Many Voices One Vision
Indianapolis, Indiana
Barbara Seitz de Martinez, PhD, MLS, CPP Indiana Prevention Resource Center
August 2, 2007
Methamphetamine Problem and Solution
Using the
Strategic Prevention Framework Logic Model
The Indiana Prevention Resource Center is funded, in part, by a contract with the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, financially supported through HHS/Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration, Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, Substance Abuse
Prevention and Treatment Block Grant. The IPRC is operated by the Indiana University Department of Applied Health Science and School of Health, Physical Education and Recreation. It is affiliated with the Department’s Institute of Drug Abuse Prevention.
Outcomes-Based Prevention
Sustainability & Cultural Competence
Source: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, SAMHSA, CSAP
Assessment Evaluate Strategic Plan Implement evidence-Based PPP Capacity Building
Meth Strategies Substance-Related Consequences and Use Intervening Factors Community Crime Family services School Healthcare Individual Physical damage Psychological damage
Harm loved ones
Family disintegration
Strategies
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Source: http://www.wsnia.org/articles/MethPrevCookbook/METHTRAININGSEG2-2001.pdf
Ice / Crystal / Pipe
Crystal Powder
Source: DEA, Photo Library, http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/photo_library3.html Methamphetamine
Bag of Ice / Crystal Powder
Source: DEA, Photo Library, http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/photo_library3.html Methamphetamine
Powder Powder
Source: DEA, Photo Library, http://www.usdoj.gov/dea/photo_library3.html Methamphetamine
How It Is Stored
Source: http://www.wsnia.org/articles/MethPrevCookbook/METHTRAININGSEG2-2001.pdf
Administration
Smoking**
immediate, intense rush, lasting a few minutes
Injecting
immediate, intense rush, lasting a few minutes
Snorting
In 3-5 min., euphoria, long-lasting high up to 12 hrs.
Oral ingestion
In 15-20 min., euphoria, long-lasting high up to 12 hrs.
Cocaine: 10 million regular users
Heroin: 15 million regular users
Meth: 42 million regular users
Source: World Health Organization, Cited by Richard Rawson (UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, and Pacific South West Addiction Technology Transfer Center), “Meth: A Focus on Women and Children,” Women and Children in Recovery Conference of the Indiana Family and Social Services Administration, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, IN Government Building, April 7, 2005
Prevalence – World Wide Use Methamphetamine
Half-Life
The half-life of cocaine is .5 to 1.5 hours
The half life of meth is 9 to 24 hours
The half-life of smoked cocaine is 1 to 1.5 hours
The half life of smoked meth is 11 to 12 hours
Source: Minnesota Department of Health. “Implications of Route of Administration for Cocaine and Methamphetamine for Drug Abuse and Neurobehavioral Sequellae”
Consequences of Use Substance-Related Consequences and Use addiction brain damage HIV/STDs weight loss paranoia hallucination dental damage, fetal effects
Other effects to community:
violent crime child abuse child neglect
strain on child services school personnel strained healthcare services strained law enforcement judicial system burns loss of children loss of job loss of marriage imprisonment family disintegration
Consequences of Use: Short-term
Dopamine plays an important role in the regulation of pleasure. In addition to other regions, dopamine is manufactured in nerve cells within the ventral segmental area and is released in the nucleus accumbens and the frontal cortex.
Short-term Effects: Rush Wakefulness Physical activity Loss of appetite Increased respiration Increased blood pressure Tremors/convul-sions Hyperthermia
Consequences of Use: Long-term Effects
Dependence and addiction psychosis
Paranoia
Hallucinogens
Mood disturbance
Repetitive motor activity
Stroke
Weight Loss
Tooth damage
Extent of brain damage (up to 50% of
dopamine-producing cells in the brain)
Burns and Scratching
Source: Bill O’Dell, Community Prevention Specialist, West Virginia Prevention Resource Center, “What’s Up with Meth” PowerPoint, 2004
Same Woman Source: DOJ, DEA, Pseudoephedrine Brochure, Aug. 2003
Damage over time Source: DOJ, DEA, Pseudoephedrine Brochure, Aug. 2003
Repetitive Action
Source: Michael G. Heavican, U.S. Attorney for District of Nebraska, Photos taken by Lincoln police of persons
arrested for meth possession.
Use: Consumption Patterns
Substance-Related Consequences
and Use
Overall consumption data
Info about drug being consumed
Homemade for self-use
Street drug (imported vs. local manufacture)
Form of the drug (powder? Ice? )
Manner of consumption (needle? smoked?)
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Use: Consumption Patterns
Substance-Related Consequences
and Use
Overall consumption data Location/context of use:
Consumption in risky situations
Parties (in homes, private or public)
In school
In homes with children
At work
Association with unsafe sex (STDs, HIV)
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Use: Consumption Patterns
Substance-Related Consequences
and Use
Who is using? Groups to target.
