II Lecture II

Rida Wahyuningrum

English Department English Department Wijaya Kusuma Universi

(2)

By the end of this course, you will

By the end of this course, you will be

be

able to :

1. 1. Me

Men

nti

tion

on th

the

e re

res

sea

earc

rch

h

process, definition,

types, sources, and

limitation of research

problem

2. 2. Me

Men

nti

tion

on th

the d

e def

efin

init

itio

ion

n

and

and types

types of

of variable

variable ,,

hypothesis, and

sampling

(3)

What is

Research

Process?

(4)

1 1..

C

Ch

ho

oo

os

se

e a

a p

prro

ob

blle

em

m

2 2..

D

Do

o p

prre

elliim

miin

na

arry s

y sttu

ud

dy

y

3 3..

F

Fo

orrm

mu

ulla

atte

e tth

he

e p

prro

ob

blle

em

m

4 4..

F

Fo

orrm

mu

ulla

atte

e b

ba

as

siic f

c frra

am

me

ew

wo

orrk

k

5 5..

F

Fo

orrm

mu

ulla

atte

e a

a h

hy

yp

po

otth

he

es

siis

s

6 6..

C

Ch

ho

oo

os

se

e a

an

n a

ap

pp

prro

oa

ac

ch

h

7 7..

D

De

ette

errm

miin

ne

e tth

he

e v

va

arriia

ab

blle

e

8 8..

D

De

ette

errm

miin

ne t

e th

he s

e so

ou

urrc

ce o

e of t

f th

he

e

data

9 9..

D

De

ev

ve

ello

op i

p in

ns

sttrru

um

me

en

ntts

s

10 10.. Co

Colllle

ect

ct th

the

e d

dat

ata

a

11 11.. A

An

nal

alys

yse

e th

the

e d

dat

ata

a

12 12.. Dr

Dra

aw c

w con

oncl

clu

us

sio

ion

ns

s

1

13 3.. W

Wrriitte

e a

a rre

ep

po

orrtt

Research

Process

(5)

What is

Research

Problem?

(6)

RESEARCH

PROBLEM

It is something that is

different

from that of life

problems in general.

Not all

life problems can

be spotted as research

problems.

(7)

RESEARCH

PROBLEM

It occurs if there is a

It occurs if there is a gap

gap

between what is

supposed to be with the

fact that exists, between

what is required and what

is available, between

expectations and reality

(8)

RESEARCH

PROBLEM

It is something that

becomes the

becomes the target of

target of

research

which will be

subsequently promoted to

the

the title of the research

title of the research

,,

and describe the

connection

between two

or more

(9)

RESEARCH

PROBLEM

It is a statement about an

area of concern

, a

condition to be improved

upon

, a

, a difficulty to be

difficulty to be

eliminated

, or

, or a troubling

a troubling

question

that exists in

scholarly literature, in

theory, or in practice that

points to the need for

meaningful

understanding and

deliberate investigation.

(10)

In some social

science disciplines

the research

problem is typically

posed in the form of

one or more

questions

(11)

Why

Statement?

Introduce the reader to the importance of the

topic being studied

. The reader is oriented to the

significa

significance of

nce of the study and

the study and the research questions

the research questions

or hypotheses to follow.

Place the problem into a particular context

that

defines the parameters of what is to

defines the parameters of what is to be investigated.

be investigated.

Provide the framework for reporting the results

and indicates what is probably necessary to conduct

the study and explain how the findings will present

this information.

(12)

Casuists

Difference

Descriptive

Relational

What are the

Types?

(13)

Casuist

Research Problem

This type of

This type of problem

problem

relates to the

determination of

determination of right and

right and

wrong in questions of

conduct

or conscience by

analyzing moral dilemmas

through the application of

general rules and the

careful distinction of

special cases.

(14)

Difference

Research Problem

This type typically asks

the question, “Is there a

differenc

difference between two

e between two or

or

more groups or

treatments?”

