Filipino Architecture

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20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE

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history

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FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE

INFLUENCES

A. HISTORY Pre-Colonial:

 immigrants of Malay origin, food

gatherers and hunters

 3000 BC, joined by advanced

agricultural race from Indonesia

 barangays as tribal system  converted to Islam in 1300 AD  trade center of the Orient

Spanish Rule:

 1521 Ferdinand Magellan landed  1564 Miguel Lopez de Legazpi

brought Christianity

 until 1900's

 nationalist movement by Jose

Rizal, unsuccessful revolt by Aguinaldo

American Rule:

 islands ceded to America, as a

result of Spanish war with USA

 fighting

 self-government

Japanese Invasion:

 December 1941  puppet government

 liberation by Gen. McArthur in

July 1945

independence in 1946

3rd largest English-speaking country in the world

citadel of Christianity and democracy in East Asia

mixture of races: Malay, Chinese, Spanish B. RELIGION  Roman Catholics  Islam  Protestants  Aglipayan  Iglesia ni Kristo 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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FILIPINO ARCHITECTURE

ARCHITECTURAL

CHARACTER

A. DESCRIPTION  tropical architecture  open and transparent  light

SCHOOLS:

Escuela Practica Y Profecional de Artes Oficio de Manila (1890)

 taught maestros de obras

Liceo de Manila

 MO-P “Maestros de Obra-Practica”

 MO-A “Maestros de Obra-Academia”

Escuela de Ingenieria Y Arquitectura

 closed after one year

Mapua Institute of Architecture (1925)

 1st_{school of Architecture}

Adamson University

 2nd_{school of Architecture}

UST College of Architecture (1930)

 3rd_{school of architecture}

ORGANIZATIONS:

Philippine Architects Society Philippine Institute of Architects League of Philippine Architects Association of Phil. Government

Architects

PIA + LPA + APGA = United Architects of the Philippines

EXAMPLES

PRE-SPANISH HOUSES

 Bahay Kubo style of dwelling  well- adapted to tropical climate  of wood, bamboo, and palm

leaves 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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Samal Maranao Badjao Yakan

 Mindanao & Sulu Region  Cordillera Region Isneg Kalinga Kankanai Ifugao Bontoc 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO  Island of Panay

Ivatan, Mangyan, Subanun, Mandaya

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 Cordillera Region 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO ISNEG BINURON

homes of the Isneg boatpeople pyramidal or hipped roof

annex on one or both ends removable sidings for special

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20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO ISNEG BINURON  Cordillera Region

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20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO ISNEG BINURON  Cordillera Region

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 Cordillera Region KALINGA BINAYON octagonal or rectangular painted round human figures roof ridge perpendicular to river loft or granary hides roof

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 Cordillera Region KALINGA BINAYON 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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 Cordillera Region KALINGA BINAYON 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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 Cordillera Region 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO BONTOC HOUSES SAGADA

house within a house shelter for rice, chickens,

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 Cordillera Region 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO IFUGAO

built on the rice terraces near a spring or grove entry faces down slope

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 Cordillera Region 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO IFUGAO

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 Cordillera Region KANKANAI BINANGIYAN

Similar to the ifugao house ridge parallel to front

made of narra or pine

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 Cordillera Region KANKANAI BINANGIYAN 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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 Mindanao & Sulu Region

20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO BADJAO

ladder serves as wash area mirrors symbolize the

number of children

lipa, djenging, and dapang houseboats

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20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO BADJAO

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SAMAL HOUSE

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SAMAL HOUSE

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SAMAL HOUSE

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20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO YAKAN HOUSE elevated 2 to 3 meters above ground kitchen annex door faces east

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20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO YAKAN HOUSE

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20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO MARANAO TOROGAN

House built for sultans and datus Arranged in a line along the river Elevated 2 to 3 meters above ground Windows face front and right

Panolong and okir carvings A lamin or tower built atop the

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20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO MARANAO TOROGAN

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 Island of Panay 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO BAHAY KUBO

bamboo house on stilts home to an extended family often surrounded by a garden

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SPANISH CHURCHES Calasiao, Pangasinan

