Top Grammar upgrade

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Franca Invernizzi · Daniela Villani

Stefania Mastrantonio · David A. Hill

CEF A1 to B2+

UPGRADE

PET

,

FCE

and

TRINITY

exam preparation

Lexical focus, extensive practice and revision

Interactive Book, CD-ROM and listenings

TOP

_GRAMMAR

TOP

with

Answer

Keys

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The words of grammar

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Present be

Lexical theme | Family and Friends

1 Be (I am, I’m not, Are you…?) 12

2 Be – Usi ed espressioni idiomatiche 14

3 There is / There are; Here is / Here are 16

4 It’s / That’s – Uso impersonale 18

Review 1 | Units 1–4 CD ROM ₂₀

Exam Practice 1 22

have got

Lexical theme | Physical description and clothing

5 Have got (I’ve got, I haven’t got, Have you got…?) 24

6 Have e have got – Usi ed espressioni idiomatiche 26

Review 2 | Units 5–6 CD ROM ₂₈

Present simple

Lexical theme | Routines

7 Present simple – Forma (1) (I walk, I don’t walk) 32

8 Present simple – Forma (2) (Do you walk?) 34

9 Present simple & frequency adverbs – Usi (1) 36

10 Present simple – Usi (2) 38

Review 3 | Units 7–10 CD ROM ₄₀

Present continuous

Lexical theme | Hobbies

11 Present continuous – Forma (1) (I am leaving) 44

12 Present continuous – Forma (2) (I am not leaving, Are you leaving?) 46

13 Present continuous – Usi 48

14 Present simple and Present continuous – Differenze d’uso 50

15 Action verbs and state verbs 52

Review 4 | Units 11–15 CD ROM ₅₄

Past simple

Lexical theme | Holidays

16 Be past simple (I was, I wasn’t, Were you…?) 58

17 Past simple – Forma (1) (I worked, I went) 60

18 Past simple – Forma (2) (I didn’t go, Did you go…?) 62

19 Past simple – Usi 64

Review 5 | Units 16–19 CD ROM ₆₆

Used to and Past continuous

Lexical theme | Sport

20 Used to/Would 70

21 Past continuous – Forma (I was/wasn’t playing, Were you playing…?) 72

22 Past continuous – Usi e confronto con il past simple 74

Review 6 | Units 20–22 CD ROM ₇₆

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Past participle and Present perfect simple

Lexical theme | The house

23 Past participle (worked, sent) 80

24 Present perfect simple – Forma (I have/haven’t visited, Have you visited…?) 82

25 Present perfect simple – Usi con just, already, yet, not… yet, still… not 84

26 Present perfect simple – Usi con ever, never, recently, today… 86

27 Present perfect simple – Usi con How long, for, since 88

28 Present perfect simple and Past simple – Differenze d’uso 90

Review 7 | Units 23–28 CD ROM ₉₂

Present perfect continuous

Lexical theme | Education

29 Present perfect continuous – Forma e usi (I’ve been learning, Have you been learning?) 96

30 Present perfect simple and continuous – Differenze d’uso 98

Review 8 | Units 29–30 CD ROM ₁₀₀

Past perfect simple and continuous

Lexical theme | School

31 Past perfect simple – Forma (I had/hadn’t started, Had you started?) 104

32 Past perfect simple – Usi 106

33 Past perfect continuous – Forma e usi (I had/hadn’t been learning, Had you been learning?) 108

Review 9 | Units 31–33 CD ROM ₁₁₀

Future with going to and will

Lexical theme | Jobs

34 The future: going to – Forma e usi (I’m/I’m not going to apply, Are you going to apply?) 114

35 The future: will – Forma (I will go, I won’t go, Will you go?) 116

36 The future: will – Usi (1) 118

37 The future: will – Usi (2) 120

Review 10 | Units 34–37 CD ROM ₁₂₂

Other ways to express the future, Future continuous and Future perfect

Lexical theme |Health

38 Present continuous and Present simple for the future 126

39 Going to / Present continuous / Will future – Differenze d’uso 128

40 Future continuous (I will be doing) and Future perfect (I will have done) 130

Review 11 | Units 38–40 CD ROM ₁₃₂

Imperative, Infinitive and -ing form

Lexical theme |Shopping and money

41 Imperative – Forma e usi (Go! Don’t go! Let’s go!) 136

42 Infinitive – Forma e usi (to play, not to play, to have played) 138

43 -ing form – Forma e usi (going, having gone) 140

44 Verbs + infinitive (I want to go) 142

45 Verbs + -ing form / + infinitive (I started reading / to read) 144

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Modal verbs to express ‘potere’

Lexical theme |Celebrations

47 Modals: Can / Could – Caratteristiche generali 152

48 Modals: Can / Could – Usi e verbi sostitutivi 154

49 Modals: May / Might 156

Review 13 | Units 47–49 CD ROM ₁₅₈

Modal verbs to express ‘dovere’

Lexical theme |Rules and regulations

50 Modals: Must 162

51 Have to / Have got to; Be to; Mustn’t / Don’t have to 164

52 Need to / Need + -ing; Had to / Will have to; Be obliged / Be compelled 166

Review 14 | Units 50–52 CD ROM ₁₆₈

Other modal verbs for ‘dovere’