This type of problem

statement is used when

the researcher

the researcher compares

compares

or contrasts

two or more

phenomena.

(15)

Descriptive

Research Problem

This type typically asks

the question, "what

is...?" with the

underlying purpose

underlying purpose to

to

describe

a situation,

state, or existence of a

specific phenomenon.

(16)

Relational

Research Problem

This type suggests a

relationship

of some sort

between two or more

variables to be

investigated. The

underlying purpose is to

investigate

qualities/characteristics

that are connected in

some way.

(17)

To facilitate how you might select a problem from which

to build a research study, consider these following

sources :

Deduction from Theory

Interdicplin

ary

Perspectives

Interviewing Practicioners

Personal Experience

Relevant Literature

(18)

Deduction

from Theory

This relates to deductions made from social philosophy or This relates to deductions made from social philosophy or

generalizations embodied in life in society that the researcher is familiar generalizations embodied in life in society that the researcher is familiar with. These deductions from human behavior are then fitted within an with. These deductions from human behavior are then fitted within an empirical frame of reference through research.

empirical frame of reference through research. From a theoryFrom a theory, the, the

researcher can formulate a research problem or hypothesis stating the researcher can formulate a research problem or hypothesis stating the expected findings in certain empirical situations. The research asks the expected findings in certain empirical situations. The research asks the question: “What relationship between variables will be observed if

question: “What relationship between variables will be observed if theory aptly summarizes the state of affairs?” One can then design theory aptly summarizes the state of affairs?” One can then design andand carry out a systematic investigation to

carry out a systematic investigation to assess whether empirical dataassess whether empirical data confirm or reject the hypothesis, and hence, the theory.

(19)

Interdisciplinary

Perspectives

Identifying a problem that forms the basis for a

Identifying a problem that forms the basis for a research study canresearch study can come from academic movements and scholarship originating in come from academic movements and scholarship originating in

disciplines outside of your primary area of study. A review of pertinent disciplines outside of your primary area of study. A review of pertinent literature should include examining research from

literature should include examining research from related disciplinesrelated disciplines that can reveal new

that can reveal new avenues of exploration and analysis. Anavenues of exploration and analysis. An

interdisciplinary approach to selecting a research problem offers an interdisciplinary approach to selecting a research problem offers an

opportunity to construct a more comprehensive understanding of a very opportunity to construct a more comprehensive understanding of a very complex issue that any single discipline may be

(20)

Interviewing

Practicioners

The identification of research problems about particular topics can arise The identification of research problems about particular topics can arise from formal or informal discussions with practitioners who provide

from formal or informal discussions with practitioners who provide insight into new directions for future research and how to

insight into new directions for future research and how to makemake research findings more relevant to practice. Discussions with

research findings more relevant to practice. Discussions with experts inexperts in the field, such as, teachers, s

the field, such as, teachers, social workers, health care providers,ocial workers, health care providers, lawyers, business leaders, etc., offers the chance to

lawyers, business leaders, etc., offers the chance to identify practical,identify practical, “real world” problems that may

“real world” problems that may be understudied or ignored withinbe understudied or ignored within academic circles. This approach also provides some practical academic circles. This approach also provides some practical

knowledge which may help in the process of designing and conducting knowledge which may help in the process of designing and conducting your s

(21)

Personal

Experience

Your everyday experiences can give rise Your everyday experiences can give rise to worthwhile problems for investigation. to worthwhile problems for investigation. Think critically about your own

Think critically about your own

experiences and/or frustrations with an experiences and/or frustrations with an issue facing society, your community, your issue facing society, your community, your neighborhood, your family, or your

neighborhood, your family, or your personal life. This can be derived, for personal life. This can be derived, for example, from deliberate observations of example, from deliberate observations of certain relationships for which there is no certain relationships for which there is no clear explanation or witnessing an event clear explanation or witnessing an event that appears harmful to a person or group that appears harmful to a person or group or that is out of the ordinary.