 2nd_{best bell tower}

 by Fr. Ramon Dalinao 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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SPANISH CHURCHES

Laoag Church, Ilocos Norte

 by Fr. Joseph Ruiz  sinking belltower 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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SPANISH CHURCHES Las Pinas Church

 by Fr. Diego Cera 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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SPANISH CHURCHES Loboc, Bohol

 biggest number of murals on

walls and ceilings

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SPANISH CHURCHES Manila Cathedral

 by Bishop Domingo Salazar

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SPANISH CHURCHES Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo

 by Fr. Fernando Comporedondo 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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SPANISH CHURCHES Morong Church, Rizal

 Spanish Baroque style  by Fr. Blas dela Madre

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SPANISH CHURCHES Panay Church

largest bell, from 30 sacks of coins donated by townspeople 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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SPANISH CHURCHES Quiapo Church

restored by Juan Nakpil and Jose Maria Zaragosa 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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SPANISH CHURCHES San Agustin Church

by Fr. Juan Macias 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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SPANISH CHURCHES San Sebastian

one of first steel buildings steel from Belgium by Eiffel

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SPANISH CHURCHES Taal Church, Batangas

by Fr. Martin Aguirre biggest church 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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SPANISH CHURCHES Sta. Ana Church, Manila

by Fr. Vicente Ingles restored by Juan Nakpil

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SPANISH CHURCHES

Sto. Nino, Cebu

by Diego de Herrera 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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UNESCO WORLD HERITAGE LIST

San Agustin, Intramuros Miagao Church, Ilo-ilo

San Agustin, Paoay, Ilocos Norte Sta. Monica, Ilocos Sur

SPANISH HOUSES: BAHAY-NA-BATO

evolved from the Bahay Kubo:

 tropical house  steep, hip roof

 post and lintel construction  light and airy structure

 elevated living quarters  economy of materials

 space flowing from one room to

next

Spanish, Neo-Classical, Gothic, and Baroque influence:

 grandeur and solidity  ornamentation  Vigan Houses  Antillan Houses  Ivatan Houses PARTS FIRST FLOOR:

Zaguan, for caroza Quadra, horse stable Bodega, storeroom

SECOND FLOOR:

Stairway

Caida, ante-sala from stairs Sala, living room

Comedor, dining room Cocina, kitchen

Dispensa, pantry

Letrina or Comun, toilet Baño, bath

Azotea, open terrace Aljibe, water cistern

Cuarto, Alcoba, Dormitorio Entresuelo, vault Balcon, balcony Patio, courtyard 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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Kapatas, foreman Balangkas, framework Dos Aguas, gable roof Kuling, girder

Sepo, girt Canal, groove

Alulod o Kanal, gutter Caida, hall

Bisagra, hinge Pulgada, inches Pendulum, king post Piyon, laborer

Asinta, laying of CHB Sibe, lean-to roof Dulang, low table Kantero, Mason Kanto Mesa, miter Paupo, mortar

Kostura, mortar joints Estanyo, Nikolite bar Truerka, nut

Estopa, oakum

De Bandeha, panel door Lingueta, GI strap Tapon, plug 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

MORE VERNACULAR TERMS:

Unosinotra, alternate/staggered Liyabe, anchor

Batidura, astragal Medya Agua, awning Barandillas, baluster Rodapis, baseboard Tirante, bottom chord Pie de Gallo, brace Ladrillo, brick

Kostilyahe, ceiling joists Sinturon, collar

Larga Masa, concrete slab Escondro, crushed stone Abang, dowel

Tubo de Banada, downspout Escombro, earth fill

Alero, eaves

Tabike, exterior siding Piye, feet

Batidura, fillet Dotal, floorboards Soleras, floor joists Guililan, floor sill Suelo, flooring Alahado, flush

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Pergola, trellis Kilo, truss