Rural / urban / suburban
White / Hispanic / African-Americans
Heterosexual / homosexual
Young adult / older adult / youth
Men / women
Substance users / polydrug users
Who is using? High-Risk Groups?
Pregnant women
Youth, college students
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
“There’s no such thing as a typical meth user.” -- recovering meth addict
“Q: Is meth used in combination with other drugs?
A: Methamphetamine users
are likely also to be users of alcohol, marijuana and
cocaine rather than users of drugs like heroin. “
Source: Website page of www.methfreeindiana.org: http://www.in.gov/cji/drugfree/ meth/faq.html accessed
Consumption Patterns: Impact on Children
Substance-Related Consequences
and Use
Overall consumption data
Info about impact upon children
Dangers in lab setting
Role modeling
Risk of physical/emotional neglect/abuse by parent
Risk of abuse by other adults
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Consequences: Drug Endangered Children
Source: Bill O’Dell, Community Prevention Specialist, West Virginia Prevention Resource Center, “What’s Up with Meth” PowerPoint, 2004
Substance-Related Consequences
and Use
Binge Phase:
Physical Abuse – agitated, violent behavior Sexual Abuse – libido increased
Neglect – intensely self-centered
Crash Phase:
Effects upon Parenting:
1. Insomnia
2. Intense sleep 3. Intense hunger 4. Depression
Physical Abuse – violent, easily agitated
Sexual Abuse – children unprotected from others Neglect – no supervision, neglect of child’s needs
Why Children Are More Vulnerable
Shorter, closer to the ground (chemical vapors)
Growing and developing rapidly
Higher metabolic and respiration rates
Developing nervous system (more vulnerable)
Different habits, e.g., hand-to-mouth (higher risk)
Source: Richard Rawson (UCLA Integrated Substance Abuse Programs, and Pacific South West Addiction Technology Transfer Center), “Meth: A Focus on Women and Children,” Women and Children in Recovery
Consequences for Children
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Prevalence – Indiana 6th-12th Graders, 2006
http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07.
Meth Use by IN Children, 2006 (IPRC)
Grade Lifetime Annual Current 6th 0.5% 0.3% 0.2%
8th 2% 1.4% 0.9%
10th 3.5% 2.4% 1.2%
12th 5% 3.1% 1.5%
Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006
Indicates that IN rate is higher than U.S. rate based on MTF 2006 survey.
http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07.
Prevalence – Indiana 6th-12th Graders, 2006
Meth Use by IN Children (%), 2006
Lifetime Annual Current
IN U.S. IN U.S. IN U.S.
6 0.5 NA 0.3 NA 0.2 NA 8 2 2.7 1.4 1.8 0.9 0.6 10 3.5 3.2 2.4 1.8 1.2 0.7 12 5 4.4 3.1 2.5 1.5 0.9 Gr http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07.
Monitoring the Future, 2006 survey, www.monitoringthefuture.org (University of Michigan, 2006) Accessed 1/21/07.
Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006
Tranquilizer Use by IN Children (%), 2006
Lifetime Annual Current
IN U.S. IN U.S. IN U.S.
6 0.5 NA 0.3 NA 0.2 NA 8 8.9 4.3 6.8 2.6 4.1 1.3 10 14.3 7.2 10.7 5.2 5.9 2.4 12 14.5 10.3 9.8 6.6 5.3 2.7 Gr http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07.
Monitoring the Future, 2006 survey, www.monitoringthefuture.org (University of Michigan, 2006) Accessed 1/21/07.
Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006
Indicates that IN rate is higher than U.S. rate based on MTF 2006 survey. Italics indicates a statistically significant drop from 2005 to 2006 in Indiana.
http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07.
Monitoring the Future, 2006 survey, www.monitoringthefuture.org (University of Michigan, 2006) Accessed 1/21/07.
Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006
Alcohol and Smoking Behaviors (%)
Binge Drinking Daily Smoking
IN U.S. IN U.S. 6 7 NA 3 NA 8 11 10.9 5.8 4.0 10 19.9 21.9 12.2 7.6 12 27.3+ 26.5 16.9 12.2 Gr
Indicates that IN rate is higher than U.S. rate based on MTF 2006 survey. Italics indicates a statistically significant drop from 2005 to 2006 in Indiana.
Current Drug Use by IN Children (%), 2006
Gr Meth Alcohol Binge Cigarettes Marij Tranq Cocaine
8 0.9 20.9 11 11.6 8.2 4.1 1.1
10 1.2 33 19.9 20.6 14.6 5.9 2.1
12 1.5 42.2 27.3 26.9 17.2 5.3 3.1
http://www.drugs.indiana.edu/survey/atod/2006/index.html. Accessed 1/20/07.
Source: Alcohol, Tobacco and Other Drug Use by Indiana Children and Adolescents – 2006 Survey. Indiana Prevention Resource Center, 2006
Indicates that IN rate is higher than U.S. rate based on MTF 2006 survey.