Lexical theme |The weather / the climate

53 Modals: Shall / Should 172

54 Had better; Ought to; Be due; Be bound to 174

Review 15 | Units 53–54 CD ROM ₁₇₆

Other modal verbs for ‘volere’

Lexical theme | Inviting and offering

55 Modals: Will / Would 180

56 Would like to; Want to; Would prefer to / Would rather 182

Review 16 | Units 55–56 CD ROM ₁₈₄

The passive

Lexical theme |Arts and crafts; Literature

57 Passive form 188

58 Passive form – Present and past tense 190

59 Passive form – Perfect tenses and Future 192

60 Passive form – Infinitive, Modal Verbs and Conditional 194

61 Passive form – Verbs with double object; He is said to be… 196

Review 17 | Units 57–61 CD ROM ₁₉₈

Structures to express ‘far fare’

Lexical theme |Where we live

62 Make / Let someone do something; Get someone to do something;

Have / Get something done 202

63 See someone do / doing something; See something being done 204

Review 18 | Units 62–63 CD ROM ₂₀₆

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Articles

Lexical theme |The Environment and Geography

64 The indefinite article: a /an 210

65 The definite article: the (1) 212

66 The definite article: the (2) 214

67 No article vs. the 216

Review 19 | Units 64–67 CD ROM ₂₁₈

Nouns, possessive case

Lexical theme |Leisure time

68 Nouns: gender and plurals 222

69 Irregular plurals; compound nouns 224

70 Nouns: countables and uncountables (1) 226

71 Nouns: countables and uncountables (2) 228

72 Collective and plural nouns; adjectives used as nouns 230

73 Possessive case (Tom’s friend, A friend of Tom’s) 232

Review 20 | Units 68–73 CD ROM ₂₃₄

Adjectives

Lexical theme |Music

74 Qualifying adjectives (a big red apple / the book is new) 238

75 Adjective formation (surprising, surprised); nouns used as adjectives (a film star) 240

76 The comparative of adjectives (1) (cheaper than / more expensive than) 242

77 The comparative of adjectives (2) (as interesting as / less interesting than) 244

78 The superlative of adjectives (the cheapest / the most expensive / the least expensive) 246

79 The comparative and superlative of adverbs (faster / fastest; more quickly / most quickly) 248

80 Comparative and superlative: irregular forms (better / the best) 250

81 Comparatives with nouns and verbs (more / less … than; as much … as / as many … as) 252

Review 21 | Units 74–81 CD ROM ₂₅₄

Pronouns

Lexical theme |Life around the world

82 Personal pronouns (I, you, he…/ me, you, him…) 258

83 Possessive adjectives and pronouns (my, your… / mine, yours…) 260

84 Reflexive and emphasizing pronouns (myself / yourself…) 262

85 Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns (this / these, that / those) 264

86 one / ones 266

87 Distributive adjectives and pronouns (1) (each / every / everyone…);

Reciprocal pronouns (each other / one another) 268

88 Distributive adjectives and pronouns (2) (both / either / neither);

Correlative structures (both… and… / either… or… / neither… nor…) 270

89 Indefinite adjectives and pronouns (1) (some / any / no / a little / a few) 272

90 Indefinite adjectives and pronouns (2) (a lot / much / many; too much / too many /

enough; most / all) 274

91 Compounds of some, any, no (1) 276

92 Compounds of some, any, no (2); Compounds with -ever 278

Review 22 | Units 82–92 CD ROM ₂₈₀

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Numbers, dates, relative pronouns

