n
R O F F T E X T F O R M A T T E R
V e r s i o n 1.0
DF/D /30
[OS I n t e r n a l D o c u m e n t N o . 17
INSTITUTE OF OCEANO GRAPHIC SCIENCES
Worm ley, Godalming, Surrey, GU8 BUB.
(0428-79-2122)
(Director: Professor H. Charnock)
Bidston Observatory, Birkenhead,
Merseyside, L43 7RA. (051-652-2396)
(Assistant Director: Dr. D. E. Cartwright)
Crossway, Taunton,
Somerset, TA1 2DW. (0823-86211)
(Assistant Director: M.J. Tucker)
Marine Scientific Equipment Service Research Vessel Base,
No. 1 Dock, Barry,
South Glamorgan, CF6 6UZ. (04462-77451)
(Officer-in-Charge: Dr. L.M. Skinner)
The following differences exist from the usage described in the manual:
i ) The command ROFF should be typed as DM3119/ROFF The command EXPLAIN should be typed as DM3119/EXPLAIN
li) The following file names must be used:
IN MANUAL ON ACTON
LIBRARY/ROFF/DPMACROS DM3119/TV/ROFF/MACROS
LIBRARY/ROFF/AMON DM3119/TV/ROFF/AMON
KUFF COMHAND (see EXPLAIN RUFF COHHAMD for details)
SYSTEM 7RUFF infile [oucfile] [IMOEX-lndexflie] (SiUF-an] (-PAUSE1
REQUEST BREAK DEFAULT MEANING
•af R f no (-1 assign format to register &, f«i»l,a,A,1,01,• «• •an R +n no n-0 assign number to register R, R#Z; if result is
negative, replace by zero
•ar no yes arable page numerals (syn > .af % 1) •at R no assign text to register R until .en R •bp ye# begin page
•br y w break
•cc c no C". control character is c
•ca 0 yam centre next n text lines, break on each •cn no yes case normal on Input
.cr no case reversed, exchange upper and lower case letters on input
•ds yes double space (syn " .Is 2)
n t no I . " " nth even page foot title la t, Un<10 •eh n t no nth even page head title is t, Kn<iO
e end all diversions labeled e, break if end of footnote
.ep yes b % i n an even page .fi y## yes fill output lines
• fn no divert text to footnotes until ,ao e • £o n t no c - " " nth even/odd foot titles are t, KiKlO • fs t no t. ' " footnote separator is t
• lie c no hyphenation character is c
•he n t no t- " " nth even/odd head titles are t, l<n<^10 .by n no n-3 hyphenation mode is n, 0<n<3
• Ic c no insertion character is c •is e no ignore all input until .en a • In +n n-0 indent left margin n spaces
• Ix divert input to index file until .en e .ju yes yes justify right margin of filled lines .11 no literal, take next n lines to be text • 11 +n no n-60 line length is n including indent .la +n yes n-1 line spacing is n
• Iv no leave n consecutive blank lines; wait until next page if necessary
.ml +n no n-4 margin above head no. 1 is n lines .n2 +n n-2 margin below and including heads is n .tnJ +n n"2 margin above and including feet is n • n4 +n n-4 margin below foot no. 1 is n lines .mg no empty next line sets merge pattern n, i^n£iO • nU y#a yes do not number output lines
• nl yes no nimber output lines, reset each page .n2 yaa number output lines, no page reset
n no need room for n output lines with present spacing, do .bp if necessary
• nf noflll, break on each input line •nj no right margin Justification •np no printing of output for next n pages • nu no first character underlining • of n t nth odd page foot title is t, i_<n<10
•pa +n n-1 begin page with page number n •pc c no parameter character is c •pl •n y«» I H » 6 6 paper length is n lines
•po +n no n"0 page offset is n, i.e. move all output n spaces right
•pr •n no HFO print requests indented n, don't print if n ^ line length
.ps +n no 1^0 print sequence numbers of input lines indented n (n for .pr > n for .ps)
• ro no no roman page numerals (syn - •af % i) •sc no c-# shift character is c, 6-bit input only •sk +n no skip at next new page to page number n •so c/f no insert roff source from cat/file c/f .sp yes insert n extra spacing lines • ss yes yes single space (syn - .Is 1) • ta no all tabs set by this line or next • tc no extra tab character is c
• ti +n yes temporary indent, for one line only • tr cd.« • no translate c into d on output
•uf no underline first character of each input text line
• ul n underline alphanumerics in next n input text lines
• us n no underline all of next n input lines •ws n no n«l set window suppression mode n
The DPMACROS are available by including them with the request
.so LIBRARY/BOFF/DPHACRUS
This action seta the following control characters: ,tr" .ic \ .tc " .he ~ .pc # and margins ml, m2, m3 and oA all to 3,
•dp reference title sub-title author
set up standard document front page with the specified parameters
•hp heading Level 1 heading on new page (indexed) - set .in 0 and •f i•
•hi heading Level 1 heading - can be on same page (indexed)
- set .in 0 and .fi.
•h2 heading Level 2 heading (indexed) - set .in 0 and .fi.
,h3 heading Level 3 heading against left hand margin (indexed) - don't change .in or .fi.
.h4 heading Level 4 heading in-line using current indentation (not Indexed) - set ,f1 - don't change .in.
