y
y Intervention simply means interference.Intervention simply means interference. y
y AcAccocordrdining g to to OpOppepenhnheieim, m, ³ ³ InIntetervrvenentition on isis
dictatorial
dictatorial
interference
interference
by a State in the affairs of another State for by a State in the affairs of another State for the purpose ofthe purpose of
maintaining or altering the actual
maintaining or altering the actual
conditions of things
conditions of things
.´.´ yy Dictatorial interference here means without the consent of Dictatorial interference here means without the consent of the State concerned. (when you interfere in the affairs of the State concerned. (when you interfere in the affairs of another State without its consent). (American bombardment another State without its consent). (American bombardment in Pakistan.)
in Pakistan.) y
y MMaiaintntaiainining ng or or alalteteriring ng ththe e aactctuaual l cocondndititioions ns of of ththiningsgs means to make the conditions according to the wishes of means to make the conditions according to the wishes of i
innteterrvevennining g SStatatte. e. TThe he StStatate e is is ccomompepelllleed d tto o ddo o wwhhat at itit doesn¶t want to do or not to do what it wants to do.
y
y Against the concept of Sovereignty. (Basic element of anAgainst the concept of Sovereignty. (Basic element of an independent Nation).
independent Nation). y
y invitation or on request (may be to Red Cross for help or for invitation or on request (may be to Red Cross for help or for the purpose of any aid etc.) is not intervention.
the purpose of any aid etc.) is not intervention. y
y Joint exercises of Army like recent exercise of Indian andJoint exercises of Army like recent exercise of Indian and American troops is something which can not be called as American troops is something which can not be called as intervention. ( a show of strength to China).
intervention. ( a show of strength to China). y
y Important example of intervention is China¶s interference inImportant example of intervention is China¶s interference in the domestic matters of Tibet.
the domestic matters of Tibet. y
y American forces and allied forces still in Afghanistan andAmerican forces and allied forces still in Afghanistan and Iraq. Appointment of Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai Iraq. Appointment of Afghanistan President Hamid Karzai and the execution of Sadam Hussain under the influence of and the execution of Sadam Hussain under the influence of the allied forces at the instance of USA.
y
y
Article 2 (4) of the U.N. Charter: All the members shall
Article 2 (4) of the U.N. Charter: All the members shall
refrain in their international relations from the threat
refrain in their international relations from the threat
or
or
u
use
se
o
of
f
f
for
or
ce
c
e
ag
ag
ai
ai
n
nst
st
th
th
e
e
t
ter
er
ri
rit
tor
oria
ia
l
l
in
in
t
teg
eg
ri
rity
ty
or
or
political independence
political independence
of any Stat
of any Stat
e.
e.
y
y
Article 2 (7) of the U.N. Charter: Nothing contained in
Article 2 (7) of the U.N. Charter: Nothing contained in
t
th
he
e
p
pr
re
es
se
en
nt
t
Ch
C
ha
ar
rt
te
er
r
s
sh
ha
al
ll
l
a
au
ut
th
ho
or
ri
is
se
e
th
t
he
e
U
U
.
.N
N.
.
t
to
o
intervene in the matters which are essentially within
intervene in the matters which are essentially within
t
th
he
e
d
do
om
me
es
st
ti
ic
c
j
ju
ur
ri
is
sd
di
ic
ct
ti
io
on
n
o
of
f
a
an
ny
y
S
St
ta
at
te
e
b
bu
ut
t
t
th
hi
is
s
p
pr
ri
in
nc
ci
ip
pl
le
e
s
sh
ha
al
ll
l
n
no
ot
t
p
pr
re
ej
ju
ud
di
ic
ce
e
t
th
he
e
en
e
nf
fo
or
rc
ce
em
me
en
nt
t
mea
y
y
Mi
Milit
lit
ar
ary
y:
:
Bloc
Bl
ocka
ka
de
de,
,
na
nava
va
l
l
de
dem
mon
onst
stra
rati
tion
ons,
s,
ar
arre
rest
st
an
and
d
d
de
et
te
en
nt
ti
io
on
n
o
of
f
f
fo
or
re
ei
ig
gn
ne
er
rs
s
o
or
r
e
ex
xp
pu
ul
ls
si
io
on
n
o
of
f
f
fo
or
re
ei
ig
gn
n
diplomats.
diplomats.
y
y
Subversive: propaganda or other activities by one State
Subversive: propaganda or other activities by one State
with the intention of starting in other State revolt or civil
with the intention of starting in other State revolt or civil
Strife.
