Client Server Computing

Client Server Computing

Architecture, Applications and Distribution System

Devendra Kumar

GLOBAL VISION PUBLISHING HOUSE

20, ^Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi-110002 (INDIA)

Contents

Acknowledgement (vii)

Preface

(ix)

Chapter

1. Introductionto

Client Server Computing

¹

1.1. Introduction 1

1.2. Overview of Client Server

Computing

²

1.2.1. Evolution of Client-Server

Computing

³

1.2.2.

Configurations

ⁱⁿClient-Server

Computing

⁴

1.2.3. Butler

Pyramid

Model of Client-Server

Computing

⁵

1.3.

Design

Consideration of Client Server ⁶

1.3.1. FatvsThin Client ⁶

1.3.2.

Stateful

^{vs Stateless 6}

1.3.3. Authentication ⁷

1.3.4. Fault Tolerance ⁷

1.4. Client Server

Computing

^{Model 7}

1.4.1. Benefits of Client ServerModel 9

1.5. Database

Concept

¹⁰

1.5.1. Client Server Database 10

1.5.2.Client Server Database

Computing

¹⁰

1.5.3. Client Server Database

Computing

^vsMainframe and PC/FileServer

Computing

¹¹

1.5.4. Three-Schema Architecture 11

1.5.5. Client Server DatabaseArchitecture 12

1.5.6.

Types

^{of Client Server} Database Architecture 14

1.5.7.

Advantages

of Client Server Database 16

1.5.8.

Disadvantages

of Client Server Database 17

(xii)

Client Server

Computing

1.6. Client Server Architecture 18

1.6.1.

Types

of Client ServerArchitectures 18

1.6.2. Characteristics of Client Server Architecture 24

1.7.

Single System Image

²⁴

1.7.1.

Types

^of

Single System Image

²⁴

1.7.2.

Single System Image

Services and Benefits 26

1.8. Mainframe Centric Client Server

Computing

²⁷

1.8.1.

Advantages

of Mainframe-Centric Client-Server

Computing

²⁸

1.9.

Downsizing

and Client-Server

Computing

²⁹

1.10.

Preserving

^{YourMainframe}

Applications

^Investment

Through Porting

³⁰

1.11. Client Server

Development

^{Tools 31}

1.12.

Advantages

^and

Disadvantages

of Client Server

Computing

³²

1.12.1.

Advantages

of Client-Server

Computing

³²

1.12.2.

Disadvantages

^ofClient-Server

Computing

³⁴

1.13.

Summary

³⁵

1.14.

Study ^Questions

³⁶

Chapter

^2.

Components

^of

Client Server Application:

^The

Client

³⁷

2.1. Introduction 37

2.2. The Client 38

2.2.1.TheClients'Role 38

2.2.2. Client Services ³⁹

2.3.

Dynamic

^Data

Exchange (DDE)

⁴¹

2.3.1.

Dyamic

^Data

Exchange

^{Functions 43}

2.4.

Object Linking

^and

Embedding ^(OLE)

⁴³

2.4.1.

History ^of

^{OLE 45}

2.5.

Component Object

^Model

(COM)

⁴⁶

2.6. Distributed

Component Object

^Model

(DCOM)

⁴⁷

2.7.

Object ^Request

^Broker

(ORB)

⁴⁸

2.7.1.

Object Request

Broker Services 49

2.8. Common

Object Request

^BrokerArchitecture

(CORBA)

⁵⁰

2.8.1 Benefits of CORBA 52

2.8.2. Drawbacks of CORBA 53

2.9.

Summary

⁵⁴

2.10.

Study Questions

⁵⁵

Contents

(xiii)

Chapter

^3.

Components

of

Client Server Application:

The

Server 56

3.1. Introduction 56

3.2. The Server 57

3.2.1. The Server's Role 57

3.2.2. Details Server

Functionality

^{orServices 58}

3.3. Network

Operating Systems (NOS)

⁵⁹

3.3.1. Functions of NOSs 60

3.3.2.

Types

^{of Network}

Operating System ^(NOS)

⁶⁰

3.3.3. Features of Network

Operating System

⁶¹

3.3.4. Network Administrator 61

3.3.5.

