CRIMINALISTICSCRIMINALISTICS Dr. Ariel C. Manlusoc Dr. Ariel C. Manlusoc
What Do I want in life?What Do I want in life?
How much does this mean to me?How much does this mean to me?
Am I willing to sacrifice something?Am I willing to sacrifice something?
How determine am I to How determine am I to pursue my dream?pursue my dream?
Remember:Remember: ACE Technique ACE Technique
1. Analysis of the question 1. Analysis of the question
2. Comparison between the question and the
2. Comparison between the question and the choiceschoices 3. Eliminate or exclude the detractors .
3. Eliminate or exclude the detractors . Don’t leave your common sense!!! Don’t leave your common sense!!!
Question:Question:
The word forensic means ____? The word forensic means ____? Choices:
Choices: Consisting of Key & Detractors.Consisting of Key & Detractors. a. Forum a. Forum b. Market Place b. Market Place C. Public Discussion C. Public Discussion d. Legal d. Legal e. All of these e. All of these
The word For
The word Forensic was derived from the Latin word “ensic was derived from the Latin word “ Forum” which means a market place, aForum” which means a market place, a place where people gather for
place where people gather for purposes of public discussion.purposes of public discussion.
Interpret the second word before going to the first wordInterpret the second word before going to the first word Forensic Medicine (Branch of Medicine)
Forensic Medicine (Branch of Medicine) Medical Jurisprudence (Branch of Law) Medical Jurisprudence (Branch of Law)
Forensic Science = refers to the application of Forensic Science = refers to the application of various sciences to law or avarious sciences to law or administration ofdministration of justice. It is th
justice. It is the application of e application of a broad spectrum a broad spectrum of of sciencessciencesto answer questions of interest toto answer questions of interest to a legal system.
a legal system.
Forensic = was derived from the Latin word “Forum” which means a market place, a placeForensic = was derived from the Latin word “Forum” which means a market place, a place
where people gathered for
where people gathered for public discussion.public discussion.
Criminalistics = is a profession or a Criminalistics = is a profession or a field of forensic science that deals field of forensic science that deals with recognition,with recognition, collection, preservation and examination of physical evidence
collection, preservation and examination of physical evidence for the administration offor the administration of justice.
justice.
Fields of CriminalisticsFields of Criminalistics
Dactyloscopy = science of Dactyloscopy = science of fingerprint Identification and classification.fingerprint Identification and classification.
Forensic Photography = the application of the principle of photography in discovering truth.Forensic Photography = the application of the principle of photography in discovering truth.
Forensic Odontology = the scientific identification by means of dental record.Forensic Odontology = the scientific identification by means of dental record.
Forensic Ballistics = the science of F/A Forensic Ballistics = the science of F/A identification by means of the ammunition fired fromidentification by means of the ammunition fired from them.
them.
Forensic Entomology = study of role or importance of insects Forensic Entomology = study of role or importance of insects in the crime investigation.in the crime investigation.
Forensic Chemistry = the application of the principle of cForensic Chemistry = the application of the principle of c hemistry in relation to thehemistry in relation to the administration of justice. ( Physical and Chemical composition of matters)
administration of justice. ( Physical and Chemical composition of matters)
Forensic Anthropology = the scientific method of identification by means of skeletal remains.Forensic Anthropology = the scientific method of identification by means of skeletal remains.
Questioned Document = scientific analysis of documents which is under scrutiny.Questioned Document = scientific analysis of documents which is under scrutiny.
Forensic Toxicology = the application of the principle of toxicology (study of poison) inForensic Toxicology = the application of the principle of toxicology (study of poison) in discovering truth concerning suspicious death in a person.
discovering truth concerning suspicious death in a person.
Forensic SerologyForensic Serology
Forensic ZoologyForensic Zoology
Forensic BiologyForensic Biology
Personal IdentificationPersonal Identification
= a system of recognizing and identifying a partic
= a system of recognizing and identifying a partic ular person based on his/her characteristics asular person based on his/her characteristics as differentiate from others.
differentiate from others.
1. A system of identification which was used earlier
1. A system of identification which was used earlier than the fingerprint system, made by mthan the fingerprint system, made by m easuringeasuring various bony structure of h
various bony structure of human body. uman body. Developed by AlphonsDeveloped by Alphonse Bertillion.e Bertillion. a.
a. Portrait Portrait Parle Parle c. c. TattooTattoo b. Anthropometry
b. Anthropometry d. d. PhotographyPhotography
Note: Portrait Parle, Tattoo and photography did not served t
Note: Portrait Parle, Tattoo and photography did not served t he purpose of identification using bonehe purpose of identification using bone measurement.
measurement. 2. Is the distance of
2. Is the distance of recognition in broad daylight of a person who is almost a recognition in broad daylight of a person who is almost a stranger.stranger. a.
a. 100 100 yards yards c. c. 16-17 16-17 yardsyards b. 25 yards
b. 25 yards d. d. 10-13 10-13 yardsyards 100 yards = never seen even once
100 yards = never seen even once 16
16 – – 17 yards = moonlight 17 yards = moonlight 10 -13 yards = starlight. 10 -13 yards = starlight.
3. Is the basic principle involve in personal Identification which states
3. Is the basic principle involve in personal Identification which states that the greater that the greater the number ofthe number of similarity or difference the greater
similarity or difference the greater the probability for the identity or non identity to the probability for the identity or non identity to be conclusive.be conclusive.
a. Law of individualitya. Law of individuality
b. Law of multiplicity of evidenceb. Law of multiplicity of evidence
c. Law of infallibilityc. Law of infallibility
d. Law of constancyd. Law of constancy a, c, and d are
a, c, and d are principles of fingerprint identification.principles of fingerprint identification.
4. Which of the following personal Identification is not easy
4. Which of the following personal Identification is not easy to change?to change? a. Hair
a. Hair c. Speechc. Speech b.
b. Dress Dress d. d. personal personal pharapernaliapharapernalia 5. Considered to be one of t
5. Considered to be one of the most infallible means of Identification.he most infallible means of Identification. a.
a. DNA DNA fingerprinting fingerprinting c. c. DactyloscopyDactyloscopy b. Fingerprint Identification
b. Fingerprint Identification d. d. PhotographyPhotography DNA fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting = the most indispensable science.= the most indispensable science. 6. Identification of person can be done either
6. Identification of person can be done either by Comparison or by____?by Comparison or by____? a. Exclusion
a. Exclusion c. c. ExaminationExamination b.
b. Experimentation Experimentation d. d. InclusionInclusion 7. A system of Identification best used in
7. A system of Identification best used in case of burned body.case of burned body. a.
a. Fingerprint Fingerprint c. Skeletal c. Skeletal IdentificationIdentification b. Odontology
b. Odontology d. d. PhotographyPhotography DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting
Forensic Odontology= dental identification Forensic Odontology= dental identification Forensic Anthropology = skeletal
Forensic SerologyForensic Serology
Forensic ZoologyForensic Zoology
Forensic BiologyForensic Biology
Personal IdentificationPersonal Identification
= a system of recognizing and identifying a partic
= a system of recognizing and identifying a partic ular person based on his/her characteristics asular person based on his/her characteristics as differentiate from others.
differentiate from others.
1. A system of identification which was used earlier
1. A system of identification which was used earlier than the fingerprint system, made by mthan the fingerprint system, made by m easuringeasuring various bony structure of h
various bony structure of human body. uman body. Developed by AlphonsDeveloped by Alphonse Bertillion.e Bertillion. a.
a. Portrait Portrait Parle Parle c. c. TattooTattoo b. Anthropometry
b. Anthropometry d. d. PhotographyPhotography
Note: Portrait Parle, Tattoo and photography did not served t
Note: Portrait Parle, Tattoo and photography did not served t he purpose of identification using bonehe purpose of identification using bone measurement.
measurement. 2. Is the distance of
2. Is the distance of recognition in broad daylight of a person who is almost a recognition in broad daylight of a person who is almost a stranger.stranger. a.
a. 100 100 yards yards c. c. 16-17 16-17 yardsyards b. 25 yards
b. 25 yards d. d. 10-13 10-13 yardsyards 100 yards = never seen even once
100 yards = never seen even once 16
16 – – 17 yards = moonlight 17 yards = moonlight 10 -13 yards = starlight. 10 -13 yards = starlight.
