Research for Disaster Response and Preparedness

(1)

Research

for

Disaster

Response

and

Preparedness

D k b h i 1953 O Ri J

Dr.

Matsuki

Hirotada:

JICA

Expert

Dyke breach in 1953, Onga River, Japan

ASEM High‐level Meeting on Disaster Prevention and Relief in Response to Climate Change “Strengthening Asia‐Europe Cooperation for Disaster Risk Reduction and Sustainable Development”

Grand Plaza Hotel, Hanoi ‐Viet Nam, 18 November 2013

Build

back

better

policy

in

Japan

Reconfirming

DRR

Research

of

a

river

office

Research

outputs

for

DRR

(vulnerability reduction)

(vulnerability

reduction)

(exposure

reduction)

(hazard reduction)

(hazard

reduction)

Conclusion

2

(2)

Osaka

flood

risk

reduction

(Yodo River

Diversion

1896

‐

1910)

Kanzakigawa R.

Osaka had developed

by flood risk reduction

after repeat floods.

Kema Nakatsugawa R.

● 1594‐96 Uji River shifting

1606‐11 Takase Channel excavation

Shinyodogawa R.

Ohkawa R.

1606 11 Takase Channel excavation 1684‐87 Aji Port construction 1704 Yamato River diversion

● _Osaka_Castle 1868 Yodo River Flood

1868‐70 Kizu River shifting

1885 Yodo River Flood

1896‐10 Yodo Floodway excavation

‐Kema overfall weir

‐Kema lock gate

‐Dyke widening, heightening

‐Seta River overfall weir

‐Seta River widening/dredging

‐Uji River shifting

3

Tokyo urbanization progressed

Tokyo

flood

risk

reduction

(Ara River

Diversion

1911

‐

1930)

1882

1919

37yeas

35years

Tokyo urbanization progressed

due to the improvement of the safety level

by the excavation of Ara River Floodway

Dykes and retarding area

1954

1996

35years

42years

Dykes and retarding area

1996

Former retarding basin area

has also been urbanized

Excavation of Ara River Floodway

(3)

Why

flood

among

disasters?

forecastablity occurrence Earthquake

predictable after a time period We can Tsunami

Storm

Natural disaster predictable

(sometimes) longer than a human life

We can

research. Flood

Natural artificial many times in a working We can Drought

Landslide

Natural‐artificial

disaster forecastable

many times in a working

age (15‐64) We can prepare. * Fire Fire Blackout Accident

Artificial disaster unforeseeable frequently We can alert.

* People can analyze floods in the past and forecast floods in the future. Floods are calling for people to learn lessons and to transfer it to the next generations Floods are calling for people to learn lessons and to transfer it to the next generations.

People who could implement it could survive in the flood‐prone areas. Flood risk management was developed in the history to build a resilient society Flood risk management was developed in the history to build a resilient society. That’s why Japan survives on disaster‐prone islands in the Asia‐monsoon region.

5

Decrease

of

casualties

Number of dead and missing (Persons) 10,000(Persons) 1,000 Ty So To To Ise 100 yphoon Ka th o rr en tia l Rai n o uthern Kii o ya m ar u Ty p ew an Typho o D I f F 10 First flood Second Third

Fourth Fifth Sixth Seventh _Eighth

Ninth floo d control (7 years) h leen ns in hoo n o n First Priority P for Social Infrast ruct ure D evelopment 1 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 flood control (5 years) g d (Year) lan 6

(4)

GDP

DRR

investment

effect

with disaster

with DRR investment without disaster

Disaster Event _Effect_of_DRR_investment

Enlarged view

with disaster

without DRR investment

Stop of economic activity by direct damage

Stagnation of economic activity and the recovery delay due

to lack of funds → con nua on of poverty trap

By disasters, increasing poverty and continued to be stuck

Time

Stop of economic activity by direct damage

⇒Expansion of poverty

in an increase in poverty, widening inequality, from the trap of poverty

JICA DR2_AD_Model_(DR2_AD:_Disaster_Risk_Reduction_investment_Accounts_for_Development) http://www.jica.go.jp/topics/news/2013/ku57pq00001ecfq5‐att/20130612_01_01.pdf 7

Build

back

better

policy

in

Japan

Reconfirming

DRR

Research

of

a

river

office

Research

outputs

for

DRR

(vulnerability reduction)

(vulnerability

reduction)

(exposure

reduction)

(hazard reduction)

(hazard

reduction)

Conclusion

(5)

k h l d l l

Disaster

Risk

Disaster risk: The potential disaster losses, in lives, health status, livelihoods, assets and services, which could occur to a particular

it i t ifi d

community or a society over some specified future time period.