Lexical theme |Information Technology; Figures

93 Cardinal numbers 284

94 Ordinal numbers and dates 286

95 Relative pronouns in defining clauses 288

96 Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses 290

97 Relative adverbs where, when, why; which, what, all that in relative clauses 292

Review 23 | Units 93–97 CD ROM ₂₉₄

Wh- words, questions, agreeing and disagreeing

Lexical theme |Communication

98 Interrogative adjectives and pronouns; Exclamations 298

99 Interrogative adverbs 300

100 Structure of Yes / No questions and Wh- questions 302

101 Asking for confirmation: question tags; short questions 304

102 Agreeing (So do I / Neither do I / Nor do I. / I think so.);

Disagreeing (Don’t you? I do. / Do you? I don’t. / I don’t think so.) 306

Review 24 | Units 98–102 CD ROM ₃₀₈

Adverbs

Lexical theme |Film and Theatre

103 Adverbs of manner (quickly, slowly…) 312

104 Adverbs of time 314

105 Adverbs of degree (too, very, quite, rather…) 316

106 Word order in statements 318

Review 25 | Units 103–106 CD ROM ₃₂₀

Prepositions

Lexical theme |Business life

107 Prepositions of time (1) 324

108 Prepositions of time (2) 326

109 Prepositions indicating place and position (1) 328

110 Prepositions indicating place and position (2) 330

111 Prepositions indicating movement (1) 332

112 Prepositions indicating movement (2) 334

113 Prepositions to and for; Verbs with double object 336

114 Other prepositions 338

Review 26 | Units 107–114 CD ROM ₃₄₀

Reported speech

Lexical theme |Outdoor activities

115 Verbs say and tell 344

116 Reported speech (1) 346

Review 27 | Units 115–118 CD ROM ₃₅₂

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If clauses

Lexical theme |Extremes

119 Conditional verb form; future in the past 356

120 If clauses – Type zero and type one 358

121 If clauses – Type two 360

122 If clauses – Type three 363

123 Conditional clauses introduced by when, unless… I wish… / If only… 364

Review 28 | Units 119–123 CD ROM ₃₆₆

Connectors and linkers

Lexical theme |Food and drink

124 Connectors and linkers (1): coordinating, concessive 370

125 Connectors and linkers (2): reason, result and purpose 372

126 Connectors and linkers (3): time linkers and sequencers 374

127 Other connectors and linkers (4) 376

Review 29 | Units 124–127 CD ROM ₃₇₈

Word formation, prepositions, phrasal verbs

Lexical theme |Reflecting on words

128 Word formation (1): Prefixes 382

129 Word formation (2): Suffixes 384

130 False friends 386

131 Prepositional verbs 388

132 Adjectives followed by prepositions 390

133 Phrasal verbs (1) 392

Review 30 | Units 128-135 CD ROM ₃₉₈

Word Bank

402

Verb Maps

432

Round Up

436

APPENDIX

Easily mistaken words: English-Italian 444

Easily mistaken words: Italian-English 447

British and American English – Main grammatical differences 452

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 453

Punctuation marks 454

Modals and other verbs related to communicative functions 455

Modal verbs – tenses 456

Use of modal verbs in if clauses 457

Comparing quantities 458

Conjugation of a regular verb 459

Main irregular verbs 460

INDEX

462

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The words of grammar

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Parts of speech –

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de m on str ati ve th is , the se tha t, thos e ind efin ite so m e, a ny m uc h, m an y in te rr og at iv e w ha t, w hi ch , w ho se ho w m uc h, h ow m an y ind efin ite r el at ive w ha te ve r, w hi ch eve r di str ib uti ve ev er y, b ot h, e ith er

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C O M PA R AT IV E big ger , m or e e xp en si ve qu al ify in g bi g, e xp en si ve po ss ess iv e m y, y ou r, h er

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obj ec t m e, y ou , h im , h er refl ex ive m ys elf , y ou rs elf po ss ess iv e m in e, y ou rs , h er s re la tiv e w ho, w hi ch , t ha t, w hos e ind efin ite so m eo ne, a ny on e, so m eth in g, no th in g P ER SO NAL P R ONO U N S su bj ec t I, y ou , h e , s he rec ip roc al eac h othe r SU P ERL AT IV E bi gg es t, mos t e xp en si ve

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deg ree ve ry , q ui te, t oo, e no ug h, s o, s uc h pl ace he re, t he re, e ve ry w he re, o ut si de in te rr og at iv e w he re, w he n, w hy , h ow fr eq ue nc y of te n, n ev er , t w ic e m ann er qu ic kl y, s lo w ly , g en tl y tim e no w , y es te rd ay , s oo n, s til l, y et , a ga in

AD

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pl ac e a nd p os iti on in , a t, n ea r, u nd er mo ve me nt to, o nt o, f ro m adva nt ag e fo r, t o tim e on , i n, a t, s in ce m ann er by , w ith

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re as on , r es ul t a nd p ur po se be ca us e, s o, i n o rd er t ha t tim e w he n, a s s oo n a s, be fo re, a ft er se qu en cer s fir st , t he n, fin all y co nce ss iv e al thou gh , howe ve r de cl ar ati ve tha t co or di nat in g an d, o r, b ut co ndi tio na l if, u nl es s, pr ov id ed t ha t

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Il verbo be (essere) al presente ha tre diverse voci: am, is, are.

Affirmative

Full form Short form

I am I’m

You are You’re

He / She / It is He’s / She’s / It’s

We / You / They are We’re / You’re / They’re

La forma più usata nella lingua parlata e nella lingua scritta informale è quella contratta

(short form). Si può usare quando il soggetto è un pronome, un nome singolare o nome proprio. I’m sorry I’m late. Mi dispiace per il ritardo. (lett. Sono spiacente che sono in ritardo.)

Simon’s away from school today. He’s ill. Simon è assente da scuola oggi. È ammalato.

Negative

Full form Short form

I am not I’m not

You are not You aren’t

He / She / It is not He / She / It isn’t

We / You / They are not We / You / They aren’t

La forma negativa completa si ottiene con: Soggetto (nome o pronome) + am / is / are + not

We are not ready yet! Non siamo ancora pronti!

La forma contratta più comune è indicata in tabella. Per dare particolare enfasi alla negazione

si possono usare le forme You’re not, He’s not, She’s not, It’s not, We’re not, You’re not,

They’re not.

Interrogative Negative questions

Am I… ? Am I not…? / Aren’t I…?

Are you… ? Aren’t you… ?

