• No results found

Virtue Ethics

N/A
N/A
Protected

Academic year: 2021

Share "Virtue Ethics"

Copied!
9
0
0

Loading.... (view fulltext now)

Full text

(1)

Virtue Ethics

Virtue Ethics

Plato, Aristotle,

(2)

Ethical theories

Ethical theories

 K

Ka

an

nt

t ±

± d

du

utty

y

 Ut

Utililit

itar

aria

ian

n ±

± gr

grea

eate

test

st go

good

od fo

for g

r gre

reat

ates

estt

number 

number 

 R

Re

ela

lattiv

ivis

istts

s ±

± n

no

o mo

morra

al

l la

law

ws

s

 Em

Emo

ottiv

ivis

istts

s ±

± ffo

ollllo

ow e

w emo

mottio

ion

ns

s

 Vi

Virt

rtue

ue Et

Ethi

hics

cs ±

± co

conc

ncen

entr

trat

ate

e on

on ho

how w

w we ca

e can

n

be better people

(3)

Plato

Plato

 boborrn n 42427 ±7 ± pupupipil l of of SSococrratates es ³³maman n is is wwisisesestt  wwho ho kknonowws hs he ke knonowws ls litittltle´e´

 EuEuththyyprpro ±o ± do hdo humumanans s do do whwhat tat the he gogods ds cocommmmanand d or or  do the gods command what is good

do the gods command what is good

 1) 1) So So cocommmmanands ds of of GoGod d arare oe oblbligigatatorory ±y ± ababsosolulute te ±± gogodd could command

could command vicious actions vicious actions to us to us see to see to be wrbe wrong ong --Div

Divine Command ine Command Theory Theory ±± or goodnesor goodness in accs in accordanceordance with

with commands commands of of lovinloving god g god ±± what what is lis loving oving (hurt(hurtinging too?)

too?)

 2) 2) GoGoododneness ss is iis indndepepenendedent nt of Gof God ±od ± GoGod nd not uot ultltimimatatee sta

standarndard of d of moramoralitlity ±y ± forms forms are ±are ± God nGod not sot suprupremeeme  PlPlatato so sets ets out out ididea hea he te then hen arargugues es agagaiainsnst ±t ± all all thithingngss

are r

are relativelative ±e ± cold means cold means one thing one thing to x and anotheto x and another to zr to z  ±

 ± is it this it the same same for e for mormoralsals??

 SuSuggggesests Mts Mororal abal absosolutlutes ies in eacn each soh socicietety buy but not nott universal

(4)

 Re

Reso

sorrts

ts to

to ffor

orms

ms ±

± ffor

orms

ms of

of al

all t

l thi

hing

ngs

s

including goodness which can be

including goodness which can be

recognized as absolutes by all

recognized as absolutes by all

 Fo

For P

r Plat

lato kn

o know

owled

ledge cr

ge crea

eate

tes go

s good

odne

ness

ss

(virtue)

(virtue) but

but can

can have

have knowledge

knowledge and

and

choo

choose

se to d

to do op

o oppos

posite

ite -- smok

smoking

ing

 Ho

How do

w do we k

we kno

now w

w we¶v

e¶ve e

e emer

merge

ged f

d fro

rom t

m the

he

cave and aren¶t still in it (ignorance)

cave and aren¶t still in it (ignorance)

 Ad

Advi

vice

ce in

in da

day t

y to d

o day

ay ac

acti

tion

ons?

s?

(5)

 Aristotle

 Aristotle

 AnAncicient ent GrGreek ±eek ± HoHomermer¶s t¶s the Ohe Odesdessesey c 80y c 800bc0bce exe explploreores vis virtrtue or aue or arêtrête ±e ± moral achievement of realizing potential as a human being

moral achievement of realizing potential as a human being  ArArisistototltle ±e ± BoBook 2 ok 2 NiNichchomomacachehean an EtEthihics cs 35350 B0 BCC

 foufoundatndation ion of moof moralirality is dty is deveevelopmlopment ent of gooof good chad charactracter trer traitaits or vis or virtuertues ands and lacking vices

lacking vices

 whwhen wen we say se say someoomeone ine is goos good wd we mean e mean therthere acte actual ual dispdispositosition ion not jnot justust their cho