•ap L title Set up appendix L with title
D A T A P R O C E S S I N G
DP/D /3 0
R O F F TEXT F O R M A T T E R
V e r s i o n 1.0
D P / D / 3 0
IOS I n t e r n a l D o c u m e n t N o . 17
T o n y Voss
1. I N T R O D U C T I O N 1
2. F I R S T S T E P S . . . 2
2. 1 G E N E R A L . 2
2.2 B R E A K 3
2 . 3 J U S T I F I C A T I O N 3
2 . 4 F I L L I N G 4
2. 5 P S E U D O - B L A N K S 4
2.6 I N D E N T A T I O N 4
2.7 L I N E L E N G T H 5
2 . 8 L I N E S P A C I N G 5
2. 9 P A G E L E N G T H 6
2. 10 C E N T R I N G . 6
2 . 1 1 U N D E R L I N E S 6
2 . 1 2 NEW P A G E 7
2 . 1 3 S O U R C E S W I T C H I N G 7
2 . 1 4 M A C R O - C O M M A N D S 8
F r o n t P a g e L a y o u t M a c r o .dp 8
M a j o r H e a d i n g s M a c r o s .hi & .hp . . . 9
S u b - H e a d i n g M a c r o .h2 9
S u b - S u b - H e a d i n g s M a c r o . h3 . 9
I n - l i n e H e a d i n g s M a c r o . h 4 . 10
A p p e n d i x M a c r o .ap . . . 10
2.15 I N D E X 10
3. A D V A N C E D T O P I C S 11
P A G E N U M B E R C O N S I D E R A T I O N S 11
T O P / B O T T O M M A R G I N S 12
H E A D I N G S AND F O O T I N G S 13
K E E P S A N D F I G U R E S 13
W I N D O W S 14
T A B U L A T I O N 14
H Y P H E N A T I O N . . . 16
T R A N S L A T I O N 18
M E R G I N G 18
L I T E R A L S . 1 9
P A G E O F F S E T 20
T R O U B L E - S H O O T I N G 20
D I V E R S I O N S 21
F O O T N O T E S 21
R E G I S T E R S A N D I N S E R T I O N S 22
N U M B E R R E G I S T E R S 22
T E X T R E G I S T E R S 23
C R O S S - R E F E R E N C E S 24
I N D E X E N T R I E S ' 25
I G N O R E 26
M A C R O - C O M M A N D S . . . . 27
23 A u g u s t 77 P a g e 1
4. 2 C A S E R E V E R S A L 29
4 . 3 P R O C E S S I N G L O G I C 30
4. 4 C A V E A T S 30
4.5 A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S 31
A P P E N D I X A . S A M P L E I N P U T T O R O F F A . 1
A P P E N D I X B . T A B L E O F R E Q U E S T S • B . L
R O F F is a text f o r m a t t i n g p r o g r a m u s e f u l in the p r e p a r a t i o n of r e p o r t s or p u b l i c a t i o n s . T h i s m a n u a l is a n e x a m p l e of its w o r k . R O F F is a p a r t i c u l a r l y p o w e r f u l f o r m a t t e r and yet is e a s y to u s e in a s i m p l e way by t h o s e w i t h o n l y b a s i c re-q u i r e m e n t s .
S e c t i o n 2 of this m a n u a l p r o v i d e s a b a s i c i n t r o d u c t i o n using a s u b s e t of the a v a i l a b l e f a c i l i t i e s . T h i s s h o u l d b e e n o u g h to g e t the m a j o r i t y of u s e r s s t a r t e d . O n c e y o u h a v e g a i n e d c o n f i d e n c e in this way the m o r e a d v a n c e d a s p e c t s c o v e r e d in s e c t i o n 3 may b e s t u d i e d as r e q u i r e d .
To i n v o k e R O F F in t i m e - s h a r i n g use the TSS c o m m a n d :
S Y S T E M ? R O F F i n p u t
w h e r e ' i n p u t ' is the f i l e c o n t a i n i n g the s o u r c e text to be f o r m a t t e d on to the t e r m i n a l . O p t i o n a l p a r a m e t e r s m a y b e a d d e d to s p e c i f y an i n d e x f i l e ( e x p l a i n e d l a t e r ) or to cause R O F F to p a u s e b e t w e e n o u t p u t p a g e s to a l l o w n o n - c o n t i n o u s p a p e r to be i n s e r t e d . As an e x a m p l e , to f o r m a t the f i l e A / B / C , to c o l l e c t an i n d e x in f i l e A / B / l and to p a u s e b e t w e e n p a g e s one c o u l d use the c o m m a n d ;
R O F F A / B / C I N D E X = A / B / I - P A U S E
T h e R O F F c o m m a n d has m a n y o t h e r c a p a b i l i t i e s w h i c h a r e not d e s c r i b e d h e r e as they a r e b e i n g e x t e n d e d and such a d e s c r i p t i o n w o u l d b e c o m e r a p i d l y out of d a t e . To find out a b o u t the c u r r e n t c a p a b i l i t i e s t y p e :
S Y S T E M ? E X P L A I N R O F F C O M M A N D
2.1 G E N E R A L
W h e n p r o c e s s i n g a n o r d i n a r y p a r a g r a p h of text R O F F w i l l f i l l the o u t p u t l i n e s w i t h w o r d s r e g a r d l e s s of the l e n g t h of the input l i n e s . T h e text c a n thus b e p r e p a r e d w i t h o u t c o n -s i d e r a t i o n of the f i n a l l i n e l e n g t h . I n d e e d it is good p r a c t i c e to s t a r t e a c h s e n t e n c e on a new l i n e , as this m a k e s e d i t i n g ( p a r t i c u l a r l y a d d i n g or d e l e t i n g s e n t e n c e s ) s l i g h t l y e a s i e r .
I N P U T ; Input c o n s i s t s of i n t e r m i x e d text l i n e s , w h i c h c o n -tain t h e i n f o r m a t i o n to b e f o r m a t t e d , and r e q u e s t l i n e s , w h i c h c o n t a i n i n s t r u c t i o n s a b o u t h o w to f o r m a t i t . R e q u e s t l i n e s b e g i n w i t h a d i s t i n g u i s h e d c o n t r o l c h a r a c t e r . T h e in-put m a y b e e i t h e r a 9 - b i t ( a s c i i ) or a 6 - b i t ( c a r d ) f i l e .
O U T P U T ; O u t p u t l i n e s m a y b e f i l l e d as n e a r l y as p o s s i b l e w i t h w o r d s w i t h o u t r e g a r d to input l i n e a t i o n , or m a y be c o p i e d o n e - f o r - o n e f r o m i n p u t t e x t . R i g h t m a r g i n j u s t i f i c a -tion m a y be d o n e on f i l l e d text. C o m p u t a t i o n of p a g e n u m b e r s and l i n e n u m b e r s is a u t o m a t i c ; s e c t i o n n u m b e r s , e q u a t i o n n u m b e r s , e t c . , m a y a l s o be c o m p u t e d . I n d e n t a t i o n , c e n t r i n g , l i n e l e n g t h , l i n e s p a c i n g , p a g e l a y - o u t , t i t l i n g , h y p h e n a t i o n at l i n e b r e a k s , f o o t n o t e s and c o l l e c t i n g of an i n d e x are a l l c o n t r o l l a b l e .
R E Q U E STS; R e q u e s t s a r e i d e n t i f i e d by t h r e e c h a r a c t e r s at the b e g i n n i n g of a l i n e . T h e f i r s t c h a r a c t e r m u s t b e a c o n -trol c h a r a c t e r , w h i c h is n o r m a l l y the p e r i o d or d o t (.). T h e s h o r t t a b l e of r e q u e s t s b e l o w is a good s t a r t i n g s e t ,
a d e q u a t e for r o u t i n e f o r m a t t i n g .
T h i s e n t i r e s e c t i o n of the m a n u a l is r e p r o d u c e d in A p p e n -dix A e x a c t l y as i n p u t to R O F F . To see the e f f e c t of v a r i o u s c o m m a n d s c o m p a r e this input w i t h the f o r m a t t e d v e r -s i o n , b u t n o t e that s o m e of the c o m m a n d s used in the p r e p a r a t i o n of this s e c t i o n a r e not e x p l a i n e d u n t i l sec-tion 3 .
