U.S. Food and Drug Administration

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Notice: Archived Document

The content in this document is provided on the FDA’s website for reference purposes only. It was current when produced, but is no longer maintained and may be outdated.

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Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis

History, Diagnosis & The Registry

Shawn E. Cowper, MD

Associate Professor of Dermatology and Pathology

Yale University New Haven, CT

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Pink Plaques

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Reticulated Lesions

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Severe Contractures

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Deep Involvement

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Registry population characteristics

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Renal status at NSF onset, Registry

Dialysis (79%)

Hemodialysis (52%)

Peritoneal Dialysis (16%)

End Stage Renal Disease (11%)

Non-Dialysis (17%)

Acute Kidney Injury (10%)

Renal Insufficiency (8%) Stage IV CKD (1.5%)

Stage V CKD (3%)

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JAAD, January 2003

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Archives of Dermatology, July 2003

• Known history of anti-thrombin III and Factor II deficiency

• Patient elected to

discontinue dialysis due to intolerable morbidity

• Findings included fibrosis of proximal esophagus, diaphragm, and psoas muscle

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Tissue localized fibrocytes in NSF

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Current Opinion in Rheumatology,

October 2003

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Thrombosis and Surgery

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Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, January 2006

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Strength of Association,

Presence and Magnitude

J Am Acad Dermatol. 2007 Jan;56(1):21-6. Epub2006 Nov 9

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Temporal: NSF latency

n

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GBCA dose/exposure, Registry cases

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Animal and ex-vivo tests

J. Pathol. Vol.214, 5 Pages: 584-593 Courtesy Bayer-Schering Pharma

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Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis

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NSF -

Major Criterion

Patterned Plaques

Red to violaceous, hyperpigmented, thin plaques showing polygonal to reticular morphologies on the upper extremities

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NSF -

Major Criterion

Joint contractures

Often with edema of the fingers and wrists, toes and ankles [absence of signs of scleroderma]. Loss of range of motion of

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NSF -

Major Criterion

“Cobblestoning”

Deep induration showing a pattern of bumpiness over the upper arms and/or thighs

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NSF -

Major Criterion

Marked Induration/Peau d’orange

Unpinchable, firm, shiny, often hyperpigmented bound down skin over extremities. Peau d’orange dimpling

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NSF -

Minor Criterion

Puckering/Linear Banding

Focal areas/linear bands of bound-down skin on an upper extremity or proximal lower extremity (thigh)

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NSF -

Minor Criterion

Superficial NSF

Hyperpigmented, pink or flesh colored macules coalescing into patches or thin plaques on the upper extremities (common) or trunk (rare). May have

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NSF -

Minor Criterion

Dermal Papules

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NSF -

Minor Criterion

Scleral Plaques Patient < 45 years old

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Clinical Scoring

• Major Criteria

– Patterned Plaques

– Joint Contractures

– Cobblestoning

– Marked Induration/Peau d’orange (upper extremity or above knee)

• Minor Criteria

– Puckering/Linear Banding

– Superficial (Plaque/Patch)

– Dermal Papules

– Scleral plaques (pt <45 yo)

• Scoring

– > 1 Major Criterion Highly Consistent = 4

– 1 Major Criterion Consistent = 3

– > 1 Minor Criterion Suggestive = 2

– 0-1 Criterion Inconsistent = 1

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Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis

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Pathology Scoring

• Increased Cellularity (+1)

• CD34+ Tram-tracks (+1)

• Thick and thin collagen fibers (+1)

• Elastic preservation (-1 if elastic absent)

• Septal involvement (+1)

• Lollipop Sign (+3)

• Highly Consistent (Score = 4 or 5)

• Consistent (Score = 3)

• Suggestive (Score = 2)

• Inconsistent (Score = 1)

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Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis

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US Distribution of Registry cases

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Patient impact, Registry data

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NSF onset dates, Registry cases

Cumulative

n

Calendar Year

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Temporal association with NSF onset

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International Center for NSF Research Supported by a grant from the General Clinical Research Center at Yale

http://www.icnsfr.org Yale University

Carol Hribko (Registry Coordinator) Ali Abu-Alfa, MD (Nephrology) Richard Bucala, MD PhD (Rheumatology)

Richard Edelson, MD (Dermatology) Michael Girardi, MD (Dermatology) Avery LaChance (Research Assistant)

Mark Perazella, MD (Nephrology) Jeffrey Weinreb, MD (Radiology)

Additional thanks…

Philip Boyer, MD PhD (U Colorado) Dirk Elston, MD (GeisingerMC, PA)

Whitney High, MD (U Colorado) Emanuel Kanal, MD (U Pittsburgh)

Ira Krefting, MD (US FDA) Phillip Kuo, MD PhD (U Arizona)

Philip E. Leboit, MD (UCSF) Sameh Morcos(Sheffield, UK) PritiPatel, MD (CDC&P, Atlanta)

Georges Saab, MD (U Missouri) Lyndon Su, MD (U Michigan) Jonathan Kay, MD (U Massachusetts) Charles Bennett, MD PhD (Northwestern U)

And the many patients, family, physicians, attorneys and friends who have been instrumental in bringing this work together!