their choices theices they make ±y make ± what kind of perswhat kind of person we hope to beon we hope to be

 haphappinpinesess is is our as our aim bim but abut abouout livt living ing a good a good lilife ±fe ± devdevelelopmopment ent of quof qualialititieses is for social development

is for social development

 devdevelopeloping ing virvirtuetues is s is a neca necessessary ary feafeature ture of liof livinving ag alonglongsidside oe othethers rs ±± socisocialal moral and political feature of life

moral and political feature of life

 MMoraoral vl virtirtues ues ococcucur ar at a mt a mean ean ±± mimidpodpoinint ±t ± bebetwtweeeen exn extrtrememe che charaaractcter er  traits

traits

 MiMid pod point int betbetweween en fear fear (cow(cowardlardly) y) and and courcourage age (ra(rashneshness)ss)

 MMean ean not not ababout out actactionions bs but aut aboubout vt virtirtueues ±s ± blblancanced ed pepersrsonaonalility ty ±± reareasosonn gives us balance and objectivity

gives us balance and objectivity

 ArArististototle ±le ± humhuman kan kininds cds chihief cef charharactacterieriststic ic is abis abiliility tty to reao reasonson

 Not Not abouabout rut rules les but abut about bout trutrustisting ng a vira virtuoutuous pes person rson to do rto do right ight thithing inng in variet

variety of situatiy of situations ±ons ± each of whiceach of which is uniqueh is unique  SSee ee p 3p 31 f1 foor mr miid pd poioinnt tt taabblele

(6)

Virtues we aspire to have

Virtues we aspire to have

 MeMedidieveval tial times ±mes ± vivirtrtueues becs became ame knoknown awn as cas cardrdininal vial virtrtueues (cas (card ±rd ± hinge

hinge) ±) ± hinge for hinge for all moral all moral virtuvirtueses

 PlPlatato, o, ArArisistototltle ane and Sd St Tt Thohomas mas AqAquiuinanas ±s ±

 1) 1) PrPrududenence ±ce ± makmake e gogood jod jududgegemenments ts in in pepersorsonanal afl affaifairsrs  2) 2) JuJuststicice ±e ± exexcecellllenence oce of f ththe e sousoul ±l ± relrelatate pe proropeperlrly ty to o otothehersrs  3) 3) CoCoururagage ±e ± cocoururagage ±e ± reregugulalate te papain in anand sd strtrivive te to mo meaeann  44) ) TeTempmpeerraanncce e ±± sesellf f coconnttrrooll

 RepRepresresent ent humahuman qun qualialitieties reaon ss reaon sugguggest rest re ree requiquired in red in ordorder ter to livo livee a moral life and to achieve final cause or overall purpose in life.

a moral life and to achieve final cause or overall purpose in life. 7 Capit

7 Capital vices ±al vices ± pride, avarice (greed), pride, avarice (greed), lust, envylust, envy, gluttony, anger and, gluttony, anger and sloth

sloth

(7)

Problems with the theory

Problems with the theory

 HugHugo o GroGrotiutius s (du(dutch tch phiphiloslosophopher) er) ±± failfails s to to expexplailain n proproperperly ly basbasicic moral co

moral concepts such as trncepts such as truthfuluthfulness and justice ±ness and justice ± no special moralno special moral insight because

insight because one is one is virtuous ±virtuous ± morality fixed morality fixed in natural in natural laws ±laws ± rationally perceived by al

rationally perceived by al

 ReReviviveved in mid in mid 2d 20t0th C ±h C ± dedevevelolopeped it ad it as an s an apapprproaoach tch to eo eththicicss based on qualities or virtues that are

based on qualities or virtues that are associated with someone whoassociated with someone who live

lives a good life-s a good life- moves moramoves moral debal debate away from gete away from general rules andneral rules and principles of behaviour and toward more general questions about principles of behaviour and toward more general questions about value and meaning in life

value and meaning in life

 UtUtililititarariaianinism and Ksm and Kanantitian Etan Ethihics ±cs ± ininadadeqequauate ante and lad lackecked sod sounundd foundation but no God as external law

foundation but no God as external law giver o need to move back togiver o need to move back to looking at ways to live well

looking at ways to live well

 AlAlasasdadair Mir MacacInIntytyre ±re ± we we lilive ive in etn ethihicacal anl and mod moraral cl cononfufusisionon

 somesomethithing ng has has undundermiermined ned moramoral rl reaseasonioning ring rippipping wng wordords sucs such ah ass good et

good etc from oric from original conteginal context and survixt and surviving as relicving as relics ±s ± meanmean nothing any more