Vulnerability: The characteristics and circumstances

Vulnerability: The characteristics and circumstances of a community, system or asset that make it susceptible to the damaging effects of a

hazard ConstructRisk Sharing in Flood Management of flood risk and its reduction hazard.

Exposure: People, property, systems, or other

elements present in hazard zones that are

Risk Sharing in Flood Management (WMO 2009)

elements present in hazard zones that are thereby subject to potential losses.

Hazard: A dangerous phenomenon that may cause

In order to reduce disaster risk,

how to reduce vulnerability?

g p y

loss of life, injury or other health impacts, property damage, loss of livelihoods and services, social and economic disruption, or

how to reduce vulnerability? How to reduce exposure?

environmental damage. _How_to_reduce_Hazard?

9

(2009 UNISDR Terminology on Disaster Risk Reduction)

Disaster

Risk

Management

Disaster risk management: The systematic process in order to lessen the adverse impacts

f h d d h b l f d h h d f

of hazards and the possibility of disaster through activities and measures for prevention, mitigation and preparedness.

sas

te

r

Response: The provision of emergency services

and public assistance during a disaster.

Di

s

Response

Recovery: The restoration of facilities, livelihoods and living conditions of communities.

Miti ti Th l i li it ti f th

Response Preparedness

Mitigation: The lessening or limitation of the adverse impacts of disaster.

Preparedness: The knowledge and capacities to

Recovery Preparedness_{effectively anticipate, respond to, and}: The knowledge and capacities to recover from, the impacts of likely disasters. Mitigation

Disaster risk can be reduced as a result of people’s effort in all of the disaster

people s effort in all of the disaster

response, recovery, mitigation and

preparedness.

(6)

sas

ter

sas

ter

Disaster

Risk

Reduction

Response Recovery Mitigation Preparedness

Di Di

Vulnerability

reduction Rescue Relief Awareness rising Early warning*

Exposure

Fl d fi hti Q i k i B ild b k Build back better p

reduction Flood fighting Quick repair Build back Daily rehabilitation Hazard

reduction Dam operation Cause analysis

Review of rules Dam upgrading

reduction Dam upgrading

*Following the Tsunami Early Warning System

after the East Japanp Great Earthquake,q ,

more than 96% of 460,000 residents

lived in the tsunami affected area.

Over 3,000 students evacuated further to higher ground

by their own decision, as educated.

However, the local economy was completely destroyed.

Can we say this “sustainable”? 11

Disaster

Risk

Reduction

&

Climate

Change

Adaptation

Vulnerability reduction through Community‐based Disaster Risk Mismanagement is quite effective for DRR.

I t li t h h

In response to climate change, however, disaster risk is getting more frequent and severe.

Preparedness processbecomes more important than before

Preparedness process becomes more important than before. We should focus on exposure reduction andhazard reduction.

er er

Disas

t

Disas

t

Response Recovery Mitigation Preparedness

Vulnerability

reduction Rescue Relief Awareness rising Early warning*

Exposure

reduction Flood fighting Quick repair Build back

Build back better Daily rehabilitation

H d R i f l

Hazard

reduction Dam operation Cause analysis

Review of rules Dam upgrading

(7)

Build

back

better

policy

in

Japan

Reconfirming

DRR

Research

of

a

river

office

Research

outputs

for

DRR

(vulnerability reduction)

(vulnerability

reduction)

(exposure

reduction)

(hazard reduction)

(hazard

reduction)

Conclusion

13

River

office

MLIT (Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism)

is managing 7% of the total river length in Japan.