T h e r e n o w f o l l o w s a l i s t of the s u b s e t of r e q u e s t s that are d i s c u s s e d in this c h a p t e r ;
R E Q U E S T B R E A K D E F A U L T M E A N I N G
• bp y e s b e g i n p a g e
. b r y e s b r e a k
. c e y e s c e n t r e n e x t text l i n e , do n o t f i l l it
. d s y e s no d o u b l e s p a c e
.f i y e s y e s f i l l o u t p u t l i n e s
. in n no n = 0 i n d e n t l e f t m a r g i n n s p a c e s
• ju y e s y e s j u s t i f y r i g h t m a r g i n s of f i l l e d l i n e s .11 n no n = 6 0 l i n e l e n g t h is n , i n c l u d i n g i n d e n t . nf y e s no n o f i l l , b r e a k on e a c h input l i n e • n j y e s no no r i g h t m a r g i n j u s t i f i c a t i o n .pi n y e s n = 6 6 p a p e r l e n g t h is n l i n e s
.so c/f no i n s e r t R O F F s o u r c e from c a t / f i l e c/f . s p n y e s i n s e r t n e x t r a s p a c i n g l i n e s
. s s y e s y e s s i n g l e s p a c e
. tr t no t r a n s l a t e the c h a r a c t e r t to b l a n k f o r p r i n t i n g
. t i n y e s t e m p o r a r y i n d e n t , f o r n e x t l i n e only
. ul no u n d e r l i n e a l p h a n u m e r i c s in n e x t input
text l i n e
. us no u n d e r l i n e a l l of n e x t input text l i n e
2. 2 B R E A K
W h e n a new p a r a g r a p h is r e q u i r e d it is n e c e s s a r y to c a u s e a B R E A K to p r e v e n t the text f l o w i n g into the next s e c t i o n . B r e a k s m a y be i n d i c a t e d s p e c i f i c a l l y by the .b r r e q u e s t or by s o m e o t h e r c o m m a n d that h a s an i m p l i e d b r e a k . T h e t a b l e of c o m m a n d s i n d i c a t e s w h e t h e r or not a b r e a k is i m p l i e d . A b l a n k l i n e or a l i n e c o m m e n c i n g w i t h . a b l a n k a l s o i m p l i e s a b r e a k , so p a r a g r a p h s a r e n o r m a l l y p r e s e r v e d as t y p e d . In-d e n t e In-d p a r a g r a p h s c a n b e p r o d u c e d s i m p l y by s p a c i n g the re-q u i s i t e a m o u n t . S o m e r e q u e s t s set v a l u e s and f o r m a t t i n g m o d e s ; v a l u e s and m o d e s in e f f e c t i n i t i a l l y a r e i n d i c a t e d u n d e r " d e f a u l t " .
2.3 J U S T I F I C A T I O N
N o r m a l l y o n c e the l i n e s h a v e b e e n f i l l e d w i t h as m a n y w o r d s as they c a n h o l d e x t r a s p a c e s a r e i n s e r t e d to c r e a t e a
s t r a i g h t r i g h t - h a n d m a r g i n , as in the p r e v i o u s s e c t i o n . For this p a r a g r a p h j u s t i f i c a t i o n has b e e n t u r n e d off by t h e .nj (no j u s t i f i c a t i o n ) r e q u e s t .
J u s t i f i c a t i o n c a n be t u r n e d b a c k on a g a i n by the .j u ( j u s t i f i c a t i o n ) r e q u e s t . N o t e that .nj d o e s n o t s t o p the f i l l i n g of l i n e s w i t h w o r d s - only the s u b s e q u e n t p a d d i n g p r o c e s s .
2.4 F I L L I N G
For t h i s p a r a g r a p h the n o r m a l l i n e f i l l i n g p r o c e d u r e h a s b e e n t u r n e d off by the . n'f (no f i l l i n g ) r e q u e s t .
T h i s m e a n s that the o u t p u t l i n e s c o r r e s p o n d o n e - f o r - o n e w i t h the i n p u t , h o w e v e r s h o r t
or l o n g . I n d e e d , it is q u i t e p o s s i b l e to run r i g h t off the end of the pa^ F i l l i n g is turned b a c k o n a g a i n by the ,fi ( f i l l ) r e q u e s t . I
2.5 P S E U D O - B L A N K S
S o m e t i m e s it is d e s i r a b l e to g u i d e ROFF i n the w a y b l a n k s a r e h a n d l e d . T h e .t r ( t r a n s l a t e ) r e q u e s t a l l o w s y o u to d e f i n e c h a r a c t e r t r a n s l a t i o n that is to take p l a c e b e f o r e p r i n t i n g . T h i s f a c i l i t y is e x p l a i n e d m o r e f u l l y in s e c -tion 3, b u t o n e use of the c o m m a n d is to d e f i n e a ' p s e u d o -b l a n k ' c h a r a c t e r i . e . a n a d d i t i o n a l c h a r a c t e r that is to be p r i n t e d as a b l a n k . In this m a n u a l the ^ c h a r a c t e r is n o r -m a l l y u s e d in t h i s w a y . By using it i n s t e a d of the true b l a n k o n e may s t o p s p a c e i n s e r t i o n in s p e c i f i c p l a c e s or p r e v e n t c e r t a i n p h r a s e s f r o m being s p l i t a c r o s s l i n e s . For e x a m p l e , if we type I 0 S this c o u l d turn out as I 0 S or e v e n b e s p l i t a c r o s s two p a g e s . By t y p i n g it as I'"0'^S it w i l l a l w a y s b e p r i n t e d as a s i n g l e word I 0 S.
2.6 I N D E N T A T I O N
N o r m a l l y text is set against' the l e f t - h a n d m a r g i n . T h e use of the .in ( i n d e n t ) r e q u e s t a l l o w s o n e to set any o t h e r re-q u i r e d i n d e n t a t i o n .
T h i s text h a s b e e n i n d e n t e d by .in 20 to set it in 20 s p a c e s . T h e i n d e n t a t i o n m a y b e s p e c i f i e d a b s o l u t e l y (as in this c a s e ) or r e l a t i v e to the p r e v i o u s v a l u e . R e l a t i v e v a l u e s a r e d i s t i n g u i s h e d by the p r e s e n c e of a n o p e r a t o r 4 — * / .
T h i s b i t h a s had its i n d e n t a t i o n r e d u c e d by 5 w i t h a .in 5 r e q u e s t , so it w i l l b e e q u i v a -l e n t to .in 15. N o w we w i l l r e t u r n to the l e f t m a r g i n w i t h .in 0.