Is he / she / it… ? Isn’t he / she / it… ?

Are we / you / they… ? Aren’t we / you / they… ?

Le domande si ottengono invertendo la posizione di soggetto e verbo: Am / is / are + soggetto

(nome o pronome)

Is your brother at college? Tuo fratello è al college? Is he a good student? È un bravo studente?

Le short answers (risposte brevi) si formano con: Yes, / No, + pronome soggetto + verbo be

affermativo / negativo

Nelle risposte brevi affermative il verbo be non è mai contratto.

‘Aren’t you tired?’ ‘Yes, I am.’ (non: Yes, I’m.) ‘Non sei stanco?’ ‘ Sì (lo sono).’

‘Are your parents at work?’ ‘No, they aren’t.’ ‘I tuoi genitori sono al lavoro?’ ‘No (non lo sono).’

Le Wh- questions si costruiscono con: Question word + am / is / are + soggetto (nome o pronome)

What’s your name? Qual è il tuo nome?

When’s your birthday? Quand’è il tuo compleanno?

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Be

1 Completa le frasi con am, is o are e poi trascrivile alla forma negativa.

is

Jessica isn’t Conrad’s girlfriend.

1 Jessica ... Conrad’s girlfriend. ...

2 My parents ... at home now. ...

3 I ... Sammy’s cousin. ...

4 Our friends ... in London this week. ...

5 Terry’s grandfather ... ninety-nine. ...

6 My mum ... a great cook! ...

Conrad’s girlfriend → ‘s indica possesso → la ragazza di Conrad

2 _{Usa le parole per scrivere domande con am, is, are. Poi completa le risposte brevi.}

1 your / son / a teenager / ?

Is your son a teenager?

he isn’t

... No, ... . He’s 23 years old. 2 you / brother and sister / ?

... Yes, ... . 3 your mum’s name / Annabel / ?

... No, ... . Her name’s Carol. 4 Jess’s step-father / nice / ?

... Yes, ... . 5 Kenny and Kyle / twins / ?

... No, ... . Kyle’s one year older than Kenny. 6 I / your best friend / ?

... Yes, ... !

3 Scrivi frasi affermative e negative sulle

persone di questa famiglia, come negli esempi.

Olivia and Andrew are cousins.

1 ...

Alfred and Lizzie aren’t husband and wife.

2 ... 3 ... 4 ... 5 ... 6 ... 7 ... 8 ...

4 _{Come lo diresti in italiano?}

Tuo padre non è al lavoro?

1 Isn’t your father at work? ………...

2 Is Kate Jenny’s cousin? ………...

3 Isn’t that your mother’s car? ………...

4 Aren’t you ready yet? ………...

5 Why isn’t Marion at school today? Is she ill? ………...

Lexis: Family and friends

|

See Word Bank page 402

Fred

Leo Frazer

Andrew Ella Olivia Anna Stephen

Amy Lizzie James Wilma Alfred Mabel

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2 Be

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Usi ed espressioni idiomatiche

Il verbo be indica l’esistenza di qualcosa, una condizione sia permanente che temporanea.

Si usa per:

• presentarsi e dire la professione

My name’s Rob Nolan. I’m a sales rep. Mi chiamo Rob Nolan. Sono un rappresentante. • per presentare qualcuno

This is Tina. She’s my neighbour. Questa è Tina. È la mia vicina di casa. • identificare qualcuno o qualcosa

‘Who’s that?’ ‘It’s my friend Tom.’ ‘What’s this?’ ‘It’s a nutcracker.’

‘Chi è quello?’ ‘È il mio amico Tom.’ ‘Che cos’è questo?’ ‘È uno schiaccianoci.’

• chiedere e dare dati personali (età, provenienza, indirizzo, numero telefonico, compleanno…) ‘How old are you?’ ‘I’m eighteen (years old).’ ‘Quanti anni hai?’ ‘Ho diciotto anni.’

‘What’s your mobile phone number?’ ‘It’s 334 9987652.’ ‘Qual è il tuo numero di cellulare?’ ‘È 334 9987652.’

• parlare di condizioni fisiche e di salute

‘Are you hungry?’ ‘Yes, I’m starving!’ ‘Hai fame?’ ‘Sì, sto morendo di fame!’ ‘How are you?’ ‘I’m fine, thanks. And you?’ ‘I’m not very well, I’m afraid.’ ‘Come stai?’ ‘Sto bene, grazie. E tu?’ ‘Non sto molto bene, purtroppo.’ • esprimere stati d’animo, sentimenti

‘Are you happy to be here?’ ‘Yes, I’m very happy!’

‘Sei felice di essere qui?’ ‘Sì, sono molto contento.’

I’m so sorry! Sono così spiacente!

• indicare le caratteristiche di qualcuno o qualcosa (altezza, carattere, colore, dimensione... ) He’s a very lively child. È un bambino molto vivace.

Tim’s very tall, he’s 1.95m. Tim è molto alto, è 1 metro e 95. It’s a large room. The curtains and the carpet are light blue.

È una camera grande. Le tende e la moquette sono azzurre.