Intervening/Causal Factors Substance-Related Consequences and Use Intervening Factors Community Crime Family services School Healthcare Individual Physical damage Psychological damage
Harm loved ones
Family disintegration
Community
Availability
Price
Local labs, street, retail
Social Social Norms Enforcement Individual Perceptions of risk Perceptions of harm
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Availability of Chemicals: Precursor
Source: http://www.meth-in-douglas.com/meth_info.htm
Precursor (pseudoephedrine)
Reagent: e.g., water reactive metal (lithium, sodium, red
phosphorous, iodine, sodium hydroxide)
Solvent (acetone, alcohol, benzene, camp fuel,
chloroform, ethanol, ether, methanol, mineral spirits, paint/lacquer thinner, toulene, xylene)
Glassware and hardware
Source: IN State Police, Clandestine Laboratory Team, 2005
Source: DEA
Keeping Ahead of the Criminals
Keeping Ahead of the Criminals
From Phenylalanine
From: [email protected] (Speed Raver)
A surprisingly simple synthesis is possible from the amino acid phenylalanine, which is available at health food stores for about $14 for 100 tablets. Phenylalanine is 2-amino-3-phenylpropanoic acid, which is more or less amphetamine with a COOH where the Ch4 should be at the end of the chain. Thionyl chloride will replace the OH with a Cl, which falls off and is replaced by H when you give it lithium aluminum hydride, sodium borohydride, or hydrogen gas and
nickel/platinum. If you use hydrogen and metal for that step, you'll ha v e to reduce the carbonyl group with one of the hydrides, so best save time + effort and use them and do both reductions at once. When that carbonyl is reduced, you now have amphetamine. Go back up to that first one I mentioned for
upgrading amphetamine into methamphetamine.
http://leda.lycaeum.org/index.pl?ID=8731
Chemicals: Reagant
Source: http://www.meth-in-douglas.com/meth_info.htm
Total lab busts: 6,435 Indiana Prevention Resource Center
Map: Meth Lab Busts, 2006
Total lab busts, 993
Indiana Prevention Resource Center
Total lab busts, 993 Indiana Prevention Resource Center Source: IN State Police, 2007 Map: Meth Lab Busts, 2006
Incomplete Data
Not all labs are found
Not all agencies report all seizures
Not all agencies that report to the Indiana State
Police also report to the DEA
We have no way to know for other states what
Intervening/Causal Factors Substance-Related Consequences and Use Intervening Factors Community Crime Family services School Healthcare Individual Physical damage Psychological damage
Harm loved ones
Family disintegration
Social Values
Overachievement Thinness ideal
Economic success
Letting others set your goals Seeking the ‘high’
Thrill of risk taking
Individual
Coping mechanism Peer pressure
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Substance-Related Consequences and Use Intervening Factors Community Crime Family services School Healthcare Individual Physical damage Psychological damage
Harm loved ones
Family disintegration Community Availability Price Retail Social Social Norms Enforcement Individual Perceptions of risk Perceptions of harm Strategies Address problems identified and causal factors
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Strategies Substance-Related Consequences and Use Intervening Factors Community Crime Family services School Healthcare Individual Physical damage Psychological damage
Harm loved ones
Family disintegration Community Availability Price Retail Social Social Norms Enforcement Individual Perceptions of risk Perceptions of harm Coping Mechanism Peer Pressure Strategies Reduce availability Legislation/Policy Dye in anhydrous Awareness campaigns Community action Curricula / programs Trainings – CPS, School
Provisions for DEC Healthcare workers Law enforcement Support Networks
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Strategies Substance-Related Consequences and Use Intervening Factors Strategies
Legislation controlling the sale of ephedrine by retailers (7/05)
Meth Law Senate Enrolled Act 444
•Limits amount of purchase •Records names of purchasers •Database to track purchases •Tracking log books
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006
Strategies Substance-Related Consequences and Use Intervening Factors Strategies
•IN Drug Endangered Children Response Protocol
•IN Drug Endangered Children Comprehensive Care Protocol •Policy and Planning Strategies – lab clean-ups
•Enforcement Strategies – highway patrols, campaigns
•Precursor Chemical Control Strategies – tags on ammonia tanks •Prevention/Drug Demand Reduction Strategies – education
•Property Remediation/Meth Lab Clean-up Strategies – loans •Treatment Strategies – Transition help for reentry from prison
Strategies Substance-Related Consequences and Use Intervening Factors Strategies
IN Criminal Justice Institute Meth Data Repository Indiana Meth Watch Program (CJI)
Meth Free Indiana Coalition
Midwest Governors Association Regional Meth Summit Governor’s Commission for a Drug-Free Indiana
Strategic Prevention Framework State Incentive Grant
Adapted from CSAP, Strategic Prevention Framework, Indianapolis, Feb. 21, 2006