www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 2154
ROLE OF PARPATI KALPANA ON MAHASTROTAS
1*Vd. Sheetal O. Sureka, 2Vd. Gaurav D. Dhakate, 3Vd. Ashish S. Agrawal, 4Vd. Sneha Kubde
1,2(MD Scholar) Rasashastra & Bhaishajyakalpana Department, Bhausaheb Mulak Ayurved College, Nandanwan Nagpur.
4(Asso. Professor & HOD) Sharir Kriya Dept., Smt. Vimladevi Ayurved Medical College, Chandrapur
4(HOD & Reader) Rasashastra & Bhaishajyakalpana Department, Bhausaheb Mulak Ayurved College, Nandanwan Nagpur.
ABSTRACT
Rasa Shastra, one of the Pharmaco-therapeutic branches of Ayurveda, incorporates many of the inorganic, herbo-mineral and metallic pharmaceutical preparations namely Parpati Rasayana, Khalviya Rasayana, Pottali Rasayana and Kupipakwa Rasayana. Parpati Kalpanas are the most popular among the processing of Mercury and are widely used. Parpati is a unique method of mercurial preparation developed with a specific drug delivery system, which is a Murchana variety, Sagandha/Nirgandha (presence or absence of sulphur), Sagni (processed with heat) Pota Bandha of Parada. Parada when amalgamated with Gandhaka loses its toxic nature and nullify the toxic effect of parada and potentiate it, after which parada attaines various therapeutic qualities. The unique feature of this Kalpana is that, it is prepared by using the products, by-products of vegetable, minerals and animal origin. Agni plays an important role in altering the natural physico-chemical properties and the potency of the dravyas. Parpati kalpanas have high therapeutic value, more potent, less toxic and cost effective medicines. Parpati Kalpana (Flakes) is a well-known and successfully used for the management of Grahani and mahastrotas vyadhis. This article elaborates review of parpati kalpana. Aims and Objectives: 1. To Study different parpati Kalpana used in management of mahastrotas vyadhis. Methodology: Reviewing ayurvedic literature regarding the study of different parpatis used in mahastrotas vyadhis. Conclusion: Parpati kalpana always held a unique
Volume 9, Issue 6, 2154-2164. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105
Article Received on 16 April 2020,
Revised on 06 May 2020, Accepted on 27 May 2020, DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20206-17714
*Corresponding Author Vd. Sheetal O. Sureka (MD Scholar) Rasashastra & Bhaishajyakalpana
Department, Bhausaheb Mulak Ayurved College, Nandanwan Nagpur.
www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 2155 place in rasaushadhi. It is widely used for the diseases related to gastro intestinal tract.
KEYWORDS: Parpati Kalpana, mahastrotas vyadhis, parada, gandhaka.
INTRODUCTION
Parpati formulations are always held a unique place in “rasaushadi” specially for treatment of Grahani roga and many mahastrotas vyadhis. Ayurveda emphasizes much with the regards to the influence of diet& habits in the manifestation of every disease. Rasashastra deals with parada that is the science or the knowledge of changing the drug irrespective of its origin into a form which is very similar to rasa like (highly absorbable) form. The description of Parpati has been found in various texts of Ayurveda since 8th century A.D. Nagarjuna was the first scholar to bring out the role of Parpati in Kushta Roga. Chakrapani, the commentator of Charaka Samhita (11th century A.D.) has also emphasized the importance of Rasa Parpati in Grahani chikitsa.[1] Parpati is prepared with a unique method of mercurial preparation called murchana which is of two types sagandha/Nirgandha (presence or absence of gandhak) and sagni/Niragni (processed with heat or without heat). The compounds prepared with Parada (mercury) are considered to be the best. It has been a practice for many years to combine Mercury and Sulphur with other drugs or metals for enhancing their potency.[2]