• chiedere e dire dove si trova qualcuno o qualcosa

‘Where’s Peter?’ ‘He’s in the kitchen, I think.’ ‘Dov’è Peter?’ ‘È in cucina, credo.’ Your pen’s on the desk. La tua penna è sul banco.

In tutte queste funzioni il verbo be è normalmente seguito da un sostantivo (I’m Laura), da un

aggettivo (I’m happy), da un avverbio (I’m late) o da una frase nominale (She’s a good student. /

It’s in the kitchen.).

Nota le seguenti espressioni inglesi con il verbo be, in italiano normalmente espresse con ‘avere’.

I’m cold / warm / hot. Ho freddo / caldo / molto caldo.

I’m hungry / thirsty / sleepy. Ho fame / sete / sonno.

I’m afraid of… / scared of. Ho paura.

I’m ashamed of… Mi vergogno di...

You’re right / wrong. Hai ragione / torto.

He’s in a hurry. Ha fretta.

She’s seven years old. Ha sette anni.

Il verbo be al presente è inoltre usato come ausiliare:

• nel present continuous, seguito da un altro verbo alla forma in -ing (cfr. pag. 44)

‘What are you doing?’ ‘I’m trying to get in.’ ‘Che cosa stai facendo?’ ‘Sto cercando di entrare.’

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6 5 4 3 2 1

1 Abbina le domande alle risposte.

c

1 ... 2 ... 3 ... 4 ... 5 ... 6 ...

1 Where’s Grace? a Yes, I am.

2 Are you happy with your new bike? b It’s our family photo album.

3 What’s this? c She’s in the living room with dad.

4 What’s your dad’s job? d It’s Jake, my brother.

5 Is he in a hurry? e He’s an engineer.

6 Who’s this in the photo? f No, he isn’t.

2 Descrivi le persone. Usa gli aggettivi del riquadro. WORD BANK p. 402

hungry sad bad-tempered thirsty easy-going happy

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Be

is bad-tempered

1 Ted ... . He looks angry. 2 Rose ... . She looks relaxed 3 Joe ... with his skateboard. 4 Selina ... without her boyfriend. 5 Ros and Saskia ... . They want some lunch. 6 Rocky and Fritz ... . They want a drink.

Communicate!

3 CD | 001_{Completa il dialogo tra due amiche con una parola o forma contratta per ogni spazio.}

Poi, ascolta e controlla.

’s

Emily Hey! Who 1 _{... that boy over there with the brown hair?} Britney That’s Daniel. 2_{... my cousin!}

Emily Wow! He’s very good-looking! 3_{... he your Aunt Hilary’s son?}

Britney No, he 4_{... . His parents}5_{... Uncle Pete and Aunt Iris – my dad’s}

brother and his wife. 6_{... both teachers in Oxford. They’re here visiting mum}

and dad.

Emily 7_{... Daniel from, then? Is}8_{... from Oxford?} Britney Yes, he 9_{... .}

Emily And Oxford is 200 miles away. That 10_{... a real shame! (= È un vero peccato!)} 4 _{Come lo diresti in inglese?}

What’s your brother’s name?

1 Come si chiama tuo fratello? ………...

2 Quanti anni ha tuo cugino? ………...………

3 Abbiamo freddo! ………...………

4 Avete fame? ………...………

5 La mia sorellina ha 4 anni. ………...………

6 Ho paura dei cani. ………...………

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3 There is / There are; Here is / Here are

There is / There are equivalgono all’italiano ‘C’è’ / ‘Ci sono’ e si usano per dichiarare la presenza di qualcuno o qualcosa.

Affirmative Negative

There is… (There’s…) There isn’t…

There are… (possibile anche: There’re…) There aren’t…

Interrogative Negative questions Short answers

Is there…? Isn’t there…? Yes, there is. / No, there isn’t.

Are there…? Aren’t there…? Yes, there are. / No, there aren’t.

There is è seguito da un nome singolare o non numerabile (uncountable), there are da un nome

plurale. I nomi uncountable e i plurali possono essere preceduti da un indefinito come some (un

po’, alcuni), o a lot of (molto/i). Nelle frasi negative e nelle domande si trova any anziché some.

(cfr. p. 272).

There’s a lot of traffic on the motorway today. C’è molto traffico sull’autostrada oggi. ‘Is there any butter in the fridge?’ ‘No, there isn’t any left.’

‘C’è del burro in frigo?’ ‘No, non ce n’è più.’

Look! There are some stains on your jacket. Guarda! Ci sono delle macchie sulla tua giacca.

In un elenco si usa There’s… se il primo termine è un nome singolare.

There’s a sandwich, a bar of chocolate and two apples in my bag.

Ci sono un panino, una barretta di cioccolato e due mele nel mio sacchetto.

Per chiedere della quantità o del numero di cose o persone presenti si usano domande

introdotte da How much…? Quanto/a…? e How many…? Quanti/e…?

‘How much flour is there?’ ‘There’s one kilo.’ ‘Quanta farina c’è?’ ‘Ce n’è un chilo.’ ‘How many boys are there in your group?’ ‘There’re only two.’

‘Quanti ragazzi ci sono nel tuo gruppo?’ ‘Ce ne sono solo due.’