S o m e t i m e s an i n d e n t a t i o n c h a n g e is r e q u i r e d for o n l y o n e l i n e . T h i s m i g h t .be a c h i e v e d by s e p a r a t e .in r e q u e s t s , b u t o f t e n it is e a s i e r to u s e the .ti ( t e m p o r a r y i n d e n t ) re-q u e s t .
T h i s p a r a g r a p h is a c t u a l l y t y p e d w i t h o u t any l e a d i n g b l a n k s , b u t the f i r s t l i n e is i n d e n t e d b e c a u s e of a .t i 10 r e q u e s t p r e c e e d i n g it.
N o w t h i s p a r a g r a p h w a s p r e c e e d e d by .in 10 and .t i - 1 0 re-q u e s t s . • T h i s r e s u l t s in w h a t is c a l l e d a h a n g i n g i n d e n t . T h i s is v e r y u s e f u l f o r n u m b e r e d p a r a g r a p h s , b u t u n f o r t u n a t e l y w e c a n e x p e r i e n c e a m i n o r n u i s a n c e if j u s t i f i c a t i o n is in f o r c e .
( 1 ) T h i s is a n u m b e r e d h a n g i n g i n d e n t p a r a g r a p h , and I d e a l l y the s e c o n d and s u b s e q u e n t l i n e s w i l l s t a r t n e a t l y u n d e r the f i r s t w o r d . H o w e v e r , j u s t i f i c a -t i o n m a y m e s s -this up.
( 2 ) T h i s s e c o n d p a r a g r a p h w a s f i x e d up by s t a r t i n g it w i t h ( 2 ) - * * — ' ^ " T h i s . . . w h i c h s t o p p e d R O F F f i d d l i n g w i t h the s p a c i n g b e t w e e n the ) and T c h a r a c t e r s . A m o r e a d v a n c e d way of c o p i n g w i t h this p r o b l e m is by u s i n g t a b u l a t i o n s t o p s , b u t this c a n w a i t u n t i l y o u w i s h to t a c k l e s e c t i o n 3.
2 . 7 L I N E L E N G T H
T h e l e n g t h of f i l l e d l i n e s c a n b e c o n -t o l l e d by the .11 ( l i n e l e n g t h ) re-q u e s t . H e r e we a r e
u s i n g .11 20. By
d e f a u l t a l e n g t h of 60 is u s e d , w h i c h is s u i t a b l e f o r A 4
p a p e r and 10
c h a r a c t e r s p e r i n c h .
2.8 L I N E S P A C I N G
S p a c e s b e t w e e n l i n e s m a y b e i n t r o d u c e d by s i m p l y i n c l u d i n g a b l a n k or e m p t y l i n e (empty l i n e s a r e o n e s that do n o t e v e n c o n t a i n a b l a n k ) . A l t e r n a t i v e l y the .sp ( s p a c e ) r e q u e s t may b e used to f o r c e s e v e r a l b l a n k l i n e s .
T h i s l i n e is s e p a r a t e d f r o m the p r e v i o u s o n e by .sp 4.
T h e .ds ( d o u b l e s p a c e ) r e q u e s t h a s the e f f e c t of d o u b l e
s p a c i n g all o u t p u t , as in this s a m p l e . It r e m a i n s in e f f e c t
u n t i l s o m e o t h e r s p a c i n g is s p e c i f i e d . T h e .s s ( s i n g l e
s p a c e ) r e q u e s t w i l l r e t u r n you to n o r m a l m o d e .
2 . 9 P A G E L E N G T H
T h e .pi (page l e n g t h ) r e q u e s t a l l o w s y o u to set the n u m b e r of l i n e s p e r p a g e . By d e f a u l t .pi 66 is in e f f e c t , w h i c h w o r k s for c o n t i n u o u s 11" c o m p u t e r p a p e r p r i n t e d at 6 l i n e s / i n c h and a l s o for A 4 p a p e r if y o u a r e i n s e r t i n g each s h e e t in the t e r m i n a l .
2 . 1 0 C E N T R I N G
S o m e t i m e s it is r e q u i r e d to c e n t r e text in the p a g e . T h i s can be a c h i e v e d w i t h the .ce ( c e n t r e ) r e q u e s t . T h e f o l -l o w i n g is p r e c e e d e d by .ce 2.
T h i s is c e n t r e d .
F i l l i n g is s u s p e n d e d d u r i n g c e n t r i n g .
T e x t is a l w a y s c e n t r e d b e t w e e n the c u r r e n t i n d e n t and the r i g h t hand m a r g i n . H e r e we h a v e .in 3 0 in e f f e c t , so .ce c e n t r e s in p o s i t i o n s 3 0 - 6 0 :
l i k e t h i s !
2 . 1 1 U N D E R L I N E S
T e x t m a y be u n d e r l i n e d j u s t as a t y p i s t w o u l d do i t , b u t this is i n c o n v e n i e n t w h e n u s i n g m o s t V D U s as the u n d e r l i n e c h a r a c t e r w i l l o b l i t e r a t e the t e x t . T h e r e c a n a l s o b e p r o b l e m s w h e n j u s t i f i c a t i o n is a p p l i e d to text u n d e r l i n e d in this w a y . For e x a m p l e , p a r t of this s e n t e n c e w a s u n d e r l i n e d as a t y p i s t m i g h t do it. T h e s e p r o b l e m s c a n b e a v o i d e d by u n d e r l i n i n g each w o r d s e p a r a t e l y . N e v e r b a c k s p a c e a c r o s s ^ s p a c e .
It is o f t e n p r e f e r a b l e to
u s e the .us ( u n d e r s c o r e ) r e q u e s t to u n d e r l i n e a l l of the n e x t input l i n e as h e r e (noting that s u c h c o n t i n u o u s l y un-d e r s c o r e un-d l i n e s a r e t r e a t e d as a s i n g l e w o r d and c a n n o t b e
j u s t i f i e d or s p l i t a c r o s s l i n e s ) or, a l t e r n a t i v e l y , u s e the .ul ( u n d e r l i n e ) r e q u e s t w h i c h u n d e r l i n e s just a l p h a n u m e r i c c h a r a c t e r s , o m i t ting s p a c e s and p u n c tua tion s y m b o l s .
2 . 1 2 N E W P A G E
R O F F w i l l b e g i n a n e w p a g e w h e n e v e r n e c e s s a r y . H o w e v e r , y o u m a y w i s h to d o this b e f o r e the p r e v i o u s p a g e is f u l l . T h e
.bp ( b e g i n p a g e ) r e q u e s t a c h i e v e s this.
