WSN 47(2) (2016) 298-317 EISSN 2392-2192

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Indian Lycosoidea Sundevall

(Araneae: Opisthothelae: Araneomorphae) in Different States and Union Territories Including

an Annotated Checklist

Dhruba Chandra Dhali^1,*, P. M. Sureshan¹, Kailash Chandra²

1Zoological Survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Kozkhikore - 673006, India

2Zoological Survey of India, M- Block, New Alipore, Kolkata - 700053, India

*E-mail address: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

Annotated checklist of Lycosoidea so far recorded from different states and union territories of India reveals a total of 251 species under 38 genera belonging five families. The review cleared that diversity of lycosoid spider fauna is maximum in West Bengal followed by Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and they are not distributed maximally in the states and union territories within Biodiversity hotspots. This fauna is distributed all over the country. There is nearly 69.35% endemism (in context of India).

Keywords: Distribution; Lycosoidea; India; State; Union Territories; Annotated; checklist

1. INTRODUCTION

Spiders, composing the order Araneae Clerck, 1757 is the largest group among arachnids and separated into two suborders: Mesothelae Pocock, 1892 (segmented spiders)

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and Opisthothelae Pocock, 1892 (includes all other spiders). Later one is further divided into two infraorders: Mygalomorphae Pocock, 1892 (ancient' spiders) and Araneomorphae Smith, 1902 (modern' spiders include the vast majority of spiders) (Coddington, 2005; WSC, 2015).

Araneomorphae composed of 99 families and most of them can be divided into at least six clades and 11 super-families, though some are still unplaced in that system (Zhang, 2011).

Zhang (2011) included 11 families under Superfamily Lycosoidea Sundevall, 1833 of the Clade ‘Amaurobioids’ including fossil records. Worldwide 4219 species of 286 genera distributed over 9 families (WSC, 2016) under the superfamily so far recorded while 248 species of 38 genera belonging five families under the superfamily so far recorded only from India (WSC, 2016). Lycosoidea are characterized by a grate shaped tapetum in the indirect eyes (Homann 1971; Levi 1982).

Present list includes a total of 248 species of Lycosidea distributed over 38 genera under five families from India and their distribution in states and union territories.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

The present check-list is based on an examination of specimens deposited in the National Zoological Collection (NZC), Zoological Survey of India and on reviews of the published literatures, including several recent world catalogues of spiders (WSC, 2016), recent book (Sebastian and Peter, 2009), checklist (Siliwal et al., 2005; Siliwal and Molur, 2007; Keswani et al., 2012), monograph (Sen et al. 2015), published papers in different National and International journals (Tikader and Malhotra, 1980; Tikader and Biawas, 1981;

Tikader, 1987; Biswas and Biswas, 1992, 2004,’ 06; Biswas, and Majumder, 1995; Bastawade and Borkar. 2008; Gajbe, 2004,’ 07,’ 08; Malamel et al., 2013; Ahmed et al., 2015).

Abbreviations: AS = Assam, AP = Andhra Pradesh, AN = Andaman & Nicobar Islands, ARP = Arunachal Pradesh, BH = Bihar, CG = Chhattisgarh, ECI = Eastern Central India, GJ

= Gujarat, GO = Goa, HP = Himachal Pradesh, HR = Haryana, OR = Orissa, MG = Meghalaya, MP = Madhya Pradesh, PJ = Punjab, JH = Jharkhand, JK = Jammu & Kashmir, RJ = Rajasthan, TG = Telangana, TN = Tamil Nadu, TP = Tripura, KL = Kerala, KA = Karnataka, MZ = Mizoram, MN = Manipur, SI = South India, MR = Maharashtra, PC = Pondicherry, WB = West Bengal, UK = Uttarakhand, UP = Uttar Pradesh, WSC = World Spider Catalogue.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

India has 29 states and seven union territories, from which only 27 states and two union territories lycosoids are recorded so far. A total of 251 species of lycosoids distributed over 38 genera belonging five families are known so far from India (Table 1). From West Bengal state maximum number of species recorded followed by Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and so on (Figure 1 and Table 1). Among all the families, maximum number of species are recorded under Lycosidae followed by Oxyopidae and Pisauridae (Figure 2, Figure 5 and Table 1). Only seventy-six species are recorded from other countries i.e. almost 69.35% fauna are endemic to India. Eight species are known only from the Karakorum (in original literatures). Exact distribution of 11 species are unknown (* marked) viz. exact distribution