3. Is the basic principle involve in personal Identification which states
3. Is the basic principle involve in personal Identification which states that the greater that the greater the number ofthe number of similarity or difference the greater
similarity or difference the greater the probability for the identity or non identity to the probability for the identity or non identity to be conclusive.be conclusive.
a. Law of individualitya. Law of individuality
b. Law of multiplicity of evidenceb. Law of multiplicity of evidence
c. Law of infallibilityc. Law of infallibility
d. Law of constancyd. Law of constancy a, c, and d are
a, c, and d are principles of fingerprint identification.principles of fingerprint identification.
4. Which of the following personal Identification is not easy
4. Which of the following personal Identification is not easy to change?to change? a. Hair
a. Hair c. Speechc. Speech b.
b. Dress Dress d. d. personal personal pharapernaliapharapernalia 5. Considered to be one of t
5. Considered to be one of the most infallible means of Identification.he most infallible means of Identification. a.
a. DNA DNA fingerprinting fingerprinting c. c. DactyloscopyDactyloscopy b. Fingerprint Identification
b. Fingerprint Identification d. d. PhotographyPhotography DNA fingerprinting
DNA fingerprinting = the most indispensable science.= the most indispensable science. 6. Identification of person can be done either
6. Identification of person can be done either by Comparison or by____?by Comparison or by____? a. Exclusion
a. Exclusion c. c. ExaminationExamination b.
b. Experimentation Experimentation d. d. InclusionInclusion 7. A system of Identification best used in
7. A system of Identification best used in case of burned body.case of burned body. a.
a. Fingerprint Fingerprint c. Skeletal c. Skeletal IdentificationIdentification b. Odontology
b. Odontology d. d. PhotographyPhotography DNA Fingerprinting
DNA Fingerprinting
Forensic Odontology= dental identification Forensic Odontology= dental identification Forensic Anthropology = skeletal
8. The first conviction in the Philippine Case which gives recognition to the science of8. The first conviction in the Philippine Case which gives recognition to the science of fingerprint? fingerprint? a. People Vs. Medina a. People Vs. Medina b. Miranda Vs. Arizona b. Miranda Vs. Arizona c. People Vs. Jennings c. People Vs. Jennings d. West Case d. West Case
People vs. Jennings (U.S. case) People vs. Jennings (U.S. case)
West case = defeats the Anthropometry System West case = defeats the Anthropometry System 9. Known as the Father
9. Known as the Father of Modern Fingerprint, whose system of classification was spread in of Modern Fingerprint, whose system of classification was spread in almost allalmost all English speaking country.
English speaking country. a. Juan Vucitich
a. Juan Vucitich c. c. Sir Edward Sir Edward Richard HenRichard Henryry b.
b. Francis Francis Galton Galton d. d. William William HerschelHerschel Juan Vucetich = his system of classification was accepted by
Juan Vucetich = his system of classification was accepted by Spanish Speaking Countries.Spanish Speaking Countries. Francis Galton = undertook the first definitive study and classification of F
Francis Galton = undertook the first definitive study and classification of F .P., statistical study to prove.P., statistical study to prove uniqueness of F.P. and wrote the book “Finger
uniqueness of F.P. and wrote the book “Finger Prints”.Prints”.
William Herschel = first application of F.P. for identification and developed Chiroscopy. William Herschel = first application of F.P. for identification and developed Chiroscopy. 10. Is the person who
10. Is the person who discover the two main layer of the discover the two main layer of the friction skin (Epidermis and Dermis) and tofriction skin (Epidermis and Dermis) and to whom one of the thin layer of
whom one of the thin layer of the friction skin was named.the friction skin was named. a. Herman Welcker
a. Herman Welcker c. c. Marcelo Marcelo MalpigheMalpighe b.
b. Nehemiah Nehemiah Grew Grew d. d. Dr. Dr. Henry Henry FauldsFaulds Herman Welcker = proved the principle of
Herman Welcker = proved the principle of permanency by printing is palm twice with a permanency by printing is palm twice with a lapse of 41lapse of 41 years.
years.
Nehemiah Grew = the first to wrote a treaty on the study of ridges and sweat pores Nehemiah Grew = the first to wrote a treaty on the study of ridges and sweat pores Dr. Henry Faulds = a surgeon who
Dr. Henry Faulds = a surgeon who gives value to latent prints.gives value to latent prints. 11. Anew Mexico Geologist who adopted the
11. Anew Mexico Geologist who adopted the first individual use of fingerprints in August 8, 1882, byfirst individual use of fingerprints in August 8, 1882, by using his own thumb mark as a protection to
using his own thumb mark as a protection to prevent tampering with the pay order he prevent tampering with the pay order he issued.issued. a. Sgt John Kenneth Ferrier
a. Sgt John Kenneth Ferrier b. Capt James Parke
b. Capt James Parke c. Gilbert Thompson c. Gilbert Thompson d. Dr. Henry P. De Forest d. Dr. Henry P. De Forest Dr. Henry P. De Forest
Dr. Henry P. De Forest =Utilized the first Municipal Civil use of fingerprint for Criminal Registration.=Utilized the first Municipal Civil use of fingerprint for Criminal Registration. Capt. James L. Parke = Advocate
Capt. James L. Parke = Advocate the first state and penal use the first state and penal use of fingerprint adopted in SingSing prisonof fingerprint adopted in SingSing prison Sgt. John Kenneth Ferrier
Sgt. John Kenneth Ferrier = First fingerprint instructor at St. Louis Police D= First fingerprint instructor at St. Louis Police D ept. Missouri.ept. Missouri. 12. Is the person known for being
12. Is the person known for being the U.S. public enemy number one, who the U.S. public enemy number one, who attempt to destroy hisattempt to destroy his friction by applying a corrosive acid.
friction by applying a corrosive acid. a.
a. Robert Robert James James Pitts Pitts c. c. Roscoe Roscoe PittsPitts b. John Dillenger
b. John Dillenger d. d. John John AugustusAugustus Robert James Pitts = used surgery
Robert James Pitts = used surgery to destroy his friction ridges. Known as the Man without fingerprint.to destroy his friction ridges. Known as the Man without fingerprint. Also known by the name Roscoe Pitts.
Also known by the name Roscoe Pitts.
13. Is the scientific study of the prints of the soles of the feet? 13. Is the scientific study of the prints of the soles of the feet? a. Poroscopy
a. Poroscopy c. Podoscopyc. Podoscopy b.
b. Chiroscopy Chiroscopy d. d. DactyloscopyDactyloscopy
Chiroscopy –Chiroscopy – ( Greek word “ Cheir” –( Greek word “ Cheir” – a hand, “Skopien” –a hand, “Skopien” –to examine) study of the prints of theto examine) study of the prints of the palms of the hand.
Podoscopy –Podoscopy – ( Greek word “Podo” –( Greek word “Podo” – the foot, and Skopien the foot, and Skopien – – to the study of the footprints. to the study of the footprints.
Poroscopy –Poroscopy – (Greek word “poros” –(Greek word “poros” – a pare, and “Skopien” –a pare, and “Skopien” – to examine) study of the to examine) study of the arrangement of the sweat pores.
arrangement of the sweat pores. 14.