Strife.
y
y
Ec
Econ
onom
omic
ic:
:
in
inte
terf
rfer
eren
ence
ce
wi
with
th
tr
tr
ad
ade
e
an
and
d
sh
ship
ippi
ping
ng
an
and
d
denial of access to land and water.
denial of access to land and water.
y
y
Diplomatic: includes communication of the possible use
Diplomatic: includes communication of the possible use
of military or other coercive measures.
of military or other coercive measures.
y
y
According to Professor Quincy Wright intervention may
According to Professor Quincy Wright intervention may
be diplomatic as well as military.
be diplomatic as well as military.
y
y TTo o prproteotect ct itits s citcitizizens ens ababroroadad: : ExExamampleple: : ShShahahrurukh kh KhKhan an at at anan American air port was thoroughly questioned regarding his name. American air port was thoroughly questioned regarding his name. It is only after the intervention of diplomats that he was released. It is only after the intervention of diplomats that he was released. T
Thihis s is is aan n eexxamamplple e aas s tto o hohow w MMususlilimms s aare re bbeieinng g ttrreaeatted ed iinn A
Ammereriica ca iinnsstteead ad oof f OObabamma¶a¶s s ddececllararatatiioon n of of nenew w ppoolilicy cy of of friendship with the Islamic World.
friendship with the Islamic World.
Indian students in Australia are under the racial attacks and the Indian students in Australia are under the racial attacks and the
matter is being taken very seriously by Indian Ministries. matter is being taken very seriously by Indian Ministries.
The matter of ban on wearing of turban and keeping beard in The matter of ban on wearing of turban and keeping beard in France, Italy, USA etc has been taken by the Indian embassies France, Italy, USA etc has been taken by the Indian embassies over there very seriously and the recent allowing by the USA to over there very seriously and the recent allowing by the USA to allow the Sikhs to wear turban, keep beards and wear Kirpan in allow the Sikhs to wear turban, keep beards and wear Kirpan in sec
securiturity serviy services is ces is sousought as ght as a a victorvictory y to Indiato Indian n sikh comsikh commumunitynity over there after the ban on turban imposed by the California¶s over there after the ban on turban imposed by the California¶s Governor
S
Sel
elf
f
D
Def
ef
en
en
c
ce
e
:
:
M
Mr
r
.
.
W
W
eb
eb
s
st
ter
er
,
,
t
th
he
e
S
Se
ecr
cret
et
ar
ar
y
y
of
of
U.S
U.S.A
.A
pr
pr
op
opou
ound
nd
ed
ed
an
an
im
impo
po
rta
rtant
nt
pri
pri
nci
ncipl
ple
e
re
rega
gardi
rdi
ng
ng
s
sel
elf
f
de
def
fe
en
nc
ce,
e,
³
³
I
In
nst
sta
ant
nt
,
,
ove
o
ve
r
rw
wh
he
elm
lm
i
in
ng
g
l
le
ea
av
vi
in
ng
g
no
no
choice of means and no moments for deliberations.´
choice of means and no moments for deliberations.´
y
y
T
Th
hi
is
s
p
pr
ri
in
nc
ci
ip
pl
le
e
w
wa
as
s
a
af
ff
fi
ir
rm
me
ed
d
b
by
y
t
th
he
e
N
Nu
ur
re
em
mb
be
er
rg
g
T
Tri
ri
bu
bu
n
nal
al,
,
1
194
94
6.
6.
(E
(E
st
stab
ab
li
lish
sh
ed
ed
t
to
o
pr
pr
os
osec
ecut
ut
e
e
th
th
e
e
w
war
ar
criminals of Germany.)
criminals of Germany.)
y
y
E
Ex
xam
am
p
pl
le:
e:
use
u
se
of
of
n
nu
ucl
cl
ea
ear
r
w
we
eap
ap
o
ons
ns
b
by
y
A
Am
mer
eri
ic
ca
a
o
on
n
J
Ja
ap
pa
an
n
i
in
n
S
Se
el
lf
f
D
De
ef
fe
en
nc
ce
e.
.
Am
A
me
er
ri
ic
ca
a
a
at
tt
ta
ac
ck
k
o
on
n
I
Ir
ra
aq
q:
:
weapons of mass distruction and its readiness to attack
weapons of mass distruction and its readiness to attack
Iran.
y
y
Article 51 of the U.N. Charter speaks of individual and
Article 51 of the U.N. Charter speaks of individual and
c
col
ol
l
le
ect
ct
i
iv
ve
e
ri
r
ig
gh
ht
t
o
of
f
s
se
elf
lf
de
d
ef
fe
en
nc
ce
e
t
to
o
m
mem
em
be
be
r
r
S
St
ta
at
te
es
s
subject to following rules: (1) there should be an armed
subject to following rules: (1) there should be an armed
attack, (2) the right exists until the Security Council
attack, (2) the right exists until the Security Council
has tak
has tak
en any ac
en any acti
tion, (3)
on, (3)
the me
the measu
asur
res tak
es tak
en
en
sho
sho
uld
uld
be
be
r
re
epo
port
rt
ed
ed
to
t
o
th
th
e
e
se
se
cu
cu
ri
rity
ty
c
cou
ou
n
nci
cil,
l,
(
(4)
4)
in
in
ca
case
se
of
of
collective right of self defence, the matter should be
collective right of self defence, the matter should be
subject to the review by the Security Council, (5) the
subject to the review by the Security Council, (5) the
right shall not affect the responsibility of the Security
right shall not affect the responsibility of the Security
Council for the maintenance of peace and security, (6)
Council for the maintenance of peace and security, (6)
this right is not available against a non member of the
this right is not available against a non member of the
U.N.