Attenzione: There are three of us. (non: We are three.) Siamo in tre. There are four of them. (non: They are four.) Sono in quattro.

There equivale all’avverbio di luogo là, lì, pertanto le espressioni There’s e There are sono usate anche per indicare qualcuno o qualcosa lontano da chi parla.

Attenzione: I nomi seguono il verbo, i pronomi lo precedono. There’s your mum! Ecco la tua mamma! There she is! Eccola là!

Here equivale all’avverbio di luogo qua, qui. Per indicare qualcuno o qualcosa vicino a chi parla

e quando si porge qualcosa si usano le espressioni Here’s e Here are, equivalenti all’italiano

ecco.

‘Here you are… Ten pounds.’ ‘Ecco a lei… Dieci sterline.’

‘Thanks. And here’s your change.’ ‘Grazie. Ed ecco il suo resto.’

Attenzione alle domande per informarsi sulla presenza di qualcuno:

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1 Completa le frasi con there’s, there are, there isn’t, there aren’t.

There are

1 ... five people in my family: my parents, my two brothers and myself. 2 ... a girl in my class called Angelina. She’s beautiful.

3 ... any photos of you. Why not?

4 ... lots of reasons why good friends are important. 5 ... a party tomorrow evening. It’s next week.

6 ... a present for you in the living room. It’s from your aunt. 7 ... any tall people in my family. We’re all quite short.

2 Completa le domande con Is there / Are there e fornisci risposte brevi.

Are there

there are

1 ... a lot of children in your family? Yes, ... . 2 ... a satellite TV in every room? Yes, ... . 3 ... any postcards from your parents? No, ... . 4 ... a good restaurant near here? No, ... . 5 ... a doctor in your family? No, ... . 6 ... any boys in your group? Yes, ... .

3 Abbina le frasi 1–7 alle frasi a–g.

e

1 ... 2 ... 3 ... 4 ... 5 ... 6 ... 7 ...

1 How much time is there? a What’s wrong with it?

2 Are there any photos of you as a baby in this album? b Yes, that’s my uncle.

3 How many of your friends are at this party? c Yes, look! This is me.

4 There’s a problem with my bike, dad. d You’re right, there aren’t.

5 Are there any other relatives in the photo? e There isn’t much.

6 There’s someone on the phone for you. f There are a lot of them.

7 There aren’t any new students in our class this year. g OK, I’m on my way!

Communicate!

4 CD | 002_{Completa il dialogo tra due amiche con le parole del riquadro, poi ascolta e controlla.}

is they’re aren’t are (x2) there’s No it’s there I’m

there

Mia Here you are, Melanie – here’s your ten pounds. Is 1_{... anything wrong?} Mel Yes, there 2_{... .}3_{... not happy at all today.}

Mia Why?

Mel I think 4_{... because I argue with my mum all the time these days.}

Mia Well, Mel, 5_{... nothing unusual about that. Lots of teenagers argue with their}

parents.

Mel I know, but there 6_{... many who argue like we do.} Mia I’m sure there are, you know.

Mel 7_{... , you’re wrong. Our arguments}8_{... different.}

Mia What 9_{... your arguments about, then?}

Mel 10_{... about the fact that mum keeps borrowing my clothes and my make up!}

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4 It’s /That’s

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Uso impersonale

I pronomi personali soggetto, spesso sottintesi in italiano, sono invece sempre espressi in inglese. We’re often abroad. (Noi) siamo spesso all’estero.

I’m usually at home in the morning. (Io) di solito sono a casa al mattino.

Il pronome it sostituisce un nome di cosa singolare.

Can you see my house? It’s the one with the red door. Vedi la mia casa? È quella con la porta rossa. È inoltre usato nelle forme impersonali, in particolare per:

• presentarsi o chiedere di identificarsi (per es. al telefono) e in risposta a Who’s...?, quando

nella domanda non è indicata la persona (Who’s that? It’s...)

‘Who is it?’ ‘It’s me. Sandra.’ ‘Chi è?’ ‘Sono io. Sandra.’ • dire il giorno, la data e l’ora

‘What day is it today?’ ‘It’s Monday. It’s 3rd June.’ ‘Che giorno è oggi?’ ‘È lunedì. È il 3 giugno.’

‘Is it four o’clock?’ ‘No, it’s half past four.’ ‘Sono le quattro?’ ‘No, sono le quattro e mezza.’ • parlare del tempo atmosferico

It’s hot. It’s 35 degrees. Fa caldo. Ci sono 35 gradi. • parlare di distanze

It’s about five miles from here. Sono circa cinque miglia da qui. It’s still a long way. C’è ancora molta strada.

• chiedere e dire un prezzo

‘How much is it?’ ‘It’s ten pounds twenty-five.’ ‘Quant’è?’ ‘Sono dieci sterline e venticinque.’ Osserva altri esempi di espressioni impersonali.

It’s late / early. È tardi / presto.

It’s a good idea. È una buona idea.

It’s all right / okay. Va bene.

It’s very kind of you. È molto gentile da parte tua.