(8)

 MacMacIntyIntyre re defindefine e vivirturtue as e as µ acµ acquiquired red humahuman qn qualiuality ty thethe possession and exercise of which tends to enable us to possession and exercise of which tends to enable us to achieve those goods which are internal to practices ad achieve those goods which are internal to practices ad the lack f which ef

the lack f which effectively prevents us from achievingfectively prevents us from achieving any such goods¶

any such goods¶

 VE VE ±± rereququirires es pepersrsononal al rerespspononsisibibilility ty ±± sesecuculalar r ±± recognizes value of relationships

recognizes value of relationships

 VE VE ±± nanatuturaraliliststic ic ±± nonot ot obebeyyining rg rulules es bubut et exxprpresessising ong owwnn nature

nature

 TakTakes es ininto ato accccounount-t- neeneeds ds and and desdesirires es of of indindivividuiduals als andand society

society

 ViVirtrtuouuous s perpersoson bn bececomeomes s so so by by behbehavaving ing wewell ll and and inin doing s

doing so benefits o benefits societsociety ±y ± VIP for VIP for ArisAristotletotle

 BUBUT ±T ± do do wwe ale all acl act bt basased ed on on raratitiononalalitity or y or ototheher r  motives?

(9)

 Why Why no no coconsnsenensusus s ±± no no babasisic ac agrgreeeemement nt to to dedeal al wwitithh moral c

moral chaos ±haos ± societsociety needs to ry needs to reassereassert Arist Aristotle¶stotle¶s virtues in society

virtues in society

 ChaCharacracterters is in socn society iety evoevolvlving froing from som socieciety lty lackacking ving virtirtueue  ±

 ± prprofiofit not not prt princincipliple ±e ± eg maeg managnagerers ±s ± thithink tnk they hey araree morally

morally neutral-neutral- teachinteaching us to vag us to value others leslue others less ands and ourselves more

ourselves more

 BuBut ±t ± ethethicical al sysyststem bem builuilt on t on vivirtrtue uue undendereremphmphasasizizes es thethe substance of a persons action (consequences) and just substance of a persons action (consequences) and just the mere style of an agents conduct

the mere style of an agents conduct

 no no prepreciscise gue guidelidelines ines of of obliobligatgation ion and and does does not not addraddressess modern dilemmas that arise

modern dilemmas that arise

 mormore moe moderdern en ethithicacal thl theoreories ies havhave woe wortrth toh tooo

 vivirturtue ete ethichics dos does nes not pot provrovide a ide a lislist of t of proprohibihibited ted actiactionsons such as murder 

References

Related documents

The required agricultural growth rates are estimated using elasticities of poverty with respect to both agricultural and non-agricultural growth, and the additional spending needed

BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY AREA The stratigraphy of the Koobi Fora Formation has been studied over many years and comprehensive stratigraphic records have been described in great

To establish the baseline error for the MaxEnt procedure, the dashed blue curve presents the results obtained via inversion of the exact QM thermal rates using the SPA-QM

India Full Service Brokerage Market Introduction and Size by Revenues Business Model and Issues and Challenges in Full Service Brokerage Market Market Share and Detailed

Brand equity data is used to predict the total revenue and the rate of return on investment in order to draw meaningful conclusions between the marketing

Schrader Bluff wells and one Kuparuk well were influenced by injection of a mixed water consisting of Kuparuk, Schrader Bluff, Sag River, Ugnu (another formation), and Prince

Javier Pascual Medina * David Rodríguez Gómez Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, España El objetivo de este artículo es conocer, desde una perspectiva teórica basada en el conflicto

Price indexes are prone to biases, which include the traditional substitution bias arising from consumers substituting towards cheaper products, the consumer valuation bias arising