Banyan

^{VINES 62}

3.4. Available Platform 62

3.4.1. Workstation in LAN

Configuration

⁶²

3.4.2.LAN-to-LAN/WAN

Configuration

⁶³

3.4.3. LAN-to-Host

Configuration

⁶³

3.4.3. OLTP on a LAN 63

3.4.4. OLTP with UNIX 63

3.5. Server

Operating System (SOS)

⁶³

3.5.1. Netware 64

3.5.2. OS/2 65

3.5.3. Windows NT 65

3.5.4.

Multiple

^Virtual

Storage (MVS)

⁶⁵

3.5.5. Virtual

Memory System (VMS)

⁶⁵

3.5.6.

Open

^{VMS 66}

3.5.7. UNIX 66

3.6. Distributed

Computing

Environment

(DCE)

⁶⁸

3.6.1. Distributed

Computing

Environment Services 68

3.7.

System Application

Architecture

(SAA)

⁶⁹

3.7.1. SAA Defined Three

Layers

^{of Service 69}

3.8. Client Server

Security

⁶⁹

3.9.

Summary

⁷⁰

3.10.

Study Questions

⁷¹

Chapter

4.

Client Server Network: Connectivity 72

4.1. Introduction 73

4.2. Peer-to-Peer Network 74

(xiv)

Client Server

Computing

4.2.1.

Advantages

of Peer-to-Peer Network 74

4.2.2.

Disadvantages

of Peer-to-Peer Network 74

4.3. Client Server Network 75

4.3.1.

Advantages

^{ofaClientServerNetwork 75}

4.3.2.

Disadvantages

^ofa Client Server Network 75

4.4. OSIModel 75

4.5. Communication Interface

Technology

⁷⁷

4.6. LAN

Cabling

⁷⁸

4.6.1. Shielded Twisted Pair

(STP)

⁷⁸

4.6.2. Unshielded Twisted Pair

(UTP)

⁷⁸

4.6.3.Coaxial Cable ⁷⁹

4.6.4. Fiber

Optic

^{Cable 80}

4.7. Fiber Distributed Data Interface

(FDDI)

⁸⁰

4.7.1. FDDI FrameFormat 82

4.7.2. FDDI Benefits 83

4.8. Ethernet 83

4.8.1. Ethernet Characteristics ⁸³

4.8.2. Ethernet Classes 83

4.9. Token

Ring

⁸⁴

4.9.1. Token

Ring

^{Frame 85}

4.9.2. Token

Ring Operation

⁸⁶

4.9.3Token

Ring

^{IEEE 802.5 86}

4.9.5.

Advantages

^{of Token 87}

4.9.6.

Disadvantages

^{of Token 87}

4.10.

Copper

Distributed Data Interface

(CDDI)

⁸⁷

4.11.

Hypertext

Transfer Protocol

(HTTP)

⁸⁷

4.12.

Transport

Control Protocol/Internet Protocol

(TCP/IP)

⁸⁷

4.12.1. TCP/IP Model ⁸⁸

4.13. FileTransfer Protocol

(FTP)

⁸⁹

4.13.1.

Advantages

^{ofFTP 90}

4.13.2.

Disadvantages

^{of FTP 90}

4.14.

Simple

Mail Transfer Protocol

(SMTP)

⁹⁰

4.14.1. Features of SMTP ⁹¹

4.14.2.

Applications

^{of SMTP 91}

4.14.3.

Advantages

^{of SMTP 92}

Contents

(XV)

4.14.4.

Disadvantages

^{of SMTP 92}

4.15.

Simple

^Network

Management

^ProtocoL

(SNMP)

⁹²

4.15.1. SNMP Feature 92

4.15.2.

Advantages

^of

Using

^{SNMP . 94}

4.16. Telnet 95

4.17. Hubs 95

4.17.1.

Types

^{of Hub 96}

4.17.2.

Advantages

^{of Hub 97}

4.17.3.

Disadvantages

^{of Hub 97}

4.18. Routers ⁹⁷

4.18.1.

Advantages

^{ofRouter 98}

4.18.2.

Disadvantages

^{of Router 98}

4.19.

Bridge

⁹⁸

4.19.1 Three Basic

Types

^of

Bridges

⁹⁹

4.19.2.

Advantages

^of

Bridge

⁹⁹

4.19.2.

Disadvantages

^of

Bridge

⁹⁹

4.20. Network File

System (NFS)

⁹⁹

4.20.1. NFS Offers a Number of

Advantages

¹⁰⁰

4.21.

Asynchronous

Transfer Mode

(ATM)

¹⁰⁰

4.22. Network Interface Card

(NIC)

¹⁰¹

4.23. Local Area Network

(LAN)

¹⁰³

4.24.