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within India: Anahita smythiesi Simon, of Ctenidae; Arctosa lesserti Reimoser, Geolycosa carli (Reimoser) of Lycosidae; Oxyopes indicus (Walckenaer) and Peucetia elegans (Blackwall) of Oxyopidae; Euprosthenops ellioti (O. P.-Cambridge), Nilus phipsoni (F. O. P. Cambridge) and Perenethis dentifasciata (O. P. Cambridge) of Pisauridae and Psechrus ghecuanus Thorell, P.

himalayanus Simon and P. torvus (O. P. Cambridge) of Psechridae. Arctosa lesserti Reimoser and Geolycosa carli (Reimoser) (possibly Tamil Nadu) of Lycosidae were recorded from South India whereas Anahita smythiesi Simon (either Uttarakhand or Maharashtra) of Ctenidae and Hippasa partita (O. P. Cambridge) (either Gujarat or Rajasthan) of Lycosidae from India in original literatures.

and Perenethis dentifasciata (O. P. Cambridge) of Pisauridae were recorded from either India or Pakistan. Rests were recorded from India in original literatures.

Among all, both the morphs were recorded only in 129 species, while only female, male and juvenile morphs recorded in 126, eight and two species respectively (Figure 4 and Table 1). There are three nomen nudum [viz. Dendrolycosa stauntoni (Pocock), Hygropoda mahendriensis (Vankhede et al.) and Nilus marginatus (Simon) of Pisauridae] which were recorded from India (Jager, 2011; WSC, 2016).

Lycosoids are recorded from almost all the states excepting Nagaland and Mizoram while this fauna recorded only two union territories viz. Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Pondicherry. The distribution pattern of primitive spiders clearly shows that from West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra the maximum lycosoid fauna been recorded while from Nagaland, Mizoram, Lakshadweep, Delhi, Chandigarh, Daman & Du and Dadra &

Nagar Haveli not been recorded (Figure 5 and Table 1).

If we consider the higher taxon like family, all the families are recorded from Andaman

& Nicobar Islands and Kerala but not in genus and species level to the extent of West Bengal (Figure 1, Figure 3 and Figure 5). Members of the family Psechridae have been recorded from Andaman & Nicobar Islands and Kerala only (Figure 5 and Table 1).

Table 1. Annotated checklist of Lycosoidea so far recorded from India.

Family Genus Species

Distribution

Morph known In India Elsewhere

CTENIDAE Keyserling

Acantheis Thorell indicus Gravely, 1931 KL, TN Female

Anahita Karsch smythiesi Simon, 1897 IND (UK or

MR) * Both

Ctenus Walckenaer

andamanensis Gravely,

1931 AN Female

bomdilaensis Tikader &

Malhotra,1981

ARP Bhutan Both

cochinensis Gravely, 1931 KL Both

dangsus Reddy & Patel,

1994 GJ Female

goaensis Bastawade &

Borkar, 2008 GO Female

himalayensis Gravely,

1931 WB Both

indicus Gravely, 1931 KL Female

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kapuri Tikader, 1973 AN Female meghalayaensis Tikader,

1976 MG Female

narashinhai Patel &

Reddy, 1988 AP Female

sikkimensis Gravely, 1931 KL, SK, WB Both

tuniensis Patel & Reddy,

1988 AP Female

LYCOSIDAE Sundevall

Acantholycosa Dahl

baltoroi (Caporiacco,

1935) JK Female

Agalenocosa

Mello-Leitão subinermis (Simon, 1897) MR Pakistan Both

Arctosa C. L.

Koch

himalayensis Tikader &

Malhotra, 1980 UP, WB Both

indica Tikader &

Malhotra, 1980 MR, WB China Both

khudiensis (Sinha, 1951) BH China Both

lesserti Reimoser, 1934 SI (TN) * Both

mulani (Dyal, 1935) MR Pakistan Both

quinquedens Dhali et al.,

2012 WB Female

sandeshkhaliensis

Majumder, 2004 WB Both

tappaensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Both

Crocodilosa Caporiacco

leucostigma (Simon, 1885) KA, TN Both

maindroni

(Simon, 1897) MR Female

Draposa Kronestedt

amkhasensis (Tikader &

Malhotra, 1976) MP, WB Both

atropalpis (Gravely, 1924) TN Sri Lanka Both

burasantiensis (Tikader &

Malhotra, 1976) WB Both

nicobarica (Thorell, 1891) AN Both

oakleyi (Gravely, 1924) TN, GJ, BH, PJ

Bangladesh,

Pakistan Both

porpaensis (Gajbe, 2004) MP Female

subhadrae (Patel & Reddy,

1993) AP Sri Lanka Both

Evippa Simon

banarensis Tikader &

Malhotra, 1980 RJ Both

jabalpurensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female

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mandlaensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female

praelongipes (O. P.- Cambridge, 1870)