14. Is the science Is the science of fingerprint idof fingerprint identificationentification a.
a. dactyloscopy dactyloscopy c. c. dactylomancydactylomancy b. dactylography
b. dactylography d. d. dactylo-analysisdactylo-analysis
Dactyloscopy –Dactyloscopy – (derived from the Latin words (derived from the Latin wordsDactylDactyl = finger and = finger andSkopienSkopien – – to study or examine) to study or examine) is the practical application of the science of
is the practical application of the science of fingerprints.fingerprints.
Dactylography –Dactylography – is the scientific study of fingerprint as a m is the scientific study of fingerprint as a m eans of identification.eans of identification.
Dactylomancy –Dactylomancy – is the scientific study of fingerprint for purposes of is the scientific study of fingerprint for purposes of personality interpretation.personality interpretation. 15. The word finger was derived
15. The word finger was derived from what Latin word?from what Latin word? a.
a. dermis dermis c. c. digitusdigitus b. dactyl
b. dactyl d. d. skopienskopien Polydactyl = born with more than the reg
Polydactyl = born with more than the reg ular number of fingers.ular number of fingers. Macrodactyl = enlarged finger.
Macrodactyl = enlarged finger. Microdactyl = reduced/small finger. Microdactyl = reduced/small finger. Ectodactyl = missing finger at birth. Ectodactyl = missing finger at birth. Syndactyl = side fussion of the finger. Syndactyl = side fussion of the finger. 16. The principle in fin
16. The principle in fingerprint study that states that figerprint study that states that fingerprint cannot be forged. ngerprint cannot be forged. Fingerprint is aFingerprint is a reliable and a positive means of identification.
reliable and a positive means of identification. a.
a. principle principle of infalof infallibilitylibility b.
b. principle principle of permanof permanencyency c.
c. principle of principle of individualityindividuality
Dogmatic Principles of F.P. Identification Dogmatic Principles of F.P. Identification
1. Individuality = based on Statistical probability that no two persons have the same
1. Individuality = based on Statistical probability that no two persons have the same fingerprint.fingerprint. (1:64,000,000,000
(1:64,000,000,000 – – Francis Galton). Francis Galton).
2. Infallability = reliable, positive, not easy to be forged. 2. Infallability = reliable, positive, not easy to be forged.
3. Permanency/Constancy = F.P. is unchangeable. (Herman Welcker) 3. Permanency/Constancy = F.P. is unchangeable. (Herman Welcker) 17. What is the main layer
17. What is the main layer of the epidermis, which covers the of the epidermis, which covers the surface on which ridges are visible?surface on which ridges are visible? a. dermis
a. dermis c. c. stratum stratum corneoumcorneoum b.
b. stratum stratum mucusom mucusom d. d. sanguinal sanguinal stratumstratum Epidermis =outer layer
Epidermis =outer layer Dermis =inner layer Dermis =inner layer
Epidermis is divided into: stratum corneum and stratum mucosum Epidermis is divided into: stratum corneum and stratum mucosum 18. Friction skin
18. Friction skin (Epidermal skin/ Papillary skin)(Epidermal skin/ Papillary skin) may be damage permanently when which of its layermay be damage permanently when which of its layer was damage?
was damage? a. dermis
a. dermis c. c. dermal dermal papillaepapillae b.
b. epidermis epidermis d. d. generating generating layerlayer 19. How deep is the cut in order to produced permanent scar? 19. How deep is the cut in order to produced permanent scar?
a.
a. more more than than 1 1 cm cm c. c. 1 1 mm b. more than 1mm
20. Is that appears as tiny black line with white dots (called pores) in an inked finger impression? 20. Is that appears as tiny black line with white dots (called pores) in an inked finger impression?
a. sweat
a. sweat pores pores c. c. furrows furrows c. c. furrowsfurrows b. ridges
b. ridges d. d. sweat sweat ductduct 21. What are the
21. What are the depressed portions or canal structure of the depressed portions or canal structure of the friction skin (found between ridges).friction skin (found between ridges). a.
a. pores pores c. c. indentionsindentions b. furrows
b. furrows d. d. ductduct Component parts of Friction skin
Component parts of Friction skin 1. Ridge Surface
1. Ridge Surface a. Ridges = e
a. Ridges = elevated portion/hill like/black-lines.levated portion/hill like/black-lines.
b. Furrows = depressed portion/canal-like/ white space. b. Furrows = depressed portion/canal-like/ white space. 2. Sweat Pores= tiny/small openings/ tiny white dots.
2. Sweat Pores= tiny/small openings/ tiny white dots. 3. Sweat Duct = passage way o
3. Sweat Duct = passage way of sweat.f sweat. 4. Sweat Glands= the producer of sweat. 4. Sweat Glands= the producer of sweat. 22. How many standard fingerprint patterns are the
22. How many standard fingerprint patterns are the re? (types)re? (types) a. three
a. three c. eightc. eight
b.
b. two two d. d. ninenine 23. What pattern type
23. What pattern type has the ridges that enter on one has the ridges that enter on one side of the pattern and flow to tside of the pattern and flow to t he other sidehe other side with a rise in the center?
with a rise in the center? a.
a. loop loop c. c. tented tented archarch b.
b. plain plain archarch d. d. exceptional exceptional archarch Arch (5%) = Two types (2): plain (A) and t
Arch (5%) = Two types (2): plain (A) and t ented arch (T) --- (a) uptrust, (b) angle, ented arch (T) --- (a) uptrust, (b) angle, and (c) Incomplete loopand (c) Incomplete loop type.
type.
= no ridge count. = no ridge count.
Loop (60%)= Two types :radial and ulnar loop. Loop (60%)= Two types :radial and ulnar loop.
= core, dellta, a sufficient recurve, at least 1 ridge count. = core, dellta, a sufficient recurve, at least 1 ridge count. Whorl (35%)= Four types (4) plain whorl (W), central
Whorl (35%)= Four types (4) plain whorl (W), central pocket loop whorl (C), double loop whorl (D) andpocket loop whorl (C), double loop whorl (D) and accidental whorl (X).
accidental whorl (X).
= two or more deltas and at
= two or more deltas and at least one circuiting ridge.least one circuiting ridge.
24. What type of a pattern possesses an angle, an uptrust, or two of the three basic characteristics of 24. What type of a pattern possesses an angle, an uptrust, or two of the three basic characteristics of the loop?
the loop? a.
a. Plain Plain arch arch c. c. central central pocket pocket looploop b.
b. tented tented archarch d. d. accidental accidental whorlwhorl 25. In order for a
25. In order for a pattern to be considered as loop pattern to be considered as loop it should have _______ridge count.it should have _______ridge count. a. 1
a. 1 b. b. at leasat least 1t 1 c. c. 2 2 d. d. 33 26. What type of a
26. What type of a pattern has two deltas in which at pattern has two deltas in which at least one ridges makes a turn through least one ridges makes a turn through oneone complete circuit?
complete circuit? a.
a. arch arch b. b. accidental accidental whorl whorl c. c. looploop d. whorld. whorl 27. What is the type o
27. What is the type of a pattern in which the looping or f a pattern in which the looping or slanting ridges flows towards the little finger?slanting ridges flows towards the little finger? a.
a. loop loop b. b. radial radial looploop c.
c. ulnar ulnar loop loop d. d. tented tented archarch Radial loop (radius bone) = towards the thumb. Radial loop (radius bone) = towards the thumb. Ulnar loop (ulna bone) = towards the little finger. Ulnar loop (ulna bone) = towards the little finger.
28. The diagonal sign / means ________.
a. right hand ulnar c. left hand radial b. left hand ulnar d. none
29. What type of a pattern consisting of two ore more deltas, one or more ridge forming a complete circuitry and when an imaginary line is drawn from left delta to right delta it touches or cross the circuiting ridge/s considered as the most common type of whorl.
a. plain whorl c. central pocket loop whorl b. double loop whorl d. accidental whorl
Plain Whorl = lines from left to right delta cross/touch at least one circuiting ridge.