S o m e t i m e s y o u find that a new p a r a g r a p h or s e c t i o n s t a r t s too n e a r the b o t t o m of the p a g e , or that a s e r i e s of l i n e s that o u g h t to b e k e p t t o g e t h e r g e t s s p l i t a c r o s s p a g e s . T h i s s i t u a t i o n can b e a v o i d e d by the . ne (need), r e q u e s t . F o r e x a m p l e
. n e 10
i n s t r u c t s R O F F to s t a r t a new p a g e if l e s s than 10 l i n e s a r e a v a i l a b l e on the p r e s e n t p a g e ; o t h e r w i s e it h a s no e f f e c t . By d e f a u l t t h e r e is an i m p l i e d .ne 1 a f t e r any .s p r e q u e s t (or e m p t y l i n e ) to stop a p a r a g r a p h s t a r t i n g on the last l i n e of the p a g e .
2 . 1 3 S O U R C E S W I T C H I N G
T h e .so r e q u e s t c a u s e s R O F F to s w i t c h t e m p o r a r i l y to a n o t h e r f i l e for i n p u t , t h e n r e t u r n to the p r e v i o u s f i l e w h e n the o t h e r is e x h a u s t e d . It is p a r t i c u l a r l y u s e f u l for long d o c u m e n t s that h a v e b e e n e d i t e d in p i e c e s . For e x a m p l e if the p i e c e s a r e in f i l e s c h a p l , c h a p 2 , c h a p 3 , y o u m i g h t p r e p a r e a v e r y s h o r t f i l e c a l l e d b o o k , c o n t a i n i n g only
;so c a t a l o g / c h a p 1 .so c a t a l o g / c h a p 2 .so c a t a l o g / c h a p 3
then do the w h o l e w o r k s by the s i m p l e c o m m a n d " r o f f b o o k " . T h i s m a n u a l w a s p r o d u c e d l i k e t h i s , and the f i l e c o n t a i n i n g this c h a p t e r is a c t u a l l y " s o u r c e d " t w i c e - o n c e for the m a i n f o r m a t t e d o c c u r r e n c e and then a g a i n to p r o v i d e the "as e n t e r e d " copy in a p p e n d i x A.
2 . 1 4 M A C R O - C O M M A N D S
S o m e t i m e s the r e q u e s t s n e c e s s a r y to set up s e c t i o n h e a d e r s or o t h e r s t a n d a r d l a y - o u t s c a n b e c o m e q u i t e long and m a y b e n e e d e d m a n y t i m e s . A v e r y u s e f u l f e a t u r e of R O F F a l l o w s the u s e r to d e f i n e his o w n c o m m a n d s e q u e n c e s or m a c r o — c o m m a n d s and t h e n i n v o k e them at w i l l . H o w s u c h m a c r o - c o m m a n d s a r e d e f i n e d w i l l be e x p l a i n e d in s e c t i o n 3, b u t s o m e p r e — d e f i n e d m a c r o s h a v e b e e n p r o v i d e d and m a y b e u s e d w i t h o u t u n d e r -s t a n d i n g their i n n e r w o r k i n g s . T h i s m a n u a l u s e s t h e s e m a c r o s e x t e n s i v e l y .
T h e m a c r o d e f i n i t i o n s L I B R A R Y / R O F F / D P M A C R O S . To " s o u r c e d " w i t h the r e q u e s t ;
.so L I B R A R Y / R O F F / U P M A C R O S
r e s i d e in a f i l e
u s e t h e m they m u s t f i r s t b e
at the s t a r t of y o u r d o c u m e n t . T h i s a c t i o n l o a d s the m a c r o s r e a d y f o r use and also s e t s up c e r t a i n o t h e r o p t i o n s , s u c h as the use of the c h a r a c t e r as a p s e u d o b l a n k .
F r o n t P a g e L a y o u t M a c r o .dp
T h i s m a c r o can b e used to lay out a f r o n t p a g e l i k e the o n e for this m a n u a l w i t h o n l y a s i n g l e l i n e of i n p u t . T h e re-q u e s t is of the f o r m :
.dp r e f e r e n c e h e a d i n g s u b - h e a d i n g a u t h o r i r n
w h e r e e a c h of the four a r g u m e n t s a r e s e p a r a t e d by b l a n k s .
r e f e r e n c e
h e a d i n g
s u b - h e a d i n g
a u t h o r
i rn
is the d o c u m e n t r e f e r e n c e n u m b e r to b e p l a c e d on the r i g h t hand s i d e at the t o p , and on the f o o t of l a t e r p a g e s .
is the d o c u m e n t n a m e to b e p l a c e d at the c e n t r e of the p a g e .
is a s u b - h e a d i n g to be p l a c e d u n d e r the m a i n h e a d i n g .
is the a u t h o r ' s n a m e to be p l a c e d at the b o t -tom r i g h t , a b o v e the d a t e .
is the 10S I n t e r n a l R e p o r t N u m b e r , if a n y . If p r e s e n t this m u s t b e n u m e r i c , and c a u s e s the r e p o r t n u m b e r and an e x t r a copy of the m a i n r e f e r e n c e n u m b e r to be p o s i t i o n e d c o r -r e c t l y f o r the c u t - o u t w i n d o w of r e p o r t c o v e r s .
A f r o n t p a g e s i m i l a r to the o n e p r o d u c e d by the m a c r o - c o m m a n d
on this m a n u a l c o u l d b e
'.dp D P / D / 3 0 R O F F ^ T E X T ^ F O R M A T T E R ^ T o n y ^ V o s s 17
N o t e that s i n c e b l a n k s s e p a r a t e the a r g u m e n t s any b l a n k s w i t h i n an a r g u m e n t m u s t b e e n t e r e d as a p s e u d o b l a n k in this c a s e ) . N o t e a l s o t h a t , in the a b o v e e x a m p l e , no s u b -h e a d i n g is required,, b u t it is n e c e s s a r y to p r o v i d e a b l a n k third a r g u m e n t so that the f o u r t h is r e c o g n i s e d as s u c h . T r a i l i n g b l a n k a r g u m e n t s a r e not n e e d e d .
By d e f a u l t the .dp m a c r o s e t s up a s t a n d a r d
I OS D a t a P r o c e s s i n g t i t l e . O t h e r d e p a r t m e n t s m a y o v e r r i d e this as r e q u i r e d . If a M I A S d o c u m e n t w e r e b e i n g p r e p a r e d , the 1 i n e s :
.at (d e p t )
M A R I N E ^ I N F O R M A T I O N ^ & ^ A D V I S O R Y ^ S E R V I C E .en ( d e p t )
p l a c e d b e f o r e the .dp r e q u e s t w o u l d c a u s e that d e p a r t m e n t to a p p e a r on the f r o n t p a g e . T h e a b o v e s e q u e n c e w i l l not b e e x p l a i n e d f u r t h e r h e r e , b u t is c o v e r e d in s e c t i o n 3.