AS, GJ, RJ, PJ

Egypt to India, Pakistan, Kazakhstan

Both

rajasthanea Tikader &

Malhotra, 1980 RJ Both

rubiginosa Simon, 1885 AS, AP, TN Female

shivajii Tikader &

Malhotra, 1980 MR Both

sohani Tikader &

Malhotra, 1980 MR Both

solanensis Tikader &

Malhotra, 1980 HP Female

Evippomma Roewer

evippiforme (Caporiacco,

1935) Karakorum Both

evippinum (Simon, 1897) MR Pakistan Female

Geolycosa

Montgomery carli (Reimoser, 1934) SI (TN) * Both

Hippasa Simon

agelenoides (Simon, 1884)

KL, TN, MP, GO, KA, UK,

MR, WB

Taiwan Both

charamaensis

Gajbe, 2004 MP Both

fabreae Gajbe & Gajbe,

1999 MP Female

flavicoma Caporiacco,

1935 Karakorum Juvenile

greenalliae (Blackwall, 1867)

KL, TN, KA, MR, OR, SK,

WB, MP

Bangladesh,

Sri Lanka Both

hansae Gajbe & Gajbe,

1999 MP Female

haryanensis Arora &

Monga, 1994 HR Both

himalayensis Gravely,

1924 HP, KA, WB Female

holmerae Thorell, 1895 WB, UK, MN,

India to Philippines,

China

Both

loundesi Gravely, 1924 TN, SI Female

lycosina Pocock, 1900 MR, TN,

UK, KL China, Laos Both madhuae Tikader &

Malhotra, 1980

MR, RJ

Both madraspatana Gravely,

1924

TN, GJ,

WB, SI Both

olivacea (Thorell, 1887) GO, MP Myanmar, Both

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partita (O. P. Cambridge, 1876)

GJ, MP, RJ Egypt to India, Central Asia,

Bangladesh

Both

pisaurina Pocock, 1900 MP, MR, KL, KA, BH, GJ

Iraq, Pakistan,

Bangladesh Both valiveruensis Patel &

Reddy, 1993 AP Female

wigglesworthi Gajbe &

Gajbe, 1999 MP Female

Hogna Simon

himalayensis (Gravely, 1924)

AS, WB

Bhutan, China Both rubromandibulata (O. P.