The Sanskrit word “Parpati” denotes a thin flake like preparation. “Parpati” indicates a preparation which is thin, brittle and has a shape of thin Papad. By heating Kajjali (HgS) is transformed into a thin, flat preparation. In practice though it possesses a thin, flat shape, it is first powdered and then used for medicinal purpose. The texts like “Rasatarangini” also mention “Parpati” as “Parpatika”, meaning the same. But a reference in “Bharat Bheishajya Ratnakara” denotes “Parpatika” as the bits and fragments left in an iron vessel, while preparing the Parpati.[3,4] As it undergoes more heating , it loses its medicinal value. Parpati is a thin flake like preparation which is developed from “Pota Bandha”, consisting of Parada, Gandhaka and other drugs [It may be dhatubhasmas (ash of metals-non metals) or Kashthaushadis (ash of herbal drugs)].[5] As per Rasa Shastra, Parada i.e. Mercury is considered as most potent substance. It has Shadrasa (6 tastes) and balances Tridoshas. Parpati Kalpana is a successfully used preparation for the management of Grahani Roga (sprue syndrome) and in many mahastrotas vyadhis. Grahani is the main seat of agni in mahastrotas. It retains the food till the food is fully digested and then passes it to pakwashaya. Functionally weak agni causes improper digestion of food which moves either urdhva marg or adhoda marg, This undigested food further form aama and creates mandagni. The use of
www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 2156 Parpati was found beneficial for alleviating mandagni and associated symptoms of Grahani as well as various other diseases like udar shool,chardi, Rajayakshma (tuberculosis), Kustha (Laprosy), and gulma (tumor) etc.[6,7] In the chronic phase of Grahani where the antitubercular symptoms arises, parpati prepared with Gold and other metals proves highly beneficial. Due to this innovative idea different types of parpatis are derived such as a Tamra Parpati, Panchamruta Parpati, Swarna Parpati, Loha Parpati, Vijay Parpati etc.
History
Acharaya Nagarjuna’s treatise written in 8th Century named Rasendra Mangala explanations of Parpati in Kustha Roga is found. Later, Chakradatta written by Acharaya Chakrapani which is considered to be the treatise of 11th Century has explained Parpati and highlighted it as Rasa Parpati which is indicated in the Grahani Roga. Thereafter, Bhaishajaya Ratnavali written by Acharaya Govind Das Sen which is the text of 19th Century explains many Parpatis and while explaining Rasa Parpati he has mentioned that Shivatsanka Nirmita. Rasa Parpati is considered to be the best showing the invention of Parpati.[8]
Synonyms
Parpat: - like Papad.
Parpati: - thin flake.
Parpatika:- thin and brittle flake.
Pota Bandha: - adhesions or to give support.
Nomenclature of different Parpati Kalpanas
If Parada and Gandhaka is used then it is called as- Rasa Parpati.
If Parada- Gandhaka is mixed with any dhatu/loha, then it is named on the basis of dhatu bhasma used. Ex- Use of Lauha Bhasma- Lauha Parpati.
Use of Tamra Bhasma- Tamra Parpati Use of Suvarna Bhasma- Suvarna Parpati. If Parada- Gandhaka is mixed with any Kasthaushadhi like Bola- Bola Parpati.
Depending upon number of ingredients used like- Panchamrita Parpati (use of 5 drugs), Saptamrita Parpati (use of 7 drugs).
Depending upon the results like- Kusthanta Parpati.(Useful in Skin disorders)
Depending upon the colour and quality of ingredients like- Shweta Parpati (White in colour)
Methodology (General Method of Parpati Preparation)
Parada and Gandhaka are purified and they are taken in an iron mortar and Kajjali is prepared
www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 2157 till all Lakshanas are achieved kajjalivata (Blackish), Slakshan (smooth), Anjan Sadrisha (like Collyrium), Sukshma (minute), Rekhapurnatva (Grooves in lines of fingers), Chemical Signs like Jala Pareeksha, Agni Pareeksha, Loha Pareeksha etc. Thereafter as per the requirement and depending upon the type of Parpati Kalpana, other drugs are added to and proper Mardan (triturating) in an iron mortar is carried out till it becomes a uniform homogeneous mixture. Later on, the mixture is taken in a ghee smeared iron pan and heated over Mandagni (Low fire). After achieving uniform melting immediately transfer the melted contents to a clean Kadali patra (banana leaf) smeared with goghrita placed over a bed prepared out of Gomaya (cow dung). Then cover the content with another Kadali patra and little amount of fresh Gomaya is spread over it then pressed gently and allowed it to cool and flakes of Parpati are taken out. Colour and Appearance of the Parpati depends upon the kind of ingredients used in the pharmaceutical preparation. With the pressing of Kadali Patra, the impression should be seen on the Parpati prepared. After the completion of the procedure, the flakes are kept for drying and powdered and preserved in an air tight glass bottle/jar.[9,10] Use of materials and their importance in the Parpati Kalpana preparation.