Central pocket loop whorl = lines from left to right delta does not cross/touch at least one circuiting ridge.
Double loop whorl = two separate loop/shoulders.
Accidental whorl = combination of two patterns, except with plain arch.
30. In an accidental whorl type o f pattern, what pattern is not included in the combination? a. ulnar loop b. plain whorl c. tented arch d. plain arch
31. The core and delta are also termed as _____?
a. inner terminus c. outer terminus b. focal point d. pattern area Fingerprint Terminus/Focal Points
Core – inner terminus Delta – outer terminus
32. Is a point along a ridge formation, which is found in front or near the center of the diverging typelines.
a. core c. island ridge
b. delta d. convergence
33. What is the rule where there are two or more possible bifurcation deltas which conform to the definition of delta?
a. the one nearest the core should be chosen b. the one away from the core should be counted
c. the one which does not open towards the core is counted d. the one towards the core should be counted
34. When a ridge bifurcates, sending two ridges across the imaginary line, how is it counted? a. one b. two c. three d. Six
35. What is that spreading of two ridges that previously running side by side? a. bifurcation c. convergence
b. divergence d. enclosure
36. What kind of a ridge resembles a dot, fragment or a period? a. lake c. ending ridge
b. island ridge d. incipient ridge
Basic types of ridges: ridge dot, ending ridge, bifurcation and short ridge.
Convergence = two separate ridges that meets at certain point. (meeting of two separate ridges).
Divergence = two ridges that spreads apart. (Spreading of two separate ridges) Bifurcation = single ridge that splits into two or m ore forming a Y-shape.
Enclosure = a single ridge that splits into two ridges and meets to form the original ridge. 37. What ridge divides itself into or more branches that meets to form the original figure?
a. bifurcation c. island ridge b. lake ridge d. convergence
38. What type of a ridge is that which curves back to the direction from which it started. a. diverging ridge c. recurving ridge
b. converging ridge d. bifurcation
39. Is a pointalong the recurving r idge in which the ridge curves inward. a. sufficient recurve c. appendage
b. obstruction ridge d. shoulder of loop
40. Is a short horizontal ridge found inside a recurving ridge which has spoiled the inner line o f flow from the inner delta to the center of the pattern. This is also found in the second type of central pocket loop.
a. bar c. uptrust
b. appendage d. obstruction
Appendage – is a short ridge found at the top or summit of a recurve.
Rod or Bar – is a short of long ridge found inside the recurve and directed towards the core or parallel to the recurve.
Uptrust = a horizontal ridge that makes a sufficient rise at the center.
41. Is the type of pattern in which the course is traced the line flow below the right delta and there are three intervening ridge.
a. meeting whorl c. outer whorl
b. inner whorl d. central pocket loop whorl Meeting whorl = there are two or less intervening ridge/s.
Inner whorl = with three (3) intervening ridge and t he tracing flows above/inside the right delta. 42. A ridge that is so thin or fine compare to other regular ridge which is not included as a ridge count even if it has been cross by the imaginary line.
a. ending ridge c. incipient ridge
b. intervening ridge d. enclosure
43. What is that ridge that divides into two ridges and which resembles a fork structure a. divergence c. convergence
b. bifurcation d. enclosure
44. Ridge forms in the person’s fingers and feet during its infants stage which usually starts: a. 3rd to 4th months of the fetus life
b. 4th to 5th months of the fetus life c. 5th to 6th months of the fetus life d. 5th to 6th months before birth
3rd to 4th months of the fetus life or 5th to 6ht months before birth. Epidermis = temporary destruction
Dermis = permanent destruction
45. Is the process of counting the ridges which intervene between the delta and core of a loop? a. ridge tracing c. ridge counting
b. ridge tracking d. ridge summing Ridge tracing = between tracing ridge and right delta.
Intervening ridge = ridges between tracing ridge and right delta. Ridge count = ridges between delta and core.
46. What fingers are rolled towards the body in taking a rolled impression? a. both little finger c. both thumb finger
b. all finger except thumb d. both index finger Types of fingerprint impression on the FP Card
Rolled impression = taken individually by rolling the finger from the tip to t he end of the first joint. Used for classification purposes.
Plain Impression = taken simultaneously by simply pressing the ten fingers. It serves as guide or reference in checking the rolled impression.
47. Is an instrument used for the spreading of the fingerprint ink to the slab? a. Fingerprint brush c. Fingerprint lifting tapes
b. Fingerprint roller d. fingerprint card Fingerprint card =where F.P. is recorded (8”X8”)
Ink slab = metal/glass plate where ink is spread.
48. Is the process of placing the letter symbols under each pattern as the results of the interpretation of all ten fingers.
a. classification formula
b. reference classification (additional classification formula) c. blocking out
d.fingerprint identification
49. Is the symbol used to represent a plain arch. a. T b. A c. P d. W
50. Is the division in the classification formula which is always represented by numerical value depending upon a whorl pattern appearing in each finger.
a. primary b. key c. final d. Major
Primary div. = derived from the sum of the numerator and denominator plus the pre-established fraction of 1/1.
51. In assigning a number value to w horl pattern, what finger should be given a value of 4 when a whorl pattern appears therein:
a. left little finger and right thumb b. right thumb and left little finger c. right little finger and left thumb d. left thumb and right
52. If all the fingers in the right hand are whorls and all the fingers of the left hand are loops, what will be the primary division?
a. 25/29 b. 29/25 c. 24/28 d. 28/24 P = 1/1 + the sum of N/D =25/29
16 8 0 0 0 = 24
16 8 4 0 0= 28
1 3 5 7 9 (fingers)
53. What patterns are included in the secondary division in deriving the small letter category. a. ulnar loop, plain arch and tented arch
b. radial loop, ulnar and arch
c. radial, plain arch and tented arch d. radial, ulnar, plain arch
Secondary div. = combination of Capital Letters (index fingers) and small letters (from T, M, R, and L fingers = r,a,t).
54. What would be the secondary divisions if all the right hand fingers are radial loops while all the left hand fingers are tented arches.
a. 3Rr b. rR3r c. R3r d. R4r
3Tt tT3t T3t T4t
Secondary div. = combination of Capital Letters (index fingers) and small letters (from T, M, R, and L fingers = r,a,t).
55. What is the interpretation for a ridge count on the left index that reaches 8. a. exceptional c. radial loop
b. inner loop d. outer loop
Sub-secondary = derived by ridge counting loop and r idge tracing whorl appearing in the Index, Middle and Ring fingers.
Loops = Inner (I) or Outer (0)
Index (9), Middle (10), and Ring (13) Whorls = Meeting (M), Inner (I), and Outer (O) Arches = Dash (-)
56. In interpreting a loop pattern, what is the numerical value of S in the left hand?
a. 1 to 11 c. 1 to 17
b. 18 to 22 d. 12 to 16
57. In a loop pattern, when the number of the ridges on the left thumb is 17 or more, it constitutes as: a. exceptional c. isolation
b. alteration d. Conditional Major Div. = derived from both thumb fingers. Loops = R. C. = S, M, L
Whorls = R.T. = M,O,I Arches = Dash (-)
58. In ridge counting a plain whorl or central pocket loop whorl in the little finger it is derived by: a. getting the ridge count of the top loop (double loop whorl)
b. treating it as ulnar loop
c. getting the least ridge count (accidental whorl) d. getting the delta opposite each hand
59. What division in the classification formula is derived from both little finger and is place at the extreme right of the classification formula.