Asolehos, wainscoting tiles Bagad, wall post

Pitsa, washer

Pasamano, window sill Poleya, wiring knob Haspe, wood grain Tabla, wood plank

Plantsuela, wrought iron strap Palitada, plaster

Kalinya, aligned Trankilya, barrel bolt Biga, beam

Hiero, iron

Kisame, ceiling

Baral de Kadena, chain bolt Poste, column

Kontratista, constructor Kanto, corner

Dish rack, bangguerahan Sumbrero Pintuan, door head Hamba Pintuan, door jamb Senepa, fascia board

Tambak, fill 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

MORE VERNACULAR TERMS:

Hulog, plumb bob Bolado, projection Reostra, purlins Masilya, putty

Media Cana, quarter round Vaciada, rabbet

Kabilya, reinforcing bars Kaballete, ridge roll

Takip Silipan, riser Rimatse, rivets

Lastillas, sand and gravel Andanyo, scaffolding Rebokada, scratch coat Dutcha, shower

Prigadero, sink Krokis, sketch plan Estanyo, soldering bar Biento, spacing

Staka, stake

Madre de Escalera, closed

stringer

Trabe Anzo, horizontal stud Pilarete, vertical stud

Latero, tinsmith Baytang, tread

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AMERICAN PERIOD

Early American Period Notable architects:

Daniel Burnham

 city plan of Manila and Baguio

William Parsons Juan Arellano Tomas Mapua  1st_{registered architect in} country Alejandro Legardo Antonio Toledo Carlos Barredo

Masonic Temple, Escolta

 1st_{concrete building in Escolta}

Philippine Normal School

 Phil. Normal University

University of the Philippines

 Padre Faura

National Museum

 1st was the Legislative Building

Intendencia Building

 adjacent to Manila Cathedral

Luneta Hotel

 2nd hotel in Asia

 French Baroque style

Army and Navy Club

 rest and recreation for American

soldiers

De La Salle College

 by Tomas Mapua

Rizal Monument

 obelisk

Sta. Isabel College

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Manila Hotel  1st_{hotel in Asia}  1st_{with elevator}  renovated by Locsin in 1975

Philippine General Hospital

 by William Parsons Post Office Building _{by Juan Arellano}

EXAMPLES

UST Main Building

by Roque Rueno 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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AMERICAN PERIOD Commonwealth Period Notable architects: Juan Nakpil

 1st_{National Artist for Arch.}

Pablo Antonio

 2nd_{National Artist for Arch.}

Enrique Bautista Gonzalo Barreto Fernando Ocampo

Andres Luna y San Pedro Leandro Locsin

 3rd_{National Artist for Arch.}

Agriculture & Finance Building Crystal Arcade, Escolta

Quezon Institute

 By Juan Nakpil

Lyric Theater, Escolta

 By Juan Nakpil

Ideal Theater, Avenida Rizal

 by Pablo Antonio

Jai Alai Building

 demolished in 2001

 Art Deco, streamline style

Ambassador Hotel

 by Fernando Ocampo

 1st skyscraper in the country (4

storeys)

Syquia Apartments, Malate

 by Pablo Antonio

Natividad Building, Escolta

 by Andres Luna y San Pedro

Regina Building, Escolta

 by Andres Luna y San Pedro

FEU Main Building

 by Pablo Antonio 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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EXAMPLES

The Iglesia Ni Cristo Cathedrals

by Carlos Santos Viola

The Church of the Risen Lord, UP

by Cesar Concio Metropolitan Theater 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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EXAMPLES

Philippine Heart Center

The Meralco Building

by Jose Zaragoza _{The Quiapo Mosque}

by Jorge Ramos 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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EXAMPLES

Robinson’s Galleria by William Coscolluela SM Megamall by Antonio Sindiong 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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EXAMPLES

The Central Bank of the Philippines

The Quezon Monument

by Federico Ilustre

Asian Institute of Management

by Gabriel Formoso 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO

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EXAMPLES

The New Istana, Brunei

The Parish of the Holy Sacrifice, UP Diliman

The Cultural Center of the Philippines

The Philippine Stock Exchange

by Leandro Locsin 20th_C: MODERN ISLAMIC CHINESE JAPANESE INDIAN FILIPINO