Cambridge, 1885) Karakorum Yarkand Both

stictopyga (Thorell, 1895) PJ, BH, WB

Myanmar, Singapore, Pakistan

Both

Lycosa Latreille

arambagensis Biswas &

Biswas, 1992 WB Female

balaramai Patel & Reddy,

1993 AP Female

barnesi Gravely, 1924 KL Female

bhatnagari Sadana, 1969 PJ Female

bistriata Gravely, 1924 MP, TN, WB Bhutan

Both

carmichaeli Gravely, 1924 AS, UP,

WB, GO Female

chaperi Simon, 1885 AP, PJ Pakistan Both

choudhuryi Tikader &

Malhotra, 1980 WB China Female

fuscana Pocock, 1901 MR Female

geotubalis Tikader &

Malhotra, 1980 MR, GJ Female

goliathus Pocock, 1901 MR Female

indagatrix Walckenaer,

1837 AP, TN, WB Sri Lanka

Both

iranii Pocock, 1901 MR Female

jagadalpurensis Gajbe,

2004 MP Female

kempi Gravely, 1924 ARP, AS, MN, MG, SK, WB

Pakistan,

Bhutan, China Both lambai Tikader &

Malhotra, 1980 MR Female

mackenziei Gravely, 1924 BH, KA, AS, KL, PJ, WB

Pakistan,

Bangladesh Both madani Pocock AP, BH, KA,

KL, MR, OR, Both

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WB

mahabaleshwarensis

Tikader & Malhotra, 1980 MR, GO Both

masteri Pocock, 1901 MR Female

nigrotibialis Simon, 1884

MR, GJ, HP, WB, SK, BH,

AS, MP

Bhutan,

Myanmar Both

phipsoni Pocock, 1899 MR, OR, WB, GO

India to China,

Taiwan Both

pictula Pocock, 1901 MR Both

poonaensis Tikader &

prolifica Pocock, 1901 MR Female

shaktae Bhandari & Gajbe,

2001 MR Female

shillongensis Tikader &

Malhotra, 1980 MN, MG, WB Female

thoracica Patel & Reddy,

1993 AP Female

tista Tikader, 1970 ARP, MN, KL,

SK, WB Female

wroughtoni Pocock, 1899 GJ Both

Margonia Hippa

& Lehtinen

himalayensis (Gravely,

1924) WB Both

Ocyale Audouin

kalpiensis Gajbe, 2004

MP Female

pilosa (Roewer, 1960) BH, OR West Africa to

Myanmar Both

Pardosa C. L.

Koch

algoides Schenkel, 1963 JK

Pakistan, Bangladesh,

China

Both

alii Tikader, 1977 JK Female

altitudis Tikader &

Malhotra, 1980 UK China Both

balaghatensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female

bargaonensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female

bastarensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female

birmanica Simon, 1884

AP, BH, GJ, HP, MP, MR,

MG, OR, PJ, RJ, TN, UP,

WB, KL

Pakistan to China, Philippines,

Sumatra

Both

chambaensis Tikader &

Malhotra, 1976 HP, WB Female

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debolinae Majumder, 2004 WB Both

duplicata Saha et al., 1994 WB Female

flavisterna Caporiacco,

1935 Karakorum Pakistan, Both

fletcheri (Gravely, 1924) PJ, HP, UP, SK

Pakistan,

Nepal Both

gopalai Patel & Reddy,

1993 AP Both

haupti Song, 1995 JK China Both

heterophthalma (Simon,

1898) TN, WB India to Java Both

hydaspis Caporiacco, 1935 Karakorum Both

jabalpurensis Gajbe &

kalpiensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female

kupupa (Tikader, 1970) SK, WB China Both

minuta Tikader &

Malhotra, 1976 HP Bangladesh Female

mukundi Tikader &

mysorensis (Tikader &

Mukerji, 1971)

KA Female

orcchaensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Female

partita Simon, 1885 KA, TN Female

procurva Yu & Song, 1988 WB China, Taiwan Both

pseudoannulata (Bösenberg & Strand,

1906)

KL, TN, WB

Pakistan to Japan, Philippines,

Java

Both

pusiola (Thorell, 1891) WB India to China

and Java Both

ranjani Gajbe, 2004 MP Female

rhenockensis (Tikader,

1970) SK, KL Female

shyamae (Tikader, 1970) WB Bangladesh,

China Female songosa Tikader &

Malhotra, 1976

UK, UP, WB, KL

Bangladesh,

China Both

suchismitae Majumder,

2004 WB Both

sumatrana (Thorell, 1890) AP, ARP, BH, GJ, HP, KA,

China to

Philippines, Both

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KL, MP, MR, MG, RJ, GO, TN, TP, WB

Sulawesi

sutherlandi (Gravely,

1924) WB Nepal Both

tappaensis Gajbe, 2004 MP Male

thalassia (Thorell, 1891) AN Both

tikaderi Arora & Monga,

1994 HR Both

tridentis Caporiacco, 1935 JK, UK, UP,

WB Nepal Both

vindicata (O. P.

Cambridge, 1885) Karakorum Nepal Both

Schizocosa Chamberlin

concolor (Caporiacco,

1935) Karakorum Yarkand, Female

Shapna Hippa &

Lehtinen

pluvialis Hippa &

Lehtinen, 1983 MG Both

Trochosa C. L.

Koch

gunturensis Patel &

Reddy, 1993 AP Female

himalayensis Tikader &

Malhotra, 1980 UK Both

punctipes (Gravely, 1924) KA, SI Female

urbana (Cambrige, 1876) AS China Both

Wadicosa Zyuzin

prasantae Ahmed et al.,

2014 AS Female

quadrifera (Gravely, 1924) KA, KL, TN Sri Lanka Both

Zoica Simon harduarae (Biswas & Roy,

2008) UK Sri Lanka Female

OXYOPIDAE Thorell, 1870

Hamadruas Deeleman-

Reinhold

insulana (Thorell, 1891) AN Female

sikkimensis (Tikader, 1970)