60. The key division is the division in the classification which is located at the extreme left of the classification formula and it is taken by getting the ridge count of _______?
a. loop pattern c. first loop b. first radial loop d. first whorl
Key div = derived from the ridge count of the First Loop, EXCEPT the little finger. = If there were no loops, get the ridge count of the First Whorl.
= Only numerator.
61. In case of a missing digits or an amputated finger, what will be the classification of said missing finger?
a. The same as the corresponding digit of the other hand b. Plain whorl with meeting tracing
c. Mutilated finger d. None
One finger is missing/amputated = interpreted as the same as the corresponding digit of the other hand.
Both are amputated or missing = plain whorl with meeting tracing. If all fingers are missing/amputated the formula:
FPC = M 32 W MMM M 32 W MMM
62. Prints found at the scene of the crime. a. suspected prints
b. molded prints c. latent prints
d. prints made by contamination with colored substance. 63. Prints which were left in the place accidentally or unconsciously?
a. chance prints c. fragmentary prints b. smudge prints d. latent prints
Latent prints
1. visible (molded prints or made by contamination with colored substance) 2. Invisible = made from sweat.
64. What method of developing latent prints in paper is best to be used being easy to apply and less destructive to the paper.
a. iodine fuming c. ninhydrin method b. silver nitrate method d. dusting method
Dusting = traditional/simplest method of developing prints in the crime scene.
65. What kind of a filter should a photographer use to improve the contrast of a latent fingerprint impression dusted with black powder on a gree n background?
a. yellow filter c. red filter b. green filter d. blue filter
66. What kind of a filter should a photographer use to improve the contrast of a latent fingerprint impression dusted with gray powder on a yellow background?
a. yellow filter b. green filter c. red filter d. violet filter
Opposite Colors:
Blue – Orange Green – Red Yellow – Violet
67. The identification of two impression can be established primarily through: a. formation of different types of pattern
b. formation of the two terminus c. unexplained similarity of ridges
d. similarity of ridge characteristics in their relative positions (a and b are used for classification)
68. Is a card used in recording and preserving developed latent print? a. Fingerprint lifting tapes
b. Evidence Identification tags c. Fingerprint transfer card
d. Post-mortem fingerprint equipment
69. In case of split thumb, which should be classified? a. get the smaller one
B. get the outer one C. get the bigger one D. get the inner one
70. In case of wounded finger, how should fingerprint be taken? a. Just take the subject fingerprint.
b. don’t print said finger and left the rolled impression box empty.
c. don’t print the finger and wr ite in the box wounded
71. What modern method of developing print is best use when all conventional methods becomes ineffective?
a. iodine fuming c. ninhydrin method b. laser method d. dusting method
72. Prints made by blood, dust or dirt or other coloring substances: a. visible prints c. invisible prints
b. chance prints d. fragmentary prints
73. In filing classified fingerprint card what should be the first attempt to be made: a. primary numerator
b. secondary numerator c. primary denominator d. secondary denominator
74. What division of the classification formula is left blank if all fingers are amputated. a. Mayor and key c. key and final
b. Key and primary d. final and major 75. Is the term applied to cases of missing or cut finger?
a. Mutilated finger c. Amputated finger b. Fragmentary finger d. Deformities
76. What will be the primary Division if all fingers are missing or cut.
a. 1/1 c. 31/31
b. 32/32 d. 16/16
77. Reagents commonly used in liquid method are the following, exc ept: a. Silver nitrate c. victoria blue e. none b. Ninhydrin d. tetra methyl benzidine
78. The type of latent print which is made from blood, dust or dirt? a. Chance prints b. semi-visible
c. Visible prints d. fragmentary
79. Which is not a process of developing using the ninhydrin method? a. immersion b. spraying
c. dusting d. brushing
80. Once the latent print has been visualized, it must be preserved by: a. Developing the latent print
b. Lifting the impression c. Photography
d. Brushing it
=====================================================================================
FORENSIC PHOTOGRAPHY
= it is the application of the principles of photography to law or administration of justice.
Police photography = the application of photography to police work. Also known in its old usage as black and white photography.
1. The word Photography was coined by _____? a. John F. W. Herschel
b. Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre (Daguerreo type c. Henry Fox Talbot (Talo or Calo type)
d. Leonardo Da Venci
2. What is considered as the utmost used of photography in police work? a. for identification c. for preservation
b. for record purpose d. for court presentation
Personal Identification = first used of photography in police work.
3. The theory of light which states that it is produced as an energy made by action of some small particles such as electron and protons.
a. Wave theory c. Corpuscular theory b. Modified wave theory d. spectrum theory 4. It is characterized as the bending of light.
a. reflection c. refraction
b. dispersion d. defraction Reflection = bouncing of light.
Dispersion = the spread of light as it bends forming the light spectrum.
5. In Photographing the scene of t he crime, what view should be used in order to show the best feature of the nature of the crime scene?
a. medium c. close-up
b. general d. extreme close-up
General view = over-all view. Close-up = details of crime scene.
Extreme close-up =details of physical evidence.
6. Is an electromagnetic energy which travels with the speed of 186, 000 miles per second a. light b. energy c. rays d. radiation
7. Light travels in a form of a wave according to wave theory of Huygens. What is that unit of light wavelength which is express in ten millionth part of a millimeter.
a. Millimicron c. Nanometer
b. Angstrom d. Micron
Millimicron / Nanometer = one millionth part of mm. Micron = equivalent to one thousand part of millimicron. 8. Is the action of light when passing a transparent object.
a. Absorbed c. reflected
b. TRANSMITTED d. refracted
Reflected = bouncing of light.
Absorbed = light that is block by the surface where it falls such as black cloth (opaque) Transmitted = light that passed through usually in a transparent object such as plain glass. Refracted =light that bends.
9. Is the condition of the sunlight where object in an open space c ast a transparent or bluish shadow.
a. bright light c. dull sunlight
b. hazy sunlight d. none of these
Dull sunlight = thick clouds covers the sun, no shadow will be produced. Hazy sunlight = thin clouds covers the sun.
Bright sunlight = clear sky, well de fined shadow, glossy object.
10. An artificial light source which contains in its tube certain powders capable of illuminating with some support from small amount of electricity. It is c ommonly used in the house or commercial
establishment.
a. Incandescent lamp c. fluorescence lamp b. photo flood lamp d. flash bulb
Sources of light
1. Natural light source such as sunlight, starlight, lightning etc.
2. Artificial /Man-made light (short duration and long continuous) Flash bulb, Incandescent lamp, Fluorescent lamp, spotlight or reflectorized light.
11. Light in which there wavelength are either too short or too long to excite the retina of the human eye?
a. visible c. invisible
b. natural d. artificial or man-made Visible light =
Invisible light = (X-ray, ultra-violet light, and Infra-red light etc.)
12. What color will be produced by the combination of a red and blue color?
a. magenta c. yellow
b. cyan d. Green
Primary colors == Blue, Green and Re d Blue + Green = cyan
Green + Red = yellow Blue + Red = magenta
Secondary = cyan, yellow and magenta 13. How many photographic rays are there?
a. three b. five c. four d. nine
14. What photographic rays have the longest wavelength? a. infra-red c.ultra-violet b. visible rays d. x-rays X-ray (roentgen rays) = .01 to 30 millimicron. Ultra-violet light (black light) =30 to 400 mill. Visible light = 400 to 700 millimicron.
Infra-red (heat rays) = 700 to 1000 millimicron
15. Is a type of an artificial light which makes sympathetic inks visible? a. ultra-violet c. infra-red
b. transparent light d. oblique light
16. What determine the amount of light a flash unit will yield at a given distance? a. luminescence b. wattage
c. guide number d. light meter
Light meter = an accessory of a camera which measures the amount of reflected light. 17. Laser light is also referred to as ______?
a. ultra-violet c. visible b. coherent d. Heat 18. Hologram refers to a :
a. 1 dimensional image in a film. b. 2- dimensional image in a film c. 3 – dimensional image in a film d. 4 – dimensional image in a film 3D –image (length, height and width)
19. Sidelight photography is usually done to show ________in a questioned document. A. Stamped out writing C. Watermarks
B. Faded writing D. Erasures Direct light = support photographing.
Oblique light = from one side at a v ery low angle. Side light = from one side.