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Use of GBCAs in Clinical Practice

• Purpose

–

Provide background concerning use of

GBCAs in day to day practice and the

possible implications of any limitations of their

use

• Outline

–

Clinical Utility

–

Current Practice

–

Impact on Patients

jeffrey.weinreb@yale.edu

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Use of GBCAs in Clinical Practice

• Clinical Utility

– Improve

• detection (sensitivity)

• characterization (specificity)

– Disruption of “blood-brain barrier”

• staging (margins, number)

• confidence level

• reliability & exam time (eg. MRA)

Without GBCA

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• None are FDA approved for use in the;

–

Heart

–

Breast

–

Musculoskeletal System

–

Intra-articular or intra-arterial

• Only one is approved for CE-MRA (AIOD only)

–

>1,000,000 GBCA-MRA procedures are performed

each year using GBCAs not approved for MRA

• All not approved for higher doses, faster

injection rates, or pediatric patients

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MRI Scans in the US

0 5000 10000 15000 20000 25000 30000 35000 40000 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 Scans (000's) G BCA (000's) 25% 25% 26% 26% 27% 28% 28% 28% 28% 29%

% Scans with GBCA

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GBCA Utilization

39% Brain/Brain Stem 20% Spinal Canal & Contents 13% Angiography (MRA) 4% Face/Orbit/Neck 5% Abdomen (complete) 3% Pelvis 3% Other 10% Extremities 2% Breast

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MRA

Magnetic Resonance Angiography

=

MRI of Blood Vessels

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

MRI

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1993

2009 1994

Non-CE-MRA

“High dose” CE-MRA

Non-CE-MRA

MRA

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GBCA-MRA Procedures and GBCA Volume

0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 CE-M RA (000's) Volume (cc's) 23 22 23 24 25 26 28 27 25 24

Average GBCA Volume Per CE-MRA Procedure (ml/procedure)

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Prior to link with NSF, GBCAs were commonly

(and often preferentially) used in patients with renal

insufficiency because they are less likely to harm

the kidneys than iodinated contrast agents used for

CT

Contrast-induced Nephropathy

(CIN/CIAKI)

Rofsky NM, et al. Radiology 1991;180:85–89. Haustein J, et al. Invest Radiol 1992;27:153–156.

Niendorf HP, et al. Invest Radiol 1994;29(suppl 2):S179–S182. Prince MR, et al. Radiology 1996;6:162–166.

Thomsen HS. Eur Radiol 2004;14:1654–1656. Thomsen HS. AJR 2003;181:1463–1471.

Elmståhl B, et al. Acad Radiol 2004;11:1219–1228. Gemery J, et al. AJR 1998;171:1277–1278.

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Adverse Events

• The majority of AEs resulting from both iodinated agent and GBCA exposure are mild

• More common with iodinated agents

– 0.15–0.7% with iodinated agents

– 0.03%–0.2% with GBCAs

Examples:

Among 456,930 contrast doses, AEs occurred in 0.15% with low-osmolar iodinated agent vs 0.04% with GBCA

In a pediatric population, 0.18% incidence of acute allergic-like reaction to low- osmolality nonionic iodinated contrast compared with 0.04% with GBCAs

Among 78,353 GBCA injections, acute allergic-like reactions occurred in 0.07%, of which 19% were moderate and 7% severe

Murphy KP, et al. Acad Radiol 1999;6:656–664. Li A, et al. Br J Radiol 2006;79:368–337.

Jordan RM, Mintz RD. AJR 1995;164:743–744. Mortelé KJ, et al. AJR 2005;184:31–34.

Hunt CH, et al. AJR 2009;193:1124-1127. Cochran ST, et al. AJR 2001;176:1385–1388 .

Dillman JR, et al. AJR 2008;190:187–190. Dillman JR, et al. AJR 2007;188:1643–1647. Murphy KJ, et al. AJR 1996;167:847–849.

ACR. Manual on Contrast Media. Version 6, 2008.

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MR

_CT

Nonanaphylactoid Reaction Anaphylactoid Reaction Contrast Extravasation 2005 CIN

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Choice of GBCA

• Prior to link with NSF, most radiologists believed

that all brands of extracellular GBCAs were very

similar in mechanism of action, efficacy and risk

of adverse events

– Even if they knew about differences in chemical

structure, measure of stability, viscosity,ionicity, etc…..