MG, SK, TP,

WB China Both

Hamataliwa Kerserling

hellia Dhali et al., 2016 WB Female

incompta (Thorell, 1890) WB

Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, Philippines,

Borneo

Both

ovata (Biswas et al., 1996) WB Female

subhadrae (Tikader, 1970) WB China Female

Oxyopes Latreille

armatipalpis Strand, 1912 KL Female

ashae Gajbe, 1999 CG Female

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assamensis Tikader, 1969 AS, ARP, MG Female

bharatae Gajbe, 1999 BH, MP Female

biharensis Gajbe, 1999 BH Female

birmanicus Thorell, 1887 AS, KL China to

Sumatra Both boriensis Bodkhe &

Vankhede, 2012 MR Female

chittrae Tikader, 1965 MR, GJ Both

elongatus Biswas et al.,

1996 WB Male

fabae Dhali, Saha &

Raychaudhuri, 2015 WB Female

gemellus Thorell, 1891 AN Malasia Male

gorumaraensis Sen et al.,

2011 WB Female

gujaratensis Gajbe, 1999 GJ Female

gurjanti Sadana & Gupta,

1995 GJ Female

hindostanicus Pocock,

1901 TN, UP Pakistan, Sri

Lanka Both

hotingchiehi Schenkel,

1963 WB China Both

indicus (Walckenaer,

1805) IND Female

javanus javanus Thorell, 1887

AS, KL, MP,

WB China to Java,

Philippines Both javanus nicobaricus

Strand, 1907 AN Female

jubilans O. P. Cambridge,

1885 Karakorum Pakistan,

China Both

kamalae Gajbe, 1999 MP Female

ketani Gajbe & Gajbe,

1999 MP Female

kohaensis Bodkhe &

Vankhede, 2012 MR Female

kumarae Biswas & Roy,

2005 KL Female

kusumae Gajbe, 1999 MP Female

lepidus (Blackwall, 1864) WB Both

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lineatipes (C L Koch,

1847) AS China Both

linearis Sen et al., 2015 WB Male

longinquus Thorell, 1891 AN Myanmar Both

longispinus Saha &

ludhianaensis Sadana &

Goel, 1995 PJ Female

minutus Biswas et al.,

1996 WB Female

naliniae Gajbe, 1999 MP Both

pandae Tikader, 1969 MN, UP, WB,

MP Both

pankaji Gajbe & Gajbe,

2000 MP, WB, AS Female

pawani Gajbe, 1992 UP, WB Female

rajai Saha &

ratnae Tikader, 1970 WB, KL, MP Both

reddyi Majumder, 2004 AP Female

rufisternis Pocock, 1901 BH, GJ Sri Lanka,

Pakistan Male

rukminiae Gajbe, 1999 CG, KA, KL Female

ryvesi Pocock, 1901 UP Pakistan Female

sakuntalae Tikader, 1970 WB, MP Both

saradae Biswas & Roy,

2005 KL Female

sataricus Kulkarni &

Deshpande, 2012 MR Female

shweta Tikader, 1970

ARP, AS, KL, MN, MG, MP, RJ, SK, TP,

WB

China Both

sitae Tikader, 1970 AN, GJ, RJ,

SK, MG, WB Female

subimali Biswas et al.,

1996 WB Female

sunandae Tikader, 1970 KL, MG, MP,

SK, TP, WB Female

sushilae Tikader, 1965 MR China Both

tikaderi Biswas &

Majumder, 1995 MG Female

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travancoricola Strand,

1912 KL Female

wroughtoni Pocock, 1901 GJ, KL

Pakistan Both

Peucetia Thorell

akwadaensis Patel, 1978 GJ China

Both ananthakrishnani

Murugesan et al., 2006 TN Both

ashae Gajbe & Gajbe,

1999 MP Female

betlaensis Saha &

Raychaudhuri, 2007 JH Male

biharensis Gajbe, 1999 BH Female

choprai Tikader, 1965 MP, MR Both

elegans (Blackwall, 1864) IND * Female

gauntleta Saha &

Raychaudhuri, 2004 WB Both

graminea Pocock, 1900 GJ, TN Pakistan Both

harishankarensis Biswas,

1975 OR Female

ketani Gajbe, 1992 UP Female

latikae Tikader, 1970 GJ, MG, SK China Both

pawani Gajbe, 1999 CG Female

phantasma Ahmed et al.,

2015 MR Both

punjabensis Gajbe, 1999 PJ Female

rajani Gajbe, 1999 CG Female

ranganathani Biswas &

Roy, 2005 KL Female

viridana (Stoliczka, 1869) WB, KL India to

Myanmar Both

viveki Gajbe, 1999 MP Female

yogeshi Gajbe, 1999 CG Both

PISAURIDAE Simon, 1890

Dendrolycosa Doleschall

bobbiliensis (Reddy &

Patel, 1993) AP female

gitae (Tikader, 1970) AN, AS, KL,

SK, WB Both

putiana (Barrion &

Litsinger, 1995) AS Philipines Male

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Eucamptopus

Pocock coronatus Pocock, 1900 SI (TN) * Male

Euprosthenops Pocock

ellioti (O. P.-Cambridge,

1877) ECI * Both

Hygropoda Thorell

chandrakantii (Reddy &

Patel, 1993) PC Female

gracilis (Thorell, 1891) AN Female

sikkimus (Tikader, 1970) AN, SK Female

Nilus O. P.