R ti f MLIT di t t

MLIT headquarters

Overview of river management in 9 regions

■河川延長比

直轄管理以外の区間約９３％

Ratio of MLIT direct management Length Others : about 93 % ■想定氾濫区域内人口直轄管理以外の区間約９３％直轄管理区間約７％ Population %

National Government: about 7 %

Regional Bureaus Overview of river management in 約４,７００万人（４１％） About 47 million people (41%) 14 rivers (Kyushu) ■想定氾濫区域内資産約８８８兆円 Assets

About 888 trillion JPY

River Offices

Manage rivers at the site

直轄管理区間直轄管理区間以外凡例 Legend National Government

Others __Manage_rivers_at_the_site

with 100 officials (Onga)

Research and maintain

before flood events

※想定氾濫区域内人口は、第9回河川現況調査、想定氾濫区域内資産は、第8回河川現況調査結果より集計

※河川延長は、河川管理統計（H21.4.30現在）〈河川局水政課〉による

(As of April 30, 2009)

※Population and properties in expected inundation area are

calculated from results of current river situation survey No.9 and

No.8

※Length of river is taken from river management statistics by

water policy office of River Department (as of 30 th of April 2009)

(8)

Purposes

of

a

river

office

The purposes of river administration are flood control, water utilization and environmental protection. The facilities are grouped into river channels, dykes and structures, flowing water, and river spaces.

River channel management Facility management Flowing water management River environment management

b d h k d f d k d P idi f d f bl

Observing sediment, scours

and vegetation development,

to maintain channel capacity.

Checks and repairs of dykes,

dams, water gates, pump

stations with operation test.

Maintaining quantity and

quality of the flowing water, for

stable water use and sound

river environment.

Providing safe and preferable

river space/environment for

people and wildlife.

15

River

basin

observation

Onga River Office and 6 branches are watching the river basin by 28 water level gauges, 30 rainfall gauges, 20 monitor cameras and communications with residents.

MLIT Onga River Office

Tagawa Branch Nogata Branch

River mouth Branch Nakama Branch

Miyata Branch

Iizuka Branch

y

Onga River Basin Fukuoka Japan

16

Onga River Basin, Fukuoka, Japan (Length = 61km, C.A. =1.026 km2, Population = 670,000) http://www.qsr.mlit.go.jp/onga/prevents/realtime/onga_suii.html

(9)

River

channel

survey

River channels are maintained to ensure that the capacity for flood discharge does not decrease. Changes in river environment such as sedimentation and scouring, growth of trees are grasped.

Change in river may lead to decrease in flood control capacity

C

Maintained and administered for not lowering the flood control level

C hannel ca p ac i Level for administration

Comprehending the changes by measuring river forms regularly

Maintenance

ty

Time 17

Dyke

inspection

Dykes are made of soil and sand, piled up long ago. As quality and intensity are uneven, inspection and monitoring are conducted for early detection of any abnormalities.

2004 Ai i

2004 Aira river Composition of dyke is complex

G tti b t hi I ti f l f d k Detection of abnormality and repair Grass cutting by a remote machine Inspection of looseness of dyke

body

Detection of abnormality and repair

(10)

Flowing

water

inspection

•River discharge and water quality are monitored to confirm safe and stable water use and

environmental conservation. When oil is found, it will be immediately removed from the

river.

Preservation of water quality Measuring of flood flow velocity

Chikugo River at drought 2005

Dam water release to resupply water for the downward cannel. Continuous monitoring

and removal of oil

Discharge observation at ordinary times.

Flood discharge measurement for runoff analysis.

19

River

zone

management

MLIT regularly monitor the condition of river zone to keep it in good order for residents’ safety and comfort. To protect the environment, MLIT organizes trash cleaning and extermination of alien species in coordination with local residents.

Patrol/ Monitoring Care of local area _waterweedPicking up trash_scouring and Safe use

Regular monitoring and CCTV observation to avoid

Space management with riparian residents and local

Clearing away trash and alien species removal.

Safety inspection to prevent water accidents illegal river use.

p

government.

(11)

I h Fl d Fi h i A fl d fi h i i d fi d h ibili f i i li i

Transaction

with

flood

fighters

In the Flood Fighting Act, flood fighting is defined as the responsibility of municipalities. Municipalities organize flood fighting teams of residents in the local communities to protect their lives. Residents are to engage in activities to prevent dyke breaches and minimize flood damage.

minimize flood damage.

Flood fighting activities at flood time Drill at normal time

Gokase River,, 2005

Ushizu River, 2009 21

Build

back

better

policy

in

Japan

Reconfirming

DRR

Research

of

a

river

office

Research

outputs

for

DRR

(vulnerability reduction)

(vulnerability

reduction)

(exposure

reduction)

(hazard reduction)

(hazard

reduction)

Conclusion

22

(12)

From

research

to

communities

Honest activities for promotion of basic information are conducted in cooperation with resident groups such as NPOs to spread basic knowledge, to raise awareness of disaster prevention and to grow kindness for protection of river

Education for evacuation and environment conservation Evacuation mapping Studying meeting

prevention and to grow kindness for protection of river.