y
y Can a State interfere in a State where violation of Human RightsCan a State interfere in a State where violation of Human Rights
takes place on Humanitarian Grounds? takes place on Humanitarian Grounds?
y
y InIntetervrvenentition on on on HuHumamaninitataririan an GrGrououndndss: : bbasasiicacalllly y SSttatatee
treatment of its subjects is only the concern of that State. Now, if treatment of its subjects is only the concern of that State. Now, if there is any violation of Human Rights it is within the preview of that there is any violation of Human Rights it is within the preview of that particular State. Unless and until Security Council first determines particular State. Unless and until Security Council first determines that the violation of human rights poses a threat to international peace that the violation of human rights poses a threat to international peace and security, action under Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter can not be and security, action under Chapter VII of the U.N. Charter can not be taken. Thus, on the ground of violation of human rights the U.N. can taken. Thus, on the ground of violation of human rights the U.N. can not intervene in the affairs of a member State. (The simple answer to not intervene in the affairs of a member State. (The simple answer to the above mentioned question is
the above mentioned question is µNO¶µNO¶).).
y
y U.S.A attack on Iraq: (1) weapons of mass destruction (2) to liberateU.S.A attack on Iraq: (1) weapons of mass destruction (2) to liberate
its citizens from a dictator. its citizens from a dictator.
y
y KKuuwwaiait t anand d IIrraq aq wwarar. . AfAftter er anannnexexatatiioonn, , IIrraq aq esesttabablliisshheed d iittss
s
sovoverereieiggntnty y over over KuKuwawait it anand d it it wawas s dedeclclarared ed itits s 1919thth province. province.
Secu
y
y
Intervention in civil wars
Intervention in civil wars
: Article 2 (7) of the U.N.: Article 2 (7) of the U.N.Charter prohibits to interfere in domestic matters of States Charter prohibits to interfere in domestic matters of States by U.N. If civil war assumes such magnitude that it poses by U.N. If civil war assumes such magnitude that it poses
th
threreat at to to ininteterrnanatitiononal al pepeacace e aand nd sesecucurrity ity thethen n U.U.N. N. cacann in
intetervrvenene. e. ( ( IrIraq aq anand d KuKuwawait it wawar)r)..
y
y
T
T
o
o
en
enfo
forc
rce
e
T
T
re
reat
aty
y
Ri
Righ
ghts
ts
: : a a SSttaatte e iis s jujussttiiffiieed d iinninterfering in the affairs of another State if the provisions of interfering in the affairs of another State if the provisions of any treaty oblige the former to preserve the independence of any treaty oblige the former to preserve the independence of latter. (say a protectorate State).
latter. (say a protectorate State).
y
y
Intervention to prevent illegal intervention
Intervention to prevent illegal intervention
: like: likeSecurity Council intervened when Iraq declared Kuwait its Security Council intervened when Iraq declared Kuwait its 19
y
y
Collective Intervention
Collective Intervention
: Under Chapter VII of the
: Under Chapter VII of the
U.
U.N.
N.
Ch
Char
arte
ter
r
th
the
e
Se
Se
cu
curi
rity
ty
Co
Coun
unci
cil
l
ca
can
n
ta
take
ke
co
coll
llec
ecti
tive
ve
ac
acti
ti
on
on
ag
ag
ai
ains
ns
t
t
an
any
y
St
Stat
ate
e
in
in
o
ord
rder
er
to
to
m
mai
aint
ntai
ain
n
or
or
r
res
esto
tore
re
international peace and security.
international peace and security.
y
y
A
Ar
rt
ti
ic
cl
le
e
4
41
1
of
o
f
t
th
he
e
U
U.
.N
N.
.