• Purchasing decisions were based primarily on

pricing, GPO contracts, and personal

preferences

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June 8, 2006

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May 27, 2007

FDA Boxed Warning

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Guidelines/Recommendations

• FDA

• US Professional Organizations

– American College of Radiology

• Guidance Document for Safe MR Practices

• Manual on Contrast Media

– National Kidney Foundation

• Laminated Reference Tool

– NKF/ACR

– Individual Medical Centers and MRI Facilities

• Outside the US

– Europe (EMEA, ESUR)

– Canadian Association of Radiologists

– Japan

– Australia

Outside of US, all indicate that

the risk for NSF varies between types of GBCAs

All recommend screening for renal dysfunction

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Use of GBCAs in Clinical Practice

• Current Practices: How have they changed since

NSF?

– Fewer patients with dialysis and known CKD referred for GBCA-MRI

– Some reluctance to use GBCAs (anecdotal)

• Some MRI facilities no long administer GBCAs

• Some MRI facilities will not administer GBCAs to patients with CKD 3 or any risk factors for CKD (eg. diabetes, hypertension)

• Some patients are being “turfed” to other facilities (especially hospitals)

– Alternative imaging tests (e.g. non-contrast MRI/MRA, low dose contrast-CT)

• Reassessment of the risk of clinically relevant CIN from intravenous iodinated contrast agents

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MR

_CT

NSF CIN

Adverse Events with Contrast Enhanced Imaging

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MR

_CT

Nonanaphylactoid Reaction Anaphylactoid Reaction Contrast Extravasation CIN NSF 2009

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• 40 yo obese f with ADPCKD and eGFR < 30

• Ultrasound showed a 2 cm echogenic mass in the right kidney

• Request imaging to evaluate for renal cell carcinoma

•

Volume expansion with saline (hydration)

• Premedication with N-acetlycysteine before and after and isotonic sodium bicarbonate (3cc/kg/hr for 1 hr prior)

• Non-C CT

•If fat present in mass, stop (benign AML)

•If no fat, perform low dose CE-CT with low-osmolality or iso-osmolality iodinated agent

• CE-MRI with macrocyclic or low dose high relaxivity GBCA

• Diffusion-weighted MRI (no GBCA)

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• 25 yo m with suspected intramedullary spinal cord tumor

• eGFR 28 ml/min/1.73m2

• Request imaging to determine type and extent of mass

• GBCA-enhanced MRI

•

MRI better that CT

• Non-contrast MRI not sufficient

• Use lowest diagnostic dose of macrocyclic or

low dose high relaxivity GBCA

Sometimes GBCA-MRI is the best exam, even

in patients with compromised renal function !

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Use of GBCAs in Clinical Practice

• Current Practices: How have they changed

since NSF?

– Screening for CKD/risk factors for CKD is much more common

• Enterprise-wide EMR

• Require referring MD to provide eGFR or submit CKD risk factor form prior to scheduling GBCA-MRI

• Patient questionnaire prior to exam

– Ranges from one question (“Do you have a

problem with your kidneys) to series of questions about risk factors for CKD

• Point-of-service eGFR (based on serum creatinine) in every patient.

Screening results in increased time, costs, and

inconvenience

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Use of GBCAs in Clinical Practice

• Current Practices: How have they changed

since NSF?

– Change in GBCA Usage

• Decreased use of linear non-ionic GBCA(s)

• “High dose” (>FDA approved dose) MRI/MRA less common

• “Low dose” (< FDA approved dose) MRI more common

• Patients with compromised renal function less likely to get repeat doses of GBCA at short time intervals

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Use of GBCAs in Clinical Practice

• Current Practices: How have they changed

since NSF?

–

More common to weigh patient and administer

dose based on patient weight

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Diagnostic/Optimal Dose of GBCA

• Not always known

• Depends;

• specific GBCA

• patient characteristics

• type of MRI exam

• MR scanner software/hardware

• magnetic field strength

Krautmacher C et al. Radiology. 2005;237:1014-1019. Desai NK, et al Top Magn Reson Imaging 2003;14:360-364 Brekenfeld C, et al. Invest Radiol 2001;36:266-275

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Contrast Dose and Field Strength Effects in

Lesion Visualization

•

• No significant difference between field strengths for lesions grNo significant difference between field strengths for lesions greater eater than 20 mm

than 20 mm

•

• Small lesion visualization at low field strength improves with hSmall lesion visualization at low field strength improves with higher igher contrast contrast Low field (0.2T) Single dose Low field (0.2T) Double dose Low field (0.2T) Triple dose High field (1.5T) Single dose

Visualization of metastatic disease in one patient.

Desai NK, et al.

Desai NK, et al. Top Top MagnMagn ResonReson Imaging 2003;14:360Imaging2003;14:360--364.364. Brekenfeld

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