Community‐based flood Discussion with mass‐ _{Disaster/environment education for children in} Community based flood

hazard/inundation mapping

Discussion with mass

media and fire fighters Disaster/environment_cooperation_with_primary education_schools for_and children_local_NPOs. in

23

Challenge

1:

Disseminate

information

swiftly

and

surely

Provide information on TV.

Construct ‘River warning light’

Construct ‘River warning light’.

Digital terrestrial broadcast Tickers to provide flash reports

Send information by e‐mail.

Indicate degree of risks by water level.

Select information E‐mails are Information is

you wish to receive and register your E‐ sent to you automatically provided in the E‐ mails

(13)

Challenge

2:

Provide

accessible,

understandable

information

Provide water level forecast information.

→By knowing the predicted water levels people can prepare for evacua on

Integrate information on disaster prevention.

→By knowing the predicted water levels, people can prepare for evacua on

Improvement

On computers & Digital terrestrial radio broadcasts Through community wireless system ₂₅

Hold study sessions on prevention of water‐related disasters.

Challenge

3:

Make

regular

communication

with

residents

→By holding study sessions, residents can share common informa on that would be

helpful when evacuating in case of emergencies.

Disseminate knowledge

on disaster risk reduction

by cooperating with NPOs

(14)

Build

back

better

policy

in

Japan

Reconfirming

DRR

Research

of

a

river

office

Research

outputs

for

DRR

(vulnerability reduction)

(vulnerability

reduction)

(exposure

reduction)

(hazard reduction)

(hazard

reduction)

Conclusion

27

Post

‐

disaster

restoration

schemes

(after

Sendai

Flood

2006)

A rain gauge station in Sendai River basin recorded 1,165mm in 5 days. Thepost‐disaster restoration schemeshas completed in 2012 The post disaster restoration schemes has completed in 2012 under 5‐year budgetary support of the central government to preventing repeat disasters and

to secure sustainable development

Damageg on _to_secure_sustainable_development.

river facilities

R t ti k Post‐disaster restoration schemes

2,800mm

in 365 days

Restoration work

by river offices

Post disaster restoration schemes

support by the central government under “Build back better policy”

1,165mm

in 5 days

in 365 days

1,700mm

in 365 days

•Rapid repair of facilities

(15)

Post

‐

disaster

restoration

(Response

process)

Observe rainfall and water level for emergencyg y alerts.

Site inspection. Support for rescues. Support for searching.

29

Post

‐

disaster

restoration

(Recovery

process)

Access road opening. Emergency drainage by pumper trucks.

Quick repair of dyke breaches. Quick repair of bank erosions.

(16)

Post

‐

disaster

restoration

(Mitigation

process)

DDR discussions in communities.

Model experimentp at a university.y

31

Post

‐

disaster

restoration

(Preparedness

=

Pre

‐

disaster)

after before Sogi diversion. after before Torai diversion. ft b f after before Kusumoto dyke (16 km in total).

(17)

Build

back

better

policy

in

Japan

Reconfirming

DRR

Research

of

a

river

office

Research

outputs

for

DRR

(vulnerability reduction)

(vulnerability

reduction)

(exposure

reduction)

(hazard reduction)

(hazard

reduction)

Conclusion

33 5000

Dam

operation

in

Sendai

Flood

2006

(Response)

3000 4000 5000

流入量(m3/s) 放流量(m3/s)

Dam Operation in flood time at Tsuruta dam

0 1000 2000

31 32

33 Water level in downstream (Miyanojo) _Lowered_by_1.3m

Tsuruta Dam controlled discharge for evacuation and 28 29 30 31 （T Pｍ） rescue

using full capacityof

24 25 26 27 Evacuation/Rescue （T.P.ｍ）

（水位） _Peak_time_delayed_by₄_hours

using full capacity of the reservoir to lower the water

level downstream

Observed Water Level 23 24 24: 00 _4:00 5: 00 6: 00 7: 00 8: 00 9: 00 10: 00 11: 00 12: 00 13: 00 14: 00 15: 00 16: 00 17: 00 18: 00 19: 00 20: 00 21: 00 22: 00 23: 00 24: 00 1: 00 2: 00