1 Lauha Darvi (iron pan.): - To prepare Parpati, Kajjali is liquefied on Agni with the help of Lauha Darvi. In some texts, use of even Tamra Darvi (copper vessel) is also advised. (Lauha Darvya Kshipeta- in Rasa Tarangini) and (Lauha Patre athva Tamre- in RasaYoga Sagar).
1. Ghee: - It gets absorbed in to the heated Kajjali through the Patra media and thus helps to regulate the biliary ailments and other Pittajanya vyadhis (diseases). Ghruta forms the protective layer over the lamina of the lea fwhich help patra from burning.
2. Kadali Patra
Kadali patra act as barrier between gomaya and the parpati during preparation. It is selected because it is very much convenient in this situation as it is smooth, wide, thin, and tensile. Use of Kadali Patra gives the Kashaya quality to the Parpati and increases the potency of the drug. Use of such leaves which are highly rich in chlorophyll gets absorbed into the formulation and exerts therapeutic effects on human systems especially on G.I.T. Properties of Chlorophyll- One of the best.
Anti-oxidants, able to neutralize the negative effects of free radical in the body, helps prevent many degenerative diseases and maintain the body stronger. Chlorophyll helps cleanse the body toxins.[11,12]
www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 2158 Specialty of this preparation is where the liquefied kajjali is poured and covered with another leaf and pressed, here the leaves that are specified are green in color and rich in chlorophyll. Because of the heat, the chlorophyll gets absorbed into the formulation and exerts therapeutic effects on human systems especially on G.I.T.
Properties of Chlorophyll are summarized as below. 1. Detoxifies Liver.
2. Eliminates body odor. 3. Anti-mutagenic activity.
4. Anti-Oxidant than Caroline, beta carotene, Vit C & E. 5. Anti-atherogenic.
6. Free radical scavenger. 7. Stimulates enzymes activity. 8. Clears constipation & Flatus.
9. Calcium oxalate stones are dissolved. 10. Cholesterol & triglycerides.
11. Natural body cleaners, Rebuild neutralizer of toxins. 12. Natural antiseptic and antibacterial.
13. Anti yeast activity challenges Candida Species.
14. Anti-inflammatory – useful in arthritis, mouth ulcers ulcerative colitis and Sore throat. 15. Promotes healthy intestinal flora.
16. Significantly inhibits several mutagens, cigarette smoke, petroleum and diesel emission particles coal dust.
17. Marked reduction in Liver and cancer of 18. Blood in Anemia.
19. Naturally supplements Vit, Minerals, enzymes 20. Abundant, Non toxic, may be life saving.[13]
4. Agni: - It plays a very important role in the preparation of Parpati. Mridu Agni (Low fire) is required to liquefy Kajjali. Paka Karma (Cooking) is done till Kajjali attains Pankvatta stage i.e. Muddy appearance of products which in turn during preparation of Parpati.
www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 2159 5. Cow dung- The main constituent of cow dung is debris from cells within the digestive tract and secretions from the body such as salts, sloughing of animal cells and mucus. Faeces also include undigested diet comprising cellulose and lignin, originating from the cell walls of the plants. cows dung is a fecal matter of cow. It passes through the elementary canal and comes out. Various digestive secretions, enzymes, bile and steroids are contained with it. There is a possibility that from the porosity of banana leaves digestive enzymes, bile and steroids absorbed by the Parpati. Grahani is a digestive disorder and with this Parpati may prove more effective in curing Grahani (as disease condition is due to pitta kshinata i.e. mandagni). This fact is not substantiated by enough studies and research material. Until than these claims are to be termed hypothetical and subjected for further studies.[11,12]
Precautions: Gandhaka (Sulphur) is highly combustible substance. Hence Parpati should not be prepared on Teevragni (High grade fire) as there are chances of catching fire. Some amount of Sneha is to be smeared to the iron pan (Lauha Darvi) and Kadali Patra used for preparation. Kajjali is heated up to semisolid form or till it becomes Pankavatta (Like Mud). Press Kajjali immediately after transferring on to the Kadali Patra which is spread over bed of Gomaya.