Metropolitan

Area Network

(MAN)

¹⁰³

4.25.

^WideAreaNetwork

(WAN)

¹⁰⁴

4.26. Inter-Process Communication

(IPC)

¹⁰⁵

4.26.1.

Types

^{ofIPC 106}

4.26.2. Features ofIPC 106

4.26.3. IPC Services 107

4.27. WAN

Technologies

¹⁰⁷

4.28. Switched

Multimegabit

Data Service

(SMDS)

¹⁰⁷

4.28.1. SMDS Network Connections 108

4.29.

Integrated

^Services

Digital

^Network

^(ISDN)

¹⁰⁹

4.29.1. Channels of ISDN 109

4.29.2. Services of ISDN 109

4.29.3.

Advantages

^{of ISDN 109}

4.29.4. Disadvantages

^{of ISDN 110}

Client Server

Computing

4.30. Frame

Relay (FR)

¹¹⁰

4.30.1. Frame

Relay

^{Structure 111}

4.30.2.

Advantages

^{of Frame}

Relay

¹¹²

4.31. Network

Topology

¹¹²

4.31.1 Bus

Topology

¹¹²

4.31.2Star

Topology

¹¹³

4.31.3 Tree

Topology

¹¹⁴

4.31.4.

Ring Topology

¹¹⁵

4.30.5. Mesh

Topology

¹¹⁶

4.31.6.

Hybrid Topology

¹¹⁷

4.32. Network

Management

¹¹⁷

4.32.1 Fault

Management

¹¹⁹

4.32.2. Performance

Management

¹²⁰

4.32.3.

Configuration Management

¹²¹

4.32.4.

Security Management

¹²²

4.31.5.

Accounting Management

¹²⁴

4.33.

Summary

¹²⁴

4.34.

Study Questions

¹²⁵

Chapter

5.

Client Server System

Development

Software 127

5.1. Introduction 127

5.2. Business Process

Re-engineering (BPR)

¹²⁸

5.3. Factor

Driving

^{Demand for}

Application

^Software

Development

¹²⁹

5.3.1. PressuretoBuild

Competitive Advantage by Delivering Systems

^{Faster 129}

5.3.2.

Rising Technology

Staff Costs 129

5.3.3. Need for Platform

Migration

^and

Re-engineering

^of

Existing Systems

¹²⁹

5.3.4 Needto

Improve Technology

Professionals'

Productivity

¹³⁰

5.3.5. Need for a Common Interface Across Platforms 130

5.3.6. Increase in

Applications Development by

^{Users 131}

5.4. Client Server

Systems Development Methodology

¹³¹

5.4.1.

System Planning

¹³²

5.4.2.

Project

^{Initiation 133}

5.4.3.Architecture Definition 133

5.4.4.

Analysis

¹³³

5.4.5.

Design

¹³⁴

5.4.6.

Development

¹³⁴

Contents

(xvii)

5.4.7.Facilities

Engineering

¹³⁴

5.4.8.

Implementation

134

5.4.9. Post

Implementation Support

¹³⁵

5.5.

Project Management

¹³⁵

5.5.1. Plan the

Project

¹³⁵

5.5.2.

Manage

and Control

Project

^{Execution 136}

5.5.3.

Complete

^the

Project

136

5.6. Architecture Definition ₁₃₆

5.7.

System Development

Environment

(SDE)

¹³⁷

5.8.

Summary

139

5.9.

Study Questions

139

Chapter 6. Client Server System Development Hardware

140

6.1. Introduction 140

6.2. Hardware/Network

Acquisition

¹⁴¹

6.3. PC-Level

Processing

^Units 142

6.4. Macintosh 142

6.4.1.

Advantages

142

6.4.2.

Disadvantages

143

6.5. Notebook ₁₄₃

6.6. Pen 143

6.7. UNIX Workstation 144

6.8. X-Terminal 144

6.9. X-Server 145

6.10. ServerHardware 145

6.11.

Summary

145

6.12.

Study ^Questions

146

Chapter 7. Data Storage

147

7.1. Introduction ₁₄₇

7.2.

Magnetic Tape

¹⁵⁰

7.2.1.Audio

Recording

¹⁵¹

7.2.2. Video

Recording

¹⁵²

7.3.

Magnetic

^{Disk 152}

7.3.1. HardDisk ₁₅₃

7.3.2.