C
Ch
ha
ar
rt
te
er
r:
:
C
Co
om
mp
pl
le
et
te
e
o
or
r
p
pa
ar
rt
ti
ia
al
l
in
inte
terr
rr
up
upti
tion
on
of
of
ec
econ
onom
om
ic
ic
re
rela
lati
tion
ons
s
an
and
d
of
of
ra
rail
il
,
,
se
sea,
a,
ai
air
r
,
,
p
po
os
st
ta
al
l,
,
t
te
el
le
eg
gr
ra
ap
ph
hi
ic
c,
,
r
ra
ad
di
io
o
a
an
nd
d
o
ot
th
he
er
r
m
me
ea
an
ns
s
o
of
f
communication and the severance of diplomatic relations.
communication and the severance of diplomatic relations.
y
y
Article 42 of the U.N. Charter: demonstrations, blockade
Article 42 of the U.N. Charter: demonstrations, blockade
a
an
nd
d
o
oth
th
er
er
o
op
pe
er
rat
at
io
io
n
ns
s
b
by
y
a
air
ir
,
,
s
se
ea
a
o
or
r
l
lan
and
d
f
fo
or
rc
ces
es
o
of
f
th
the
e
member of U.N.
y
y Article 39: The Security Council shallArticle 39: The Security Council shall determine the existence of determine the existence of
any threat
any threat to the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression andto the peace, breach of the peace, or act of aggression and
shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in
shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in
accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international
accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international
peace and security.
peace and security.
y
y Article 43:Article 43: AAllll MMembersembers of the United Nations, in order to contributeof the United Nations, in order to contribute
to the maintenance of international peace and security,
to the maintenance of international peace and security,
undertake
undertake
to make avai
to make avai
llab
ab
lle to the Security Counci
e to the Security Counci
ll, on its call, on its callan
and d in in acaccocordrdanance ce wiwith th a a spspececiaial l agagrereememenent t or or agagrereememenentsts, , ararmmeded
forces, assistance, and facilities, including rights of passage, necessary
forces, assistance, and facilities, including rights of passage, necessary
for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security.
for the purpose of maintaining international peace and security.
y
y Article 47: There shall be established aArticle 47: There shall be established a MMiillitary Staff Committeeitary Staff Committee toto
advise and assist the Security Council on all questions relating to the
advise and assist the Security Council on all questions relating to the
Se
Secucuririty ty CoCoununcicil'l's s mmililititarary y rereququirirememenents ts fofor r ththe e mmaiaintntenenanance ce of of
in
interternanatitiononal al pepeace ace anand d sesecucuritrityy, , ththe e ememplploymoymenent t anand d cocommmmanand d of of
fo
y
y PropoundPropounded by ed by PresidePresident of nt of U.S.U.S., , Monroe.Monroe. y
y President T. Roosevelt called it as cardinal feature of AmericaPresident T. Roosevelt called it as cardinal feature of America Foreign
Foreign PolicyPolicy.. y
y Monroe Declaration 1823: basically this declaration is in form of Monroe Declaration 1823: basically this declaration is in form of tw
two o prprininccipipleles s (1) (1) nonon-n-ccololooninissatatioion n ppririncncipiplle e anand d (2(2) ) nonon- n-intervention principle.
intervention principle. y
y (1) the States of America Continent would not be made subject of (1) the States of America Continent would not be made subject of colonisat
colonisation in ion in future. (non-colonisfuture. (non-colonisation principle).ation principle). y
y (2) America will not interfere in the mutual wars of European(2) America will not interfere in the mutual wars of European States nor will it tolerate any interference in the domestic affairs. States nor will it tolerate any interference in the domestic affairs. (Non-intervention principle).
(Non-intervention principle). y
y ((33) ) if if EEururoopepeaan n SSttatates es iintnteerfrfeere re iin n tthe he aaffffaairirs s of of AAmmerericicaann Continent, America would consider it as an unfriendly act and Continent, America would consider it as an unfriendly act and necessa
y
y
In Dec. 1902, Mr. Luis M. Drago, the Foreign Minister
In Dec. 1902, Mr. Luis M. Drago, the Foreign Minister
of
of
Ar
Ar
g
gent
ent
ina
ina
fu
furth
rther
er
str
streng
engthe
thene
ne
d
d
non
non
-in
-inte
te
rve
rve
nti
ntion
on
pr
prin
in
ci
cipl
pl
e
e
and
an
d
th
this
is
pri
pri
nc
ncip
iple
le
is
is
su
supp
pp
le
leme
ment
ntary
ary
t
to/
o/
in
in
add
additi
iti
on
on
to t
to the M
he M
onr
onr
oe
oe
doct
doct
rin
rin
e.
e.
y
y
According to this principle European States could not
According to this principle European States could not
i
int
nt
er
erv
ven
en
e
e
in
in
th
th
e
e
af
af
fa
fair
ir
s
s
of
of
t
the
he
St
St
at
at
es
es
of
of
A
Ame
me
ri
ri
ca
can
n
Co
Conti
ntinen
nen
t
t
on th
on th
e
e
gr
groun
ound of cla
d of cla
imi
imi
ng pu
ng public
blic
deb
deb
ts
ts.
.
y
y