T h e .dp m a c r o a l s o a r r a n g e s for the r e f e r e n c e n u m b e r , p a g e n u m b e r and c u r r e n t d a t e to a p p e a r at the f o o t of e a c h s u b s e -q u e n t p a g e .
M a j o r H e a d i n g s M a c r o s .hi & .hp
T h e m a c r o s .hi and .hp m a y b e used to set up. a m a j o r h e a d i n g . T h e y take a s i n g l e a r g u m e n t - the h e a d i n g i t s e l f . T h e o n l y d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n them is that .hp a l w a y s s t a r t s a n e w p a g e w h e r e a s .hi w i l l s t a r t on the s a m e p a g e if t h e r e is p l e n t y of r o o m . T h e m a j o r h e a d i n g at the top of p a g e 2 w a s s e t up w i t h the m a c r o - r e q u e s t
.hp F I R S T ^ S T E P S
N o t e that the s e c t i o n n u m b e r w a s a s s i g n e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y and the h e a d i n g c e n t r e d , u n d e r s c o r e d and s p a c e d a b o v e the text that f o l l o w s . W h e n u s i n g these m a c r o s t h e r e is no need to i n s e r t b l a n k l i n e s y o u r s e l f .
S u b - H e a d i n g M a c r o .h 2
T h i s is s i m i l a r to .hi e x c e p t that it is u s e d to set up a l e v e l 2 or s u b - h e a d i n g . S p a c i n g is p r o p o r t i o n a l l y s m a l l e r . A s u b - s e c t i o n n u m b e r is g e n e r a t e d a u t o m a t i c a l l y . T h e sub-h e a d i n g on p a g e 8 w a s set up by tsub-he m a c r o - r e q u e s t
.h2 M A C R O - C O M M A N D S
S u b - S u b - I I e a d l n g s M a c r o .h3
T h e .h 3 m a c r o - r e q u e s t g e n e r a t e s a t h i r d l e v e l h e a d i n g , w i t h o u t a s e c t i o n n u m b e r . T h e h e a d i n g i m m e d i a t e l y a b o v e
this text w a s p r o d u c e d by the r e q u e s t
.h 3 S u b - S u b - H e a d i n g s * M a c r o * * . h 3
I n - l i n e H e a d i n g s M a c r o .h4
T h e l o w e s t l e v e l of h e a d i n g s s u p p o r t e d is the u n d e r s c o r e d i n - l i n e p h r a s e :
I n - l i n e head i n g . T h i s h e a d i n g w a s g e n e r a t e d by t h e m a c r o -r e q u e s t :
.h4 I n - l i n e ^ h e a d i n g .
H e a d i n g s p r o d u c e d by .hp, .hi and .h2 a l w a y s r e s e t the in-d e n t a t i o n to zero and turn on f i l l i n g m o d e . A .h 3 r e q u e s t p l a c e s the h e a d i n g a g a i n s t the l e f t hand m a r g i n w i t h o u t d i s t u r b i n g the i n d e n t a t i o n . A . h 4 h e a d i n g u s e s the c u r r e n t i n d e n t a t i o n .
A p p e n d i x M a c r o .ap
T h e .ap m a c r o - r e q u e s t s e t s up a n a p p e n d i x , as d e m o n s t r a t e d by the a p p e n d i c e s to this m a n u a l . T h e f o r m a t is:
.ap L H E A D I N G
w h e r e L is the a p p e n d i x l e t t e r ( u s u a l l y A B C e t c . , but c o u l d b e a n y t h i n g ) and H E A D I N G t h e h e a d i n g . N o t e t h a t a p p e n -d i c e s h a v e their p a g e s n u m b e r e -d i n -d e p e n -d e n t l y f r o m the m a i n p a r t of the d o c u m e n t .
T h e .ap m a c r o - r e q u e s t is used in p l a c e of the .hp o r .hi re-q u e s t s , b u t s u b - h e a d i n g s w i t h i n a n a p p e n d i x m a y b e g e n e r a t e d w i t h .h2, . h 3 or .h4.
2. 15 I N D E X
It is p o s s i b l e to a r r a n g e for the a u t o m a t i c g e n e r a t i o n of an i n d e x or list o f . c o n t e n t s . H o w y o u c a n d o this is e x p l a i n e d in s e c t i o n 3. H o w e v e r , if y o u a r e u s i n g the m a c r o s d e s c r i b e d in s e c t i o n 2 . 1 4 i n d e x e n t r i e s a r e m a d e a u t o m a t i c a l l y . T h e .hp, .hi, .h2, .h3 a n d .ap h e a d i n g s w i l l b e i n d e x e d , p r o v i d e d y o u h a v e s p e c i f i e d an i n d e x f i l e w h e n y o u i n v o k e d R O F F . T h e i n d e x f i l e so p r o d u c e d c o n t a i n s R O F F r e q u e s t s and m u s t i t s e l f b e R O F F e d to g e t the f i n a l p r o d u c t . T h e l i s t of c o n t e n t s f o r this m a n u a l w a s p r o d u c e d in e x a c t l y t h i s w a y .
T h i s s e c t i o n c o v e r s 'the m o r e a d v a n c e d a s p e c t s of R O F F . T h e t o p i c s a r e a r r a n g e d in an o r d e r s u i t a b l e for d i g e s t i o n , g r a d u a l l y g e t t i n g m o r e d e m a n d i n g on the r e a d e r . S o m e sec-t i o n s a s s u m e f a m i l i a r i sec-t y w i sec-t h sec-the c o n sec-t e n sec-t s of p r e v i o u s o n e s .
3.1 P A G E N U M B E R C O N S I D E R A T I O N S
If a d o c u m e n t is to e v e n t u a l l y be p r i n t e d on both s i d e s of the p a p e r it m a y b e n e c e s s a r y to d i s t i g u i s h b e t w e e n e v e n and odd p a g e s . F o r e x a m p l e , it is u s u a l to s t a r t a n e w c h a p t e r on the r i g h t hand p a g e of a b o o k (odd n u m b e r ) .
T h e .op r e q u e s t c a n b e used to skip to the start of the next odd p a g e , w h i l e the .ep r e q u e s t can b e used to e n s u r e an e v e n p a g e n u m b e r .
T h e .pa r e q u e s t c a n b e used to s t a r t a new p a g e w i t h a s p e c i f i e d n u m b e r . T h u s .pa 20 w o u l d s t a r t a n e w p a g e and n u m b e r it 20, w h i l e .pa + 2 0 w o u l d s t a r t a new p a g e and n u m b e r it 20 m o r e t h a n the c u r r e n t o n e .