3 Pakas have been mentioned in the texts while describing Parpati preparations i.e.,
Mridu, Madhyama and Khara paka. In these Mridu and Madhyama paka preparations are the best to be therapeutically.[14]
Role of Parpati in Grahani.
Grahani can be considered to be a syndrome with persistent chronic diarrhoea as the predominant feature. Its main etiological factor as taking of non-beneficial diet by persons recovering from diarrhoea with poor digestive capacity. The clinical features include frequent passage of stools of irregular consistency most of the time liquid, but sometimes well found containing undigested food matter, with pain and foul smell. Mandagni is mainly responsible for causing Grahani roga. Hence restoration of Agni is the principle concern in the management of Grahani roga. The process of Parpati preparation is a samskara provided through Agni. With the contact of Agni, Ushnaguna and deepana properties responsible for increasing the appetite are derived. By the alleviation of the vitiated vayu the main symptom i.e. Atipravritti of mala gets converted to Samyak parvritti. By the deepana, pachana and ushna properties of the drugs the intestinal ducts(Srotas) are opened and prope rly digested
www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 2160 poshak Rasa absorption gets started. Due to the lack of proper nutrition, Pandu, Svayathu, Gulma, Jalodar etc. associated symptoms arise in Grahani. Deepan and grahi property of Parpati improves absorption of nutritive materials and supplementation of Iron, Copper etc. gradually relieves the associated symptoms.
Different Parpati Preparation, classification and indications
Many different Parpati preparations are mentioned in our classics which are having different ingredients and are being used in different ailments. Such classification is mentioned below in Table No-1.[14-17]
S. No
Type of Parpati Preparation
Ingredients And Quantity
Dose and
Anupana Referances Indications
1. Rasa Parparti Sh.Parada- 1 part Sh.gandhak -1 part
2-4 Ratti (250mg) With milk.
Rastarangi-
Ni 133,134 Grahani, kshya, ajirna
2. Panchamrita Parpati
Sh. Parada- 4 Masha, Sh. Gandhaka- 8 Masha, Loha Bhasma- 2 Masha, Abhrak Bhasma- 1 Masha, Tamra Bhasma- 4 ratti
2 Ratti (250 mg) with Ghee, Ksheer, Madhu.
Bhaishjya Ratnavali- Grahani 468- 479
Grahani, Aruchi, Chardi, Dushta Arsha, Atisara, Raktapitta
3. Kutaj Parpati
Sh.Parada- 1 part Sh.Gandhaka- 1 part Kurata churna -1 part
2-4 Ratti(250 mg) With butter milk
chronic diarrhoea, dysentery,ulcera tive colitis,IBS.
Loha Parpati
Sh. Parada, Sh.
Gandhaka, Kanta Loha Bhasma (All equal parts)
1-2 Ratti (125- 250 mg) with Sheeta Jala, Dhanyaka and Jeerak kwath
Bhaishjya Ratnavali- Grahani 444- 452
Grahani, Ama shula Atisara, Pandu, Kamala, Pleeha roga, Agnimandya, Bhasmaka roga, Kustha, Udavarta, Amavata.
4 Swarna Parpati
Sh. Parada- 4 parts, Sh.Gandhaka- 4 parts, Swarna bhasma - 1 part
1 Ratti (125 mg) with Brishta Jeeraka churna and Madhu
Bhaishjya Ratnavali- Grahani 454-457
Grahani vikara,
Rajyakshma, 18 types of shula,
Vrishya.