Transmitted light =from the back/bottom
20. Specifically, the camera is needed in photography to_________. a. record the image
b. . Exclude all unwanted and unnecessary lights c. makes the image visible
21. How many parts does a camera generally has, with all other parts treated as accessories?
a. five c. six
b. four d. Three
22. What lens system of the camera reflects the light passing the lens and mirror making the image possible to be viewed from the view finder.
a. pentaprism c. condenser
b. shutter d. filter
Condenser = is that part of the enlarger that ensures even illumination of the light to the negative.
Filter = is a piece of plastic or glass used to subtract or control light passing through it.
23. Is that part of the camera which controls the passage of light reaching the sensitized material? It compared to the eyelid of the human eye.
a. lens c. shutter
b. lens opening d. film plane
24. Is that part of the camera which provides a means of determining the extent of the area coverage of a given lens.
a. lens c. view finder
b. shutter d. pentaprism
25. Is a camera accessory designed to fix the camera focus and avoid its unusual movement during the process of photographing?
a. cable release c. stand
b. tripod d. camera strap
26. What problem is usually encountered by a photographer in using a flash unit? a. neutral density c. synchronization
b prospective d. Parallax
Synchronization = timing between the shutter and the flash.
Parallax = omission of an object. Image viewed in the view finder is not exactly produce in the photograph.
27. To readily determine the degree of magnification of a subject in a photograph ________ should be place beside the subject.
A. Ruler C. rangefinder
B. Scale bed D. Gray-scale
28. Why must the taking of photographs from an unusual camera position in crime photography be avoided?
a. it distorts the focus
b. it distorts the perspective c. it distorts the magnification d.it distorts the texture
29. What type of a camera is ideal to police photography? a. view finder type c. single lens reflex (SLR) b. twin lens reflex (TLR) d. press/view camera SLR = is an interchangeable lens type of camera.
View finder = simplest /cheapest
TLR = one lens for focusing/ one for forming. View or Press = biggest and expensive.
30. What type of a film has the longest range of sensitivity in the electromagnetic spectrum called? a. orthochromatic film c. blue-sensitive film
Film = is a sheet of celluloid or glass coated with an emulsion of silver halides suspended in gelatin which retains on invisible image when exposed to light.
Black & White Film =“ortho” or “pan”
Colored (negative type—color or reversal -- chrome)
31. What emulsion speed indicator is express in an arithmetic form? a. ISO b. DIN c. ASA d. GNP
ASA – American Standard Association
10, 20, 30 , 40 , 50, 100, 200, 400, 800, 1000 DIN - DeutcheIndustreNormen
3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36 ISO = International Standard Organization.
32. Assuming all conditions will be the same, which film gives the finest of grains?
a. ASA 1000 b. ASA 100 c. ASA 200 d. ASA 400 Film speed/emulsion speed = the higher the number the more sensitive or faster the film. Finest grains = the lower the number the finer the grains.
33. In Police Photography, what is the ideal weight for enlarging paper? a. double weight c. medium weight
b. single weight d. light weight
34. What photo paper is ideal to be used in a normal exposed film? a. # 1 b. # 3 c. # 2 d. # 4
# 0 for extremely overexposed and # 1 for overexposed # 3, #4 and #5 are for underexposed
35. What photo paper according to its chemical content is best suited for police photography? a. Chloride paper c. Chloro-bromide
b. Bromide paper d. Iodide paper 36. A convex lens is capable of?
a. reducing the object
b. making the object appear hairy c. enlarging the object
d. reducing the size of the picture Convex = thicker at the center.
(positive/converging lens)
Concave = thinner at the center. (negative/diverging lens)
37. Zoom lens is composed of?
a. Positive lens c. negative lens
b. a and c d. none
38. Is a lens defect which unable for the lens to focus both horizontal and vertical lines in a plane at the same time
a. Coma c. Distortion
b. Astigmatism d. Chromatic aberration Coma / lateral aberration = straight line becomes blurred.
Distortion = a defect not in blurredness but in shape. (barrel/pinchusion) Chromatic aberration = defects in color.
39. What type of a lens is used in a simplest and cheapest type of a camera? a. rapid rectillinear lens c. meniscus lens
b. anastigmat lens d. achromatic lens e. Apochromatic lens
Meniscus = no correction
Rapid rectillinear = corrected from distortion. Anastigmat = corrected from astigmatism
Achromatic = corrected from chromatic aberration.
40. What kind of diaphragm opening should a photographer used in order to get a wider depth of field?
a. wider c. shorter
b. smaller d. Longer
F-Number = focal length/diameter of the whole lens f 2.8, f -4, f-5.6, f-8, f-11, f-16
41. What lens has a variable focal le ngth?
a. wide angle lens c. telephotolens b. normal focus lens d. zoom lens
Wide angle/short focus = less than 35mm focal length. Incre ase the area coverage but reduce the size of the object.
Normal/medium focus = based on human vision. (more than 35mm but not more than two times the diagonal half of the negative).
Telephoto/long focus = reduced the area coverage but enlarged the size of the object.
42. A type of a lens that would make an object to be exaggeratedly closes to the photographer and is ideal in stake out surveillance photography.
a. short focus lens c. telephoto lens b. normal focus lens d. wide angle lens
43. What is the range of distance from the nearest object to the farthest object that is sharp when the lens is set or focused at a particular distance?
a. focal length c. depth of field b. hyperfocal distance d. Focusing
44. The determining factor of the size of an image as well as the area of coverage of a given camera lens is the?
a. focal length c. Diaphragm opening b. hyper-focal distance d. Depth of field
Focal length = is the distance from the optic center of the lens to film plane once the lens is focus in an infinite position.
Focal distance = distance from the camera lens to the nearest object.
Hyperfocal distance = the nearest distance between the optic center of the lens to the nearest object that would give the maximum depth of field.
45. When one uses a Photographic filter in taking a photograph, he is actually __________light rays or color from the light to reach the film.
a. adding b. multiplying c. subtracting d. Dividing 46. A filter used in photographing fingerprints on a shiny or highly polished surfaced because it reduces or eliminates glare is known as:
A. Neutral density C. Color
B. Polarizing D. Contrast filter
47. Is the light condition where object in an open space cast a deep and uniform shadow. a. Bright sunlight b. Dull sunlight c. Hazy sunlight d. dark sunlight
48. If the basic exposure for a given film in bright sunlight is l/125, f11, the exposure setting at dull sunlight would be?
a. 1/125 f4 c. 1/125 f8
b. 1/125 f5.6 d. 1/125 f16 BS = 1/125 , f-11
HS= 1/125 , f-8 DS = 1/125 , f-5.6
49. The part of enlarger that will assure the even illumination of the negative when enlarging is the:
A. Lamp house C. Condenser
B. Bellows D. Focusing speed
50. What is the recommended size of photographic evidence? a. 5 x 7 inches b. Passport size
c. 2 x 2 inches d. 4 x 8 inches
51. What is the usual time of fixing of a negative or a photogr aph? a. five to six minutes
b. ten to fifteen twelve
c. one to one and half minutes d. twenty to thirty minutes
5- 6 minutes = Developing time for D-76 1 – 1 ½ minutes = developing time for dektol 52. Is the reducers or the developing agents.
a. Elon, Hydroquinone c. sodium sulfate b. sodium carbonate d. potassium bromide Sodium sulfate = preservative
Potasium alum/ Potassium bromide = hardener.