To set the n u m b e r of the n e x t p a g e w i t h o u t f o r c i n g a new p a g e the .sk ( s k i p ) r e q u e s t c a n be u s e d . .s k +1 w o u l d cause a p a g e n u m b e r to be s k i p p e d w h e n the next n e w p a g e o c c u r s .
P a g e r e q u e s t s a r e o n l y o b e y e d if they a r e n e c e s s a r y . T h u s a .bp r e q u e s t w i l l be o b e y e d only if t h e r e is s o m e t h i n g on the c u r r e n t p a g e . To a c t u a l l y get a b l a n k (but t i t l e d ) p a g e ( p e r h a p s for a d i a g r a m i n s e r t i o n ) it w o u l d be n e c e s s a r y to h a v e :
• bp . sp .bp
If the D P M A C R O S a r e b e i n g used the r e q u e s t
.an ( % % ) 2
p l a c e d b e f o r e " s o u r c i n g " the D P M A C R O S w i l l cause them to o p e r a t e in two p a g e m o d e .
3 . 2 T O P / B O T T O M M A R G I N S
T h e r e q u e s t s .ml, .m2, .m3 and .m4 c o n t r o l the m a r g i n s p a c e to b e l e f t at the top and b o t t o m of e a c h p a g e .
T h e .ml r e q u e s t s p e c i f i e s the n u m b e r of l i n e s to b e l e f t at the top of the p a g e a b o v e any p a g e h e a d i n g ( r u n n i n g h e a d ) . T h e d e f a u l t v a l u e is 4.
T h e .m2 r e q u e s t s p e c i f i e s an a d d i t i o n a l top m a r g i n in w h i c h m a y b e p l a c e d a r u n n i n g head ( d e s c r i b e d b e l o w ) . T h e d e f a u l t v a l u e is 2, w h i c h is s u i t a b l e for a s i n g l e l i n e r u n n i n g head .
T h e .m3 r e q u e s t s p e c i f i e s an u p p e r b o t t o m m a r g i n w i c h in-c l u d e s a n y r u n n i n g f o o t . T h e d e f a u l t v a l u e is 2.
T h e .m4 r e q u e s t s p e c i f i e s a l o w e r b o t t o m m a r g i n to o c c u r b e l o w the .m3 m a r g i n s . T h e d e f a u l t is 4.
T h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e s e v a r i o u s m a r g i n s c a n b e v i s u a l i s e d thus :
P a g e l i n e no
1 2
3 4
5 6
7 .
r u n n i n g head
s t a r t of p a g e t e x t
top of p a g e
\
/
\
/
.ml m a r g i n
>m2 m a r g i n
n - 6 l a s t l i n e of t e x t
n- 5 n- 4
n - 3 n - 2 n - 1 n
r u n n i n g foot
\ .m3 m a r g i n /
\
I .m4 m a r g i n
I
/
b o t t o m of p a g e
T h e a c t u a l n u m b e r of l i n e s a v a i l a b l e f o r use on the p a g e is the v a l u e of the p a p e r l e n g t h ( . p i ) l e s s the sum of the .ml - .m4 m a r g i n s .
3.3 H E A D I N G S AND F O O T I N G S
R u n n i n g h e a d s and foots m a y b e set up by the .he and .fo re-q u e s t s . T h e f o r m a t of t h e s e s r e q u e s t s i s :
.he n ' p a r t 1 ' p a r t 2 ' p a r t 3 '
W h e r e n is a n u m b e r in the r a n g e 1 to 10 or is o m i t t e d ( w h i c h i m p l i e s n = l ) . P a r t i of the h e a d i n g is l e f t j u s t i f i e d , p a r t 2 c e n t r e d and p a r t 3 r i g h t j u s t i f i e d w i t h r e s p e c t to the m a r g i n s c u r r e n t w h e n the t i t l e w a s s e t . A n y n o n - b l a n k c h a r a c t e r may be used instead of the ' d e l i m i t e r . In h e a d i n g s and f o o t i n g s o n l y , any o c c u r r e n c e of the % c h a r a c t e r in a t i t l e w i l l be r e p l a c e d by the c u r r e n t p a g e n u m b e r w h e n the t i t l e is p r i n t e d .
Up to 10 s e p a r a t e l i n e s of h e a d i n g or 10 l i n e s of f o o t i n g c a n b e d e f i n e d , the n p a r a m e t e r b e i n g used to s p e c i f y the n'th l i n e . H e a d i n g s a p p e a r in the s p a c e l e f t by the .m2 m a r -g i n in the o r d e r 1,2, ...10. F o o t i n g s a p p e a r in the s p a c e left b y the .m3 m a r g i n in the o r d e r 1 0 , 9 , . . . ! . If the m a r -g i n is of s i z e m w h e r e m < 1 0 , t i t l e s m+i to 10 do not a p p e a r .
T h e .eh and .oh r e q u e s t s m a y b e used i n s t e a d of .he to set up h e a d i n g s f o r e v e n and odd p a g e s r e s p e c t i v e l y , and the .ef and .of r e q u e s t s Instead of .fo for e v e n and odd f o o t i n g s . T h e m a i n use of this f a c i l i t y is to p r o v i d e " m i r r o r i m a g e "
t i t l e s f o r odd and e v e n p a g e s ; e g .
.of ' D P / D / 3 0 ' P a g e % ' I O S ' .ef ' l O S ' P a g e % ' D P / D / 3 0 '
3.4 K E E P S AND F I G U R E S
T h e u s e of the .ne r e q u e s t to k e e p a n u m b e r of l i n e s on the s a m e p a g e h a s a l r e a d y b e e n d e s c r i b e d in s e c t i o n 2.12. A n o t h e r u s e of .ne w o u l d be to l e a v e s o m e b l a n k s p a c e for the i n s e r t i o n of a d i a g r a m . If 30 l i n e s w e r e n e e d e d for this the s e q u e n c e
. n e 30 . s p 30
w o u l d a c h i e v e t hi s. H o w e v e r , up to 29 l i n e s m i g h t a l s o be left on the p r e c e d i n g p a g e . T h i s s i t u a t i o n c a n b e a v o i d e d by the .1v ( l e a v e ) r e q u e s t .
. Iv 3 0
w o u l d l e a v e 30 c o n s e c u t i v e b l a n k l i n e s as b e f o r e b u t b r i n g text f o r w a r d to f i l l up any r e m a i n i n g s p a c e on the c u r r e n t p a g e if n e c e s s a r y .