5. Tamra Parpati
Sh. Parada - 3 parts, Sh. Gandhaka - 3 parts ,Tamra Bhasma
- 3 parts ,Sh. Vatsanabha - 1 part
2-3 Ratti (250- 375 mg) with Ardraka swarasa, Triphala Kwatha, Eranda Taila, Kumariswarasa BakuchiChurna,T riphalaChurnaKh adiraKwatha
Rasa Ratna Samuchya -Chapter 20 Shloka 134
Kasa, Shwasa, Jwara, Pandu, Krimi roga, Yakshma, Kustha Shula, Grahani roga,
Yakritavikara,
PleehaVriddhi Atisara and Vata- Kapha roga.
6. Vijay Parpati
Sh. Parada- 4 parts Sh. Gandhaka- 2 parts Swarna bhasma -2 parts, Raupyabhasma- 1 part Mukta bhasma- 1part
2 Ratti (250 mg) with Brishta Jeeraka Churna and Dadhi or Takra
Bhaishjya Ratnavali- Grahani 461- 464
Kastha Sadhya Grahani vikara, Arsh shula, Atisara, Pandu Yakshma,Shoth, Kamala, Pleeha,
www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 2161
Vaikranta bhasma- 1part Jalodar, Kustha,
Amlapitta Vatarakta,Krimi Prameha, Vishama Jwara, Rasayana and Vrishya.
7. Gagana Parpati
Sh. Parada - 1 part Sh. Gandhaka - 2 parts Abhraka bhasma - 1 part
1-3 Ratti (125- 375 mg) with Brishta jeeraka, Takra, Dugdha, Madhu and Dadimaswarasa
Siddha Yoga Sangrah Sangrahan i Adhyaya
Pandu, Grahani vikara, Atisara, Kshaya, Kasa, Shwasa, Mandagni
8. Bola Parpati
Sh. Parada - 1 part Sh. Gandhaka - 1 part Bola Churna - 2 parts
3- 6 Ratti (375- 750 mg) with Sharkara, Madhu, Navaneet, Durva Swarasa,
Gulkanda
Yoga. Rat. Purvardha, Raktapitta Adhyaya
Raktasrava, Rakta atisara, Rakta arsha, Rakta pradara, Atyartava, Uraha kshata.
9. Shweta Parpati
Surya kshara - 1 part Sphatika - 1/8 part Navsadara - 1/16 part
5-10 Ratti (625- 1125 mg) with sheeta jala, Narikela Jala, Sharkara yukta dugdha, mutral kwatha,
Siddha Yoga Sangrah- Mutrakric ha Adhyaya
Mutral, Swedjanan, Vatanulomaka,
Ashmari, Mutrakriccha, Mutraghata etc.
Applied Therapeutic Aspect of Parpati
1. The Parpati used to get rid of all sorts of diseases starting from childhood to old age.[16] 2. According to Rasa Tarangini, Parpati is useful in the treatment of following diseases:
Grahani, Arsha, Kshaya, Kamala, Kasa, Pandu with Svayathu, Jalodara, Bhasmaka, Gulma, 18 types of Kushta, Atisara, Pliha, Amavata, Daha, Amlapitta, Jwara, Vridha dosha, Sotha and it is Vrishya.[3]
3. According to Chakrapanidatta, the Rasa Parpati is famous for alleviating Grahani, kshaya, Arsha and Ajirna.[14]
Matra and Prayoga[3,14]
The Parpati prayoga is of 2 types i.e., Samanya prayoga and Kalpa or Vardamana prayoga In Samanya Prayoga, Parpati is given in a dose of 1-2 Ratti mixed with fried Jeerak and Hingu in divided doses. In these prayoga, dieteric restrictions is not necessary, in case of Unmada and Apasmara the starting dose mentioned is 8 gunja per a day.
Kalpa Prayoga / Vardamana prayoga
Start with dose of 2 Ratti (250 mg) and increase it gradually up to 10 Ratti (R.T. 6/143).
www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 2162 According to Chakrapani it should be started in the dose of 2 ratti (250 mg) and increased gradually up to 12 Ratti. (C.D.4/87).