(22)

Relevant

Literature

The selection of a research problem can be derived The selection of a research problem can be derived from an extensive and thorough review of pertinent from an extensive and thorough review of pertinent research associated with your overall area of

research associated with your overall area of interest. This may reveal where gaps exist in our interest. This may reveal where gaps exist in our understanding of a topic. Research may be

understanding of a topic. Research may be conducted to: 1) fill such gaps in k

conducted to: 1) fill such gaps in knowledge; 2)nowledge; 2) evaluate if the methodologies employed in prior evaluate if the methodologies employed in prior studies can be adapted

studies can be adapted to solve other problems; to solve other problems; oror,, 3) determine if a similar study could be conducted 3) determine if a similar study could be conducted in a different subject area or applied to different in a different subject area or applied to different study sample [i.e.,

study sample [i.e., different groups of people]. Also,different groups of people]. Also, authors frequently conclude their studies by noting authors frequently conclude their studies by noting implications for further research; this can also be a implications for further research; this can also be a valuable source of new problems to investigate. valuable source of new problems to investigate.

(23)

Reading books or

research reports

Cursory observation

Statement authorities

Feeling intuition

Discussions, seminars,

and other scientific

meetings

..

In short, the source of In short, the source of

research problems research problems

can be from: can be from:

(24)

What Makes a Good

Research Statement

A

A good problem statement be

good problem statement begins by

gins by

introducing the

introducing the broad area

broad area

in which

your research is centered and then

gradually leads the reader

gradually leads the reader to the

to the

you are

posing.

(25)

The statement need not be lengthy but a

good research problem should incorporate

the following features:

1 1.. C

Co

om

mp

pe

elllliin

ng t

g to

op

piic

c

2. 2. Su

Supp

ppor

orts

ts mu

mult

ltip

iple

le pe

pers

rspe

pect

ctiv

ives

es

3

(26)

Compelling topic

Simple curiosity is not a good enough

reason to pursue a research study. The

problem that you choose to explore

must be important to you, your readers,

and to a larger community you

and to a larger community you share.

share.

The problem chosen must be one that

motivates you to address it.

(27)

Supports multiple

perspectives

The problem most be phrased in a way

that avoids dichotomies and instead

supports the generation and exploration

of multiple

of multiple perspectives.

perspectives. A gen

A general

eral rule

rule

of thumb is that a good research

problem is one that would

problem is one that would generate a

generate a

variety of viewpoints from a composite

audience made up of reasonable

people.

(28)

Researchable

It seems a bit obvious, but you don't

want to find yourself in the midst of

in

inve

vest

stig

igat

atin

ing

g a

a co

comp

mple

lex

x re

rese

sear

arch

ch

project and realize that you don't have

much to draw on for your research.

Choose research problems that can be

supported by the resources available to

you.

(29)

In summ

In summary

ary, a

, a

research problem

should be:

Original

It does not exist or has not been a

lot of other people researching the

problem.

Useful

It is useful for the

It is useful for the sake of science

sake of science

and to the community

Obtai

ned

by

scie

ntif

ic m

eans

Clearly and concisely

There is no other

There is no other interpretation to

interpretation to

the problem

Formulated in a question form

Ethical

Mean

Meaning

ing not c

not contra

ontradict

dict or of

or offend

fend

customs, ideologies, and religious

beliefs.

(30)

Statement of the problem is a clear,

specific & feasible statement that the

problem exists. It has evidences of

variables that led to problem.

Rese

Research

arch ques

question i

tion is the

s the one

one that

that

the researcher would like to answer

or address in the study.

RESEARCH QUESTION

AND

ST

(31)

Can brainstorming improve EFL students’

writing performance?

EXAMPLES OF

RESEARCH QUESTION

What are the

What are the metaphors describing anger

metaphors describing anger

found in English and Javanese

languages?

How does the main character of

How does the main character of the novel

the novel

overcome his anxiety?