Floppy

^Disk 154

(xviii)

^{Client Server}

^Computing

7.3.3.Removable

Cartridge

¹⁵⁶

7.4.

Optical

^{Disk 156}

7.4.1.

Read-Only Optical

^{Disks 156}

7.4.2. Write Once and Read

Many (WORM)

¹⁵⁷

7.4.3. Erasable 157

7.5.

Mirroring

^{Disk 157}

7.6. Fault Tolerant 158

7.7. Redundant

Array

^of

Independent

^Disk

(RAID)

¹⁵⁸

7.7.1. RAID Levels ¹⁵⁹

7.7.2. Goals of Raid

Technology

¹⁵⁹

7.8. Network Interface Card

(NIC)

¹⁶⁰

7.9. Network Protection Device 160

7.10. Power Protection Devices 161

7.10.1.

Uninterruptible

^Power

Supply ^(UPS)

¹⁶¹

7.10.2.

Surge

^{Protector 162}

7.11.

Summary

¹⁶²

7.12.

Study ^Questions

¹⁶³

Chapter 8. Client Server Systems

Development

Service

and

Support 164

8.1. Introduction 164

Benefits of Client Server

Applications

¹⁶⁵

8.2.

System

Administrator 165

8.2.1.DatabaseAdministrator

(DBA)

¹⁶⁶

8.3.

Availability

¹⁶⁶

8.4.

Reliability

¹⁶⁷

8.5.

Serviceability

¹⁶⁷

8.5.1. Asset/License

Management

¹⁶⁷

8.5.2.

Change Management

¹⁶⁸

8.5.3. Problem

Management

¹⁶⁸

8.6. Software Distribution 169

8.6.1. Software Distribution

Objects

¹⁶⁹

8.7. Network

Management

¹⁷⁰

8.8.

Help

^{Desk 170}

8.8.1.

Help

^{DeskTeam 171}

8.9. Remote

Systems Management

¹⁷¹

8.9.1. RSM

Background

^{Service 171}

Contents

(xix)

8.9.2. RSM Benefits 171

8.9.3. RSM

Security

¹⁷¹

8.10. LAN and Network

Management

^{Issues 172}

8.11.

Summary

¹⁷²

8.12.

Study Questions

¹⁷³

Chapter

^9.

Client Server System Development:

Training 174

9.1. Introduction 175

9.2.

Training

¹⁷⁵

9.3.

Graphical

User Interface

(GUI)

¹⁷⁵

9.4.

Training Advantages

^{of GUI}

Applications

¹⁷⁵

9.4.1. Reduced

Training

^{Cost 176}

9.4.2.

Training

the Technical Staff 176

9.5.

System

Administrator

Training

¹⁷⁷

9.5.1. LAN Administrator 177

9.5.2. WAN Issue 178

9.5.3.

Operating System

^{Issue 178}

9.5.4. PC/Workstation Issues 179

9.5.5.

Application

^{Issues 179}

9.6. Database Administrator

Training

¹⁷⁹

9.7. End User

Training

¹⁷⁹

9.7.1. Workstation

Operations

¹⁷⁹

9.7.2.

Application

^{and New}

Technologies

¹⁸⁰

9.8.

Training Delivery Technology

¹⁸⁰

9.9. Future of Client Server

Computing

¹⁸¹

9.10.

Enabling Technology

¹⁸¹

9.11.

Expert System

¹⁸²

9.11.1.

Expert System Components

¹⁸²

9.11.2.

Expert ^System

Architecture 183

9.11.3.

Types

^of

^Expert System

¹⁸³

9.11.4.

Expert ^System Advantages

¹⁸⁴

9.11.5.

Expert System Disadvantages

¹⁸⁵

9.12.

Geographic

Information

Systems (GIS)

¹⁸⁶

9.12.1.

Advantages

^of

Geographic

Information

System

¹⁸⁷

9.12.2.

Disadvantages ^of Geographic

Information

System

¹⁸⁷

9.13. Point-of-service

(POS)

9.14.

Imaging

9.15. Electronic Document

Management—Multimedia

9.16. Full-text Retrieval

9.17. Electronic Data

Interchange (EDI)

9.17.1.

Advantages

^ofEDI 9.17.2.

Disadvantages

^{of EDI}

9.18.

Summary

9.19.

Study Questions

Previous Years Question ^Paper

Bibliography

Client Server

Computing

188 189 190 190 191 192 192 193 193

195

197

Index 199