53. The need for long and continuous washing in water of a negative or finished print is to remove the presence of___________ because its presence will result to the early fading.
A. Sodium sulfite C. Acetic acid
B. Potassium alum D. Hypo
Sodium thiosulfate (Hypo) = the fixing o r dissolving agent. Acetic acid = neutralizer
54. Error in the processing step like overdevelopment could be remedied by the used of a:
A. reducer c. Bleacher
b. intensifier d. stain remover
53. What is that process of eliminating unwanted portions of a negative during enlarging process?
a. dodging c. burning-in
b. vignetting d. Cropping Cropping = omitting an object.
Burning –in =additional exposure on the desired portion of a negative. Vignetting = gradual fading of the image towards the side.
55. What is the functions of the boric acid and acetic acids in the fixer? a. as preservative c. as hardener
b. as neutralizer d. as dissolving agent Preservative = sodium sulfate
Neutralizer = acetic acid/boric acid
Hardener = potassium alum/potassium bromide.
56. The chemical that will dissolve all the unexposed and undeveloped silver halides after development is the?
a. acetic acid c. hypo
b. sodium sulfate d. potassium alum 57. What shutter speed will freeze a moving object?
c. Fast shutter d. moderate shutter Fast shutter = freeze a moving object.
B-shutter = used when taking photograph at night or when the source of light is low. Used together with cable release and tripod.
58. How much light will the combination of 1/125, f-4 has compare to 1/250, f-5.6. a. equal b. 2 times c. four times d. 6 times
1/125, f -4 = 1/250, f-5.6
59. That part of the camera responsible for transmitting the light to form the image (Image forming device).
a. Light tight box b. shutter
c. Lens d. view finder
60. It is the process of taking a magnified (enlarged) photograph of small object obtained by attaching an extended tube lens to a camera.
a. Photomicrography b. Photomacrography c. Microphotography d. Photomacrograph 61. Is a magnified photograph of small object obtained by attaching a camera to the ocular of a compound microscope.
a. Photomicrography b. Microphotograph c. Photomicrograph d. Photomacrograph
Photomicrography and photomacrography are process. Photomacrograph = is an enlarged photograph.
Microphotograph = is a reduced photograph. making big object small. 62. Is that part of the sensitized which is sensitive to light.
a. emulsion b. Anti halation c. base d. coating Anti halation = designed to prevent further reflexes by absorbing excess light.
63. Is that substance present in the emulsion surface of the film or photo paper which is sensitive to light.
a. silver nitrate b. silver halides c. silver chloride d. silver bromide
64. Taking photograph in back lighting will produce what image?
a. Good image b. Bad image
c. fare image d. better image ** what is required in front lighting**
65. What is meant by total take?
a. photograph the crime scene in all angles. b. Photograph only important evidence. c. Photograph the crime scene
d. Photograph the body of the crime.
===================================================================================== Forensic Ballistics
= it is the science of firearms identification by means of an ammunition fired from them 1. The word forensic means _______?
a. Forum
c. market place
d. In connection with administration of justice
The word forensic was derived from the Latin word “forum” meaning a “market place”, a place where people gathered for public discussion.
2. The person accredited as successful inventor of gun powder. a. Horace smith
b. Alexander John Forsyth c. Berthhold Schwartz d. Col Calvin H. Goddard
Calvin H. Goddard = father of modern ballistics.
Horace Smith= founder of Smith and Wesson company. 3. It is the science of mobility of the projectile.
a. forensic ballistics c. applied physics b. ballistics d. applied science
4. Is that branch of ballistics which t reats of the motion of the projectile while it is in its flight? a. Interior b. terminal c. exterior d. forensic
Interior = before leaving the gun muzzle. Exterior = upon leaving the gun muzzle. Terminal = upon reaching/hitting the target.
5. Is a Greek word from which the word “ballistics” was derived which means “to throw” a. Ballistics c. Ballein or ballo
b. Catapult d. Ballista
Ballista = is a gigantic catapult (Roman war machine) designed to throw stone to the enemy. 6. It refers to the motion of the projectile once it enters a rifled barrel of a gun.
a. Direct c. Transnational
b. Rotatory d. Twist
Direct = forward movement.
Rotatory = twist of the bullet either to the R or L. Translational = change in the motion of the bullet.
7. What initiates the combustion of the gunpowder in a shell.
a. hammer c. trigger
b. primer d. flash hole
Trigger = release the hammer. Hammer = push the firing pin. Firing pin = hits the primer.
Primer = imparts ignition to the gun powder
Flash hole = where the primer imparts ignition to the gun powder.
8. Is the rearward reaction of the firearm in relation to the forward movement of the bullet upon firing? a. percussion action c. back fire
b. recoil d. ricochet
Percussion action = is the ignition of the priming mixture. Jump = upward reaction of the gun.
9. Is the stillness or the steadiness of the bullet in flight? (Straight travel in flight) a. key hole shot c. yaw
b. ricochet d. gyroscopic action
Recochet =bouncing of bullet as a result o f not penetrating or hitting a hard object. Yaw = unstable rotation motion of bullet.
Key hole shot = thumbling of bullet in flight hitting the tar get sideways. 10. The actual pattern or curve path of the bullet in flight.
a. curve c. gyroscopic action
b. trajectory d. drop of bullet
11. Is the rate of speed of the bullet per unit of time, expressed in ft/sec? a. muzzle velocity c. muzzle blast
b. velocity d. Trajectory
Muzzle blast = noise or sound generated at the muzzle point. Muzzle velocity = the speed at which the bullet leaves the muzzle.
12. It is the distance at which the gunner has the co ntrol of shot. Where the bullet travel str aight. a. Maximum range c. Maximum effective range
b. Accurate range d. Effective range
Range = imaginary straight distance between muzzle and t he target. Effective range = distance where bullet is lethal.
Maximum effective range = farther distance wher e bullet is still lethal. Maximum range= farthest possible distance of travel.
13. Is the size of the bullet grouping on the target?
a. Terminal penetration c. Terminal accuracy b. Terminal trajectory d. Muzzle velocity
14. What type of a firearm propels a projectile with more than one inch diameter? a. small arms c. artillery
b. machine gun d. Cannon Artillery =more than one inch
Small Arms = less than one inch
Machine gun = automtic/continuous firing
Shoulder arm = carry/fired with the aid of the shoulder. Hand gun = can be fired in one hand.
15. A type of a firearm in which the mechanism is so arranged that makes it capable of continuous firing in a single press of a trigger and while the trigger is press.
a. machine gun c. sub-machine gun (SMG) b. grease gun d. shoulder arm
SMG and grease gun are the same.
16. What type of a firearm is designed to propel a project ile by means of compressed air or strong string?
a. air rifle c. Springfield armory
17. A type of a firearm which propels a number of lead pellets in one charge to a smooth bore barrel.
a. rifle c. machine gun
b. shotgun d. Musket
Smooth bore = without rifling
a. musket =muzzle loading/ancient weapon
b. shotgun = breech loading/a number of lead pellets. Rifled bore = with rifling
a. rifle
b. carbine = short barrel rifle (less than 22”)
18. What type of a firearm is commonly used by cavalry. (riding a horse)
a. carbine c. pistol
b. revolver d. rifle
Revolver = ideal for horse riding.
19. What type of a hand firearm has a rotating cylinder that serves as the magazine and which successively places cartridge into position for firing.
a. pistol c. rifle
b. revolver d. Carbine
20. A type of a firearm in which pressure upon the trigger w ill both cock and release the hammer. a. single action c. single shot
b. double action d. repeating arms Single action =requires manual cocking.