Cambridge

albocinctus (Doleschall,

1859) AS, KL India to

Philippines Both decorata (Patel & Reddy,

1990) TG Female

phipsoni (F. O. P.

Cambridge, 1898) IND * India to China,

Indonesia Both pseudoalbocinctus (Sen et

al., 2010) WB Female

Perenethis L. Koch

dentifasciata (O. P.

Cambridge, 1885) IND * Or Pakistan Female

sindica (Simon, 1897) MR, WB

Nepal, Philipines, Sri

Lanka

Both

venusta L. Koch, 1878 KL

Thailand, Taiwan to Queensland

Both

Pisaura Simon

podilensis Patel & Reddy,

1990 AP Both

swamii Patel, 1987 GJ Both

Polyboea Thorell zonaformis (Wang, 1993) WB China, Laos Both Stoliczka O. P.

Cambridge affinis Caporiacco, 1935 Karakorum Juvenile Tinus F. O. P.

Cambridge

arindamai Biswas & Roy,

2005 KL Female

PSECHRIDAE Simon, 1890

Fecenia Simon protensa Thorell, 1891 AN, KL

Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam, Malaysia, Singapore,

Sumatra, Borneo, Bali

Both

Psechrus Thorell

ghecuanus Thorell, 1897 IND * Both

himalayanus Simon, 1906 IND * Both

torvus (O. P. Cambridge,

1869) IND * Both

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Figure 1. Species diversity of lycosoid spiders in different Indian states and union territories.

Figure 2. Diversity of lycosoid spiders in different families recorded so far from India.

34 30

8 35

12 7

20

6 72

13 12 12

9 10 11 44

12 9 4

19

7 6 2

6 4 4

1 1 1 0

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

KL TN UK MR AN ARP GJ GO WB MG AP SK JK UP BH MP KA PJ RJ AS HP OR HR MN TP CG JH PC TG

3

19

4 10

2 14

132

79

19

4 0

20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Ctenidae Lycosidae Oxyopidae Pisauridae Psechridae Genus Species

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Figure 3. Diversity of higher taxa of lycosoid spiders in different Indian states and union territories.

Figure 4. Known morphs of lycosoid spiders recorded so far from India.

5 4

1 3

5 3 4

2 4

3 4 4

1 2 2 2

1 2 2 3 1 2

1 2 2

1 1 1 1 11 11

4 12

8

4 8

4 16

7 8 8

3 5

8 9 6 7

3 8

3 5

2 3 3

2 1 1 1

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18

KL TN UK MR AN ARP GJ GO WB MG AP SK JK UP BH MP KA PJ RJ AS HP OR HR MN TP CG JH PC TG

Family Genera

129

8 126

2

Both morph Male morph Female morph Juvenile

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Figure 5. Distribution pattern of lycosoid spiders recorded so far from India.

3. CONCLUSION

The purpose of the present review is to focus on the diversity and distribution of lycosoid spiders in different states and union territories of India and at the same time

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providing an annotated checklist of species so far recorded from the area. The study reveals that the Biodiversity Hot spots do not have the maximum diversity as these areas are not exploited. They are mostly distributed in West Bengal, Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra. It is due to habitat preference and for this there is so much of endemism (nearly 69.35% to India). The annotated list will be helpful any worker of lycosoid spider fauna. This fauna is yet to be explored in Indian states and union territories.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The authors are grateful to the Director, Zoological Survey of India, Kolkata, for providing facilities and encouragements. They are also grateful to the officer-in-charge, Zoological survey of India, Western Ghat Regional Centre, Kozhikode for the support and inspiration.

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Zootaxa, 3046: 1-38.

( Received 22 April 2016; accepted 08 May 2016 )

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Plate - I: Photographic images of representatives of different families recorded from India.

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Plate - II. Photographic images of representatives of different families recorded from India.