It’s good for you. Ti fa bene.

It’s no good. Non va bene.

It’s a shame. È un peccato.

Osserva anche la costruzione: It’s + aggettivo + verbo all’infinito o forma in -ing, frequente

alternativa a frasi che hanno un verbo all’infinito o alla forma in -ing come soggetto (cfr. pagg.

138 e 140).

To feel appreciated is nice. → It’s nice to feel appreciated. È bello sentirsi apprezzati. Talking to him is useless! → It’s useless talking to him! È inutile parlare con lui!

It’s… ha la funzione di annunciare una nuova informazione, mentre That’s… si usa per fare un

commento su ciò che è stato detto (That = ciò, la cosa di cui si parla).

It’s time to go. È ora di andare. (si annuncia qualcosa che l’interlocutore non sa)

So it’s time to go. That’s too bad! Quindi è ora di andare. Che peccato! (l’interlocutore è al corrente

di un fatto, fa un commento su qualcosa che conosce già)

A trip to Miami? That’s great! Un viaggio a Miami? È fantastico! ‘Shall we go to the beach?’ ‘That’s fine by me.’

It’s time to wake up! È ora di svegliarsi!

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Hello. It’s Frank. Is that you, Steve?

(18)

1 Abbina le frasi 1–6 alle frasi a–f.

d

1 ... 2 ... 3 ... 4 ... 5 ... 6 ...

1 Mum, do I have to eat this apple? a That’s good! You need one.

2 I’m taking a short break. b That’s expensive!

3 Look! That’s Dave’s mum! c It’s a long way from here.

4 It’s only two degrees! d Yes, it’s good for you!

5 Where’s Marcia’s house? e That’s cold!

6 It costs twenty pounds. f No, it’s his sister!

Communicate!

2 CD | 003_{Completa il dialogo con it’s o that’s. Poi ascolta e controlla.}

It’s

A Come on ... get up! 1_{... a lovely day!} B Is it? 2_{... nice. Let’s do something then.}

A I know! 3_{... Saturday, so let’s go for a picnic.}

B 4_{... a great idea! What about going to Bluebell Hill?}

A Hmm. 5_{... a long way to Bluebell Hill.}

B 6_{... OK – the exercise will do us good! And}7_{... lovely out that way.}

A 8_{... true but, just a minute, my bike isn’t here.}9_{... at Don’s house. I can’t use it.}

B 10_{... a shame! Never mind, we can walk instead!}

A Oh, no!

3 Completa la seconda frase in modo che abbia un significato simile alla prima. Usa la parola data senza cambiarla. Usa dalle due alle cinque parole compresa la parola data. 1 In my opinion, inviting Maria to the party is not a good idea. IT

it isn’t a good

In my opinion, ... idea to invite Maria to the party. 2 I think arguing with your family is very upsetting. TO

I think ... argue with your family. 3 That’s mum’s favourite vase, so don’t break it! BECAUSE

Don’t break that vase ... favourite! 4 Yes, I agree that going to the cinema this evening is a good idea. OK

Yes, ... me if we go to the cinema this evening. 5 Mum says eating fish is good for me. IT

Mum says ... to eat fish.

4 Come lo diresti in italiano? 1 ‘Who is it?’ ‘It’s John and Peter.’

‘Chi è?’ ‘Sono John e Peter.’

………... 2 ‘Is it time to go?’ ‘No, it isn’t. It’s only half past three.’

………... 3 ‘It’s quite cold in here.’ ‘You’re right. It’s only 12 degrees.’

………... 4 ‘How far is it?’ ‘It’s about two kilometers.’

………... 5 ‘How much is it altogether?’ ‘It’s nine pounds thirty.’

………... 6 It’s a shame they aren’t playing!

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Lexis upgrade |

The family

WORD BANK p. 402

2 Osserva questo albero genealogico (family tree) e completa le frasi con il verbo be e il termine che indica la parentela.

Friends

WORD BANK p. 402

3 Leggi le frasi e scrivi gli aggettivi di personalità che descrivono gli amici di Tom.

sociable easy-going lazy bad-tempered happy cheerful

happy

1 Tom is very ... and has a lot of friends.

2 Angie is never sad when she is with her friends. She’s a ... girl. 3 Frank is not easily upset or worried; he is ... .

4 Claude is always angry and annoyed. He’s ... . Jason and George are brothers

is

mother

1 Helen ... Tom’s ... .

2 Tom and Katie ... Helen’s ... .

3 Helen and Jason ... husband and ... . 4 Jason ... Dora’s ... .

5 Dora, Tom and Katie ... ... . 6 Jason ... Tom’s ... .

REVIEW

_|

1 Units 1 • 2 • 3 • 4

Helen Tom George Jason Katie Dora Brenda

BE

hungry. am am not (2_...) 1_...

Map it out! |

be

1 Completa la mappa con gli elementi mancanti. I are not ’m not isn’t we it ’m not

tall. is is not (4_...) he

|

she

|

3_... 18 years old. are 6_{... (aren’t)} 5_...