21. What type of a firearm contains rifling (land and grooves) only a few inch from t he muzzle point? a. cylinder type c. rifled bore
b. choke d. Paradox
22. What type of a firearm is fed by chamber?
a. single shot F/A c. bolt action b. slid action d. repeating arms Cylinder type = equal diameter
Choke type = reducing diameter
Paradox = with rifling a few inch from the muzzle point.
23. Generally applied to all home made gun, j ust as the one used by juvenile delinquent in United States.
a. zip gun c. freakish gun
b. grease gun d. paltik
24. A copper jacketed type of a bullet is usually fired from a:
a. rifle b. pistol c. revolver d. pistol and revolver Freakish gun = a tool in which F/ A mechanism is attached.
Paltik = the counter part of zip gun in the Phils. 25. Known as the smallest pistol in the world.
a. Colibre c. senorita b. cal 22 d. Kolibre
26. Is that part of a firearm which houses all the other parts.
a. housing c. frame
b. casing d. chamber
27. The mechanism of a firearm which withdraws the empty shells from the chamber?
a. Ejector c. Extractor
b. Firing pin d. Extractor pin
Extractor = causes the empty shell to be withdrawn/pull out from the chamber. Ejector = causes the empty shell to be thrown out of the firearm.
28. In case that cartridge cases are found at the scene of firing it only means that_____firearm was used.
a. single shot c. bold action b. automatic d. double action
29. What is that condition in firing at which the cartridge took several seconds before it discharged upon firing? (delayed in the discharged of the cartridge).
a. mis-fire c. hang fire
b. backfire d. Backshot
Misfire = failure to discharged.
Hangfire = delay in the discharged of firearm.
30. What is the steel block that closes the rear of the bore against the force of the charge? a. breechface c. breechblock
b. hammer d. chamber
Breechface = the flat surface where the base of the shell comes in contact when fired. Chamber = part of the f/a where cartridge is placed when ready to be fired.
31. Type of primer consisting of two flash hole or vent.
a. Berdan c. Battery
b. Boxer d. none
Boxer=one flash hole; Battery= shotgun primer. 32. Father of percussion ignition.
a. Alexander John Forsyth b. Roger Bacon
c. Bethold Schwartz d. Veillie
Veillie = developed smokeless powder for rifle.
33. Primers are used for igniting the propellant charge by means of a blow from the firing pin on the primer cup producing flames that passes through the:
a. Anvil c. Vent/ flash hole
b. Paper disc d. Primer cup
Anvil = solid metallic support.
Paper disc= thin foil/animal skin which protect the priming mixture from moist. Primer cup = gilding metal cup which holds the priming mixture.
34. Is a complete unfired unit consisting of bullet, primer, gun powder and shell: a. ammunition c. shotgun cartridge
b. cartridge d. missile
Ammunition =loaded shell.
Shotgun cartridge = consists of pellet, gunpowder, primer, shell and wads. 35. Is that type of ammunition which does not have bullet used in film-making:
a. dummy c. drill
b. blank d. live
36. Is the type of cartridge with a rim diameter which is smaller than the diameter of the body of the cartridge?
a. Belted type c. Rimless
b. Rebated d. Rimmed type
37. Is the type of cartridge in which is the priming mixture is not found at the cavity rim of the c artridge case?
a. Pin fire c. Center fire
b. Rimmed type d. Rim fire 38. A 12 gauge shotgun has an equivalent diameter of:
a. .730” b. .729” c. .726” d. .724”
39. European made firearm are usually refer red in millimeter in determining calibers, when you talk of 9mm you are referring to?
a. .38 cal c. .45 cal
b. .357 cal d. .30 cal
40. A metallic or non-metallic cylindrical ball propel from a firearm.
a. bullet b. slug
c. projectile d. missile e. all of these Projectile = metallic and non metallic ball propel from a firearm. Bullet = projectile usually fired from small arms.
Slug =other term/police term for bullet.
Shot = also referred to as slug/commonly used in shotgun. Missile = used for artillery.
41. A type of a bullet designed to be fired at night which emits a bright flame at its base and usually colored red-tip.
a. armor piercing c. tracer b. incendiary d. explosive
Armor piercing = used in light metallic tar get/harden metal core. Incendiary = design to set fire upon impact (blue tip)
Explosive = design to fragment.
42. A type of a bullet made in order to inflict greater damage used by India. (expanding bullet)
a. Dum-Dum c. expanding bullet
b. baton round d. explosive e. mushroom bullet
43. A bullet covered with thick coating of a copper alloy to prevent leading is known as: a. Plated bullet c. Metal cased bullet
b. Jacketed bullet d. Metal point bullet
44. Shots consisting of a small lead ball or pe llets which are made by dropping with the e xception of the very largest sizes which are made by molding are known as:
a. Soft shots c. Buck shots
b. Drop shots d. Chilled shots
45. A miscellaneous type of bullet design as anti riot, basically made from rubber at a large r caliber. a. Discarding sabot c. Baton Round
b. Flechette d. Frangible
Discarding Sabot = design for greater v elocity.
Flechette = a number of nail type or neddle-like projectile.
46. Is a metallic or non-metallic cylindrical container which serves as the projector for the propellant against moisture?
a. Bullet c. Cartridge case
b. Primer d. Paper disc
47. Is that part of the cartridge case which characterized by a cylindrical grooves that prevents the bullet from being push down to the cartridge?
a. Crimp c. Shoulder
b. Neck d. Cannelure
Crimp = prevent loss/pull out.
48. A cylindrical groove around the body of a bullet which may contains lubricating substances and which can be the basis in determining its m anufacturer.
a. Body c. ogive
b. Bullet crimp d. bullet cannelure 49. Black powder basically composed of:
a. 75% potassium chlorate, 15% charcoal and 10% sulfur. b. 75% potassium nitrate, 15% charcoal and 10% sulfur. c. 75% potassium chlorate, 10 % charcoal and 15 % sulfur. d. 75% potassium nitrate, 10% charcoal and 15% sulfur. 50. A form of smokeless powder made from sticks or cords?
a. balistite c. cordite
c. powder B d. nitroglycerine
51. The don’t MAC rule in collect ion of physical evidence stands for: Mutilate, Alter and ____?
a. Cut c. contaminate
b. Consume d. conserve
52. Is the part of the cartridge case which holds the primer securely in a central position and providing a solid support for the primer anvil?
a. Flash hole c. Extractor groove
Rim = limits the forward movement of the cartridge to the cylinder. 53. The caliber of a bullet is measured through?
a. Two opposite lands
b. Measuring the base diameter c. using the caliper
d. using a micrometer
54. Is the helical groove mark found inside the bore of the barrel designed to impart rotation motion of the bullet
a. lands c. rifling
b. grooves d. pitch of rifling
55. A fired bullet with six lands and grooves twisted to the right is fired from the barrel of a firearm with identical class characteristics as that of:
a. Browning c. Colt
b. Smith and Wesson d. Steyer
56. The pitch of rifling (rate of twist) in the barrel of a firearm is called as____? a. land
b. one complete revolution of bullet c. groove
d. range
57. What instrument is used in measuring the pitch of rifling of a firearm? a. calipher c. tortion balance
b. helixometer d. Chronograph Caliper = measure caliber
Chronograph = measure velocity.
58. Fired Cartridge case/shell are usually mark at the _________? a. outside near open mouth b. side or body of the shell c. inside near open mouth d. any of the above
59. Fired bullet found at the scene of the crime are usually marked at the ______.
a. Ogive c. Base e. none of the above
b. Nose d. Any of the above
60. Fired bullet/fired shell are usually mark with: a. Initial of the investigator
b. Initials of investigator and date of recovery. c. Letter “t” plus the last two digit of the firearm.
d. Letter “t-1, t-2…., plus the last two digit of the firearm use.
61. It is the list of the people who have handled the physical evidence from the time of its discovery until their final disposition in court.
a. Evidence list c. Chain link