In Kalpa Prayoga, Parpati should be administered in 2 Ratti dose initially and increase it by 1 Ratti daily or alternate days till 10 Ratti dose per day is reached. This dose should be continued till the disease is cured and thereafter the dose may be reduced by 1 Ratti daily till it becomes 2 Ratti. Then the treatment may be stopped. This is a common procedure to be followed for all types of Parpati while using as Kalpa Prayoga.
It takes 40 days for a Kalpa Prayoga in the above mentioned way. Depending upon the severity of disease and strength of the patient, it can be used for 36 days, 40 days, 60 days or 96 days. This 36/40/60/96 day’s prayoga period is called Mandal/Chakra. The quantity of Parpati consumed when used for 36 days’ chakra is 188 Ratti, for 40 days -310 Ratti, 60 days - 480 Ratti, 90 days - 768 Ratti. The type of mandal to be used will be decided by the physician. If needed, it can be repeated for 2, 3 or more times.
Anupana[3]
Honey, ghee, milk, buttermilk, fried, jeeraka, sugar, and dadima swarasa are indicated.
Pathya and Apathya[3] Pathya
Kakamachi, Patola, Pugiphal, Ardrak, Vastuka, Kadalipuspha, Brinjal (black and without seeds), old shalidhanya, Godugdha with sharkara are considered congenial during Parpati prayoga (R.T.6/155).
Apathya[3]
One should not drink river water or well water immediately for quenching the thirst during Parpati Kalpana therapy as it leads to production of disease or increase the severity of disease. Patient is advised to drink plenty of butter milk. (R.T. 6/154).
During Parpati prayoga following things are contraindicated. Amla sevana, Snan(bathing) with cold water, cool breeze (sita vayu sevana) anger, chinta, usna dravya sevena, tikta dravyas like Nimba, Guda (Jaggery), Anupa mamsa, stree sambhasana (R.T. 6/161).
CONCLUSION
Parpati for the first time was formulated in 8th century, in the name of. Rasa Parpati It is a Murchana variety, attaining vyadhi harana property. Mandagni, Gomay, Kadali,
www.wjpr.net Vol 9, Issue 6, 2020. 2163 Parpatakara have their own significances in Parpati nirmana.
Papati can be used in various diseases with different anupananas, like Unmada – Rasna mool churna and Goghrita, Apasmar – Brahmi swaras and Trikatu churna, SanGrahani – Sweta Jeeraka Churna and Hingu, Udara soola – Oil of Eranda beeja, Pandu with sotha – Guggulu churna, Kustha – Nimba panchanga, Bakuchi and Bhringaraj churna, Vatajwara – Dasmool Kwatha, Kasa – Trikatu Churna ( R.T.6/14 – 153).
Parpati is a mercurial preparation & effective medicine especially for the treatment of Grahani roga. Thus use of parpati can be justified in Grahani and many mahasrtotas vyadhis where mandagni increase & absorption capacity is decreased.
Parpati is a very unique preparation in RasaShastra for the management of Grahani. It should be prepared carefully following the guidelines given by various classical texts in regards to purification of mercury, sulphur and other materials, and proper incineration of minerals and metals which are used for preparation of various Parpati Kalpana only than Parpati becomes safe, effective and beneficial for therapeutic purpose.
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13. Murali k,Srinivasulu B, et.al, A Prospective Study on Parpati Kalpana w.s.r to Panchanmrut Parpati, i.j.a.m, 2010.
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15. Das Govinda, Bhaishajya Ratnavali, Edited & Enlarged by Brahmashakar Mishra, with Vidyotini Hindi Commentary by Ambikadatta Shastri.18th revised edition. Varanasi: Chaukhambha Prakashan, 2007; 1308.
16. Vagbhatacharya, Rasa Ratna Samucchaya, Vijnana Bodhini Teeka, Prof. D.A.Kulkarni, New Delhi, Meharchand Lacchamandas Publication, 1998; chapter 3, shloka 66, 235. 17. Rasa tantra sara sidda prayoga samgraha, Kaleda, Krishna Gopala Ayurveda bhavana,
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