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(20)

Grammar upgrade

4 Completa le frasi con la forma corretta del present simple di be.

isn’t

1 Natalie ... my mum; she’s my aunt. 2 ... I too late for the party?

3 There ... some interesting people in your family. 4 Selina ... my step-sister, not my sister.

5 One of my relatives ... a famous actor! He’s in lots of films. 6 ... there anyone in your family called Mr Stopes?

7 No, I ... Linda’s mum! Linda is my sister!

8 Tom, David and Giles ... brothers; they are cousins. 9 There ... any children in the park today. It’s raining. 10 We ... a big family. There are just four of us. 11 William and Kate ... engaged. They are married. 12 ... you and Brian related?

5 Usa le parole per scrivere frasi o domande con am, is, are.

1 David / my brother 4 you / bad-tempered / in the mornings?

David is my brother.

... ...

2 all my relatives / lovely people 5 your grandfather / a nice man?

... ...

3 my step-father / thirty-three 6 our parents / not / at work today

... ...

6 Completa il brano con la forma corretta del present simple di be.

are

Things 1_{... different in my family these days. Suddenly I}2_{... a member of a big}

family instead of being an only child. You see, my mum and Steve 3_{... married now, so he}

4_{... my new step-father. And there}5_{... four children in Steve’s family – Lucas, Alicia,}

Felix and Rosie. They 6_{... my new step-brothers and sisters. Steve’s children}7_{... here}

with us every second weekend. We have a lot of fun and 8_{... all good friends. It}9_...

great being part of a big family!

Communication upgrade

7 CD | 004 Completa i mini-dialoghi con una sola parola o forma contratta per ogni spazio. Poi

ascolta e controlla.

1 A Hi, Mishka! How are you? 5 A Is it time for breakfast?

I’m

B Sorry! I can’t stop! ... in a hurry. B No, ... early.

2 A Sandy ... Mark’s sister; she’s his cousin. 6 A This ... my new T-shirt!

B Yes, you’re right. B ... lovely!

3 A How old is your brother now? 7 A Where is Richard?

B ... twelve. B ... he is!

4 A Are you OK? 8 A Let’s go to the beach today.

B No, I’m ... . I’m cold. B ... fine by me.

Translate this!

8 Traduci il brano in inglese.

Tom ha quattro anni ed è al supermercato con il papà. È l’una e il bambino ha fame. Su uno scaffale ci sono bellissimi pacchetti di biscotti al cioccolato e Tom si ferma per prenderne uno (= to get one). Il papà è in un’altra corsia (= aisle). Tom è da solo ma non è spaventato. Suo padre è preoccupato e lo cerca.

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TRINITY and PET Practice

TRINITY Grade 6 |

Topic for discussion

1 Complete the list about your family then write a paragraph using your notes. Practise reading your paragraph to your family or a friend. Try to add in more information as you speak.

1

2 How old is Sarah’s mother?

3 Which is Julie’s snack?

4 What is in the boy’s sandwich?

5 How far is Aunt Meg’s house?

37

38

39

A A A A B B B B C C C C

Cambridge English Preliminary (PET) |

Listening Part 1

2 CD | 005_{There are five questions in this part. For each question,}

there are three pictures and a short recording. Choose the correct picture and put a tick (✓) in the box next to it. 1 Which picture is Tom’s correct family?

My small / big family

1 Number of people in my family

2 Who they are

3 What they do

4

5

6 TIP!

Listen carefully to

the five dialogues. If you are not sure of your answer, wait for the second listening.

(22)

FCE Practice

Cambridge English First (FCE) |

Use of English Part 2

3 Read the text below and think of the word that best fits each space. Use only one word in each space.

are

Karen’s family is quite big. There 1_{... seven people living in the same house, which}

2_{... a big farm on the outskirts of York, about five miles}3_{... the town.}

There 4_{... Karen, of course, and}

her two brothers. They are eighteen and fifteen

and they 5_{... very easy-going. Then}

6_{... are Karen’s parents. Jason, her}

7_{... , is a farmer and Gloria, her mother,}

is a housewife. She likes cooking and 8_...

a keen gardener.

Jason’s 9_{... live with them too. They are}

very fond of their grandchildren and spend a lot of time with them.

Karen has a sister, too. 10_{... doesn’t live with them because she studies in London. She}

has a flat with some other students. 11_{... are four of them in the flat.}12_...

is a photo of the whole family last Christmas.

Cambridge English First (FCE) |

Writing Part 1

4 Your English key pal is spending a week in your house by the sea with your family. The letter below contains a few questions. Answer the questions and make some notes. Then write a letter of between 120 and 150 words using all the information in your notes.

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1 I’m looking forward to seeing you, but, I don’t know

much about your family! I think you told me you have

a brother, is that correct?

Have you got any uncles or aunts? Do they spend

their holidays with you? Have you got any cousins who

are the same age as you? I have three and we get on

well, so we spend a lot of time together. We also go

to the same school. What about you?

... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

TIP!

You have 40

minutes to do this task in the exam. Divide your time into:

1 making notes

2 organising the information into paragraphs

3 writing your letter using the correct tone ( formal or informal)

4 checking your letter at the end. Try to use a good variety of language in your letter.