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Bristles reduce the force required to ‘fling’ wings apart in the smallest insects

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Figure

Fig. 1. Bristles can act like leaky rakes or solidpaddles, depending on the biologicalbristle pair sweeps (dynamic behavior of bristles
Fig. 2. Morphological measurements ofbristles as functions of body length.(D) of a single wing are reported as a functionof the average body length of each species.A linear regression was performed and theRThe surface area of the wing occupied bybristles w
Fig. 3. Validation of the numericalmodel.state, after the bristles have traveled 150(the bristles are moving toward the top ofthe page at a constant velocity)
Fig. 4. Aerodynamic performance of arow of bristles translating at an angle ofnumber,experienced by a bristled wing translatingat steady state over a range of angles ofattack (aerodynamic polars of the averageattack of 45 deg
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