3.5 W I N D O W S
A u t o m a t i c f o r m a t t i n g p r o g r a m s o f t e n s t a r t a n e w p a r a g r a p h r i g h t at the b o t t o m of the p a g e ( l e a d i n g w i n d o w ) or a l l o w the l a s t l i n e of a p a r a g r a p h to a p p e a r at the top of a new p a g e a l l on its own ( t r a i l i n g w i n d o w ) . R O F F is a b l e to e a s e this p r o b l e m by not s t a r t i n g a f t e r .sp (or a b l a n k l i n e ) if w i t h i n a p r e - d e f i n e d n u m b e r of l i n e s of the b o t t o m . To a v o i d t r a i l i n g w i n d o w s R O F F c a n t e m p o r a r i l y r e d u c e the b o t -tom m a r g i n ( d e f i n e d by . m 4 ) by o n e in o r d e r to s q u e e z e on the l a s t l i n e of a p a r a g r a p h . W i n d o w s u p p r e s s i o n m a y b e c o n t r o l l e d by the .ws r e q u e s t :
.ws 0 D o not s u p p r e s s w i n d o w s
.ws 1 S u p p r e s s 1 - l i n e l e a d i n g and t r a i l i n g w i n d o w s ( d e f a u l t ) .ws 2 S u p p r e s s 2 - l i n e l e a d i n g and 1 - l i n e t r a i l i n g w i n d o w s .ws 3 S u p p r e s s 3 - l i n e l e a d i n g and 1 - l l n e t r a i l i n g w i n d o w s
T h e r e is n o c h e c k for p a r a g r a p h s that a r e so s m a l l that they c o u l d fit on the b o t t o m of a p a g e e v e n t h o u g h they s t a r t v e r y n e a r the b o t t o m . They w i l l be f o r c e d on to the next p a g e . T h e a c t i o n can b e b e s t u n d e r s t o o d if .sp is r e g a r d e d as b e i n g e q u i v a l e n t to the f o l l o w i n g s e q u e n c e ( a s s u m i n g s i n g l e l i n e s p a c i n g and .ws n in e f f e c t ) :
. m 4 -1 . s p . m 4 +1 . n e n
T h e b o t t o m m a r g i n Is r e d u c e d by o n e , m a k i n g s p a c e for one e x t r a l i n e of t e x t . T h e .sp a c t i o n is t h e n p e r f o r m e d , w h i c h f l u s h e s out the l a s t l i n e of the p a r a g r a p h on to the p a g e . T h e b o t t o m m a r g i n is t h e n r e s t o r e d and the .ne f o r c e s a new p a g e if w i t h i n n l i n e s of the b o t t o m .
3.6 T A B U L A T I O N
T a b c h a r a c t e r s m a y b e used to a l i g n o u t p u t on s p e c i f i e d c h a r a c t e r p o s i t i o n s . A l i g n m e n t is i m m u n e to p a d d i n g d u r i n g j u s t l f i c a t l o n .
T a b u l a t i o n m a y b e i n d i c a t e d by the A S C I I T A B c h a r a c t e r it-s e l f ( g e n e r a t e d w i t h the T A B k e y if y o u r t e r m i n a l has o n e ; o t h e r w i s e C N T L I ) or by a p s e u d o tab c h a r a c t e r set by the .tc r e q u e s t . By d e f a u l t n o p s e u d o tab c h a r a c t e r is s e t , b u t if y o u a r e u s i n g the D P M A C R O S
. t c . ^
is in e f f e c t . In this m a n u a l " w i l l be used for this p u r -p o s e .
W h e n p r e p a r i n g text on the H P 2 6 4 0 t e r m i n a l s for b l o c k m o d e entry any TAB key a c t i o n s a r e i m m e d i a t e l y e x p a n d e d to b l a n k s in the t e r m i n a l . If it is d e s i r e d to use the R O F F tab fea-tures a p s e u d o tab m u s t b e used i n s t e a d .
Tab p o s i t i o n s or s t o p s a r e s p e c i f i e d by the .ta r e q u e s t . They m a y f u n c t i o n j u s t l i k e a t r a d i t i o n a l t y p e w r i t e r s t o p ( w h i c h l e f t a l i g n s the f o l l o w i n g t e x t ) or m a y b e used to c e n t r e a f i e l d or r i g h t a l i g n a f i e l d . T h e .t a r e q u e s t m a y be m a d e in one of s e v e r a l f o r m s .
In one f o r m the .ta r e q u e s t is q u a l i f i e d by the c h a r a c t e r p o s i t i o n s ( r e l a t i v e to the c u r r e n t i n d e n t a t i o n ) in w h i c h the stop is to be s e t . E a c h p o s i t i o n m a y f u r t h e r be q u a l i f i e d by the l e t t e r L C or R, w h i c h i n d i c a t e s the f i e l d is to be l e f t , c e n t r e or right a l i g n e d . In the f o l l o w i n g e x a m p l e we w i s h to lay out s o m e e q u a t i o n s so that the l e f t hand s i d e s are r i g h t a l i g n e d , the e q u a l s s i g n s a r e l e f t a l i g n e d and the e q u a t i o n n u m b e r s a r e r i g h t a l i g n e d . N o t i c e that a TAB c h a r a c t e r is r e q u i r e d w h e r e v e r s p a c e s a r e to be i n s e r t e d , w h i c h i n c l u d e s the s p a c e at the l e f t hand m a r g i n b e f o r e the f i r s t a l i g n e d f i e l d .
. nf . tc
-.ta 15R 17L 6OR
~ s i n x ~ = X - x * * 3 / 3 j + x * * 5 / 5 ! - . . . ~ ( 9 ) - s i n h x ~ = X + x * * 3 / 3 ! + x * * 5 / 5 ! + . . . - ( l O ) T h e r e s u l t i s :
. s i n X = X - x * * 3 / 3 ! + x * * 5 / 5 ! - ... ( 9 ) s i n h X = X + x * * 3 / 3 ! + x * * 5 / 5 ! + ... ( 1 0 )
T a b s m a y a l s o be set r e l a t i v e to the p r e v i o u s p o s i t i o n . For e x a m p l e , to d i v i d e the p a g e into 8 - c h a r a c t e r c o l u m n s o n e could u s e :
.t a 1 + 8 + 8 +8 + 8 +8 + 8 +8 + 8
T h i s n e x t o n e s e t s l e f t - and r i g h t - j u s t i f i e d s t o p s at 6 0 and 54:
. t a 6 OL - 6R
If you p r e f e r to think v i s u a l l y r a t h e r t h a n in t e r m s of c h a r a c t e r p o s i t i o n s the n u m b e r s m a y b e o m i t t e d from the .ta r e q u e s t a l t o g t h e r , in w h i c h c a s e the l i n e f o l l o w i n g is ex-p e c t e d to c o n t a i n j u s t the l e t t e r s L C or R w h e r e the ap-•propriate s t o p s a r e to b e s e t . T h e t a b l e of r e q u e s t s on
p a g e 3 w a s set up u s i n g :
. t a
L R C
On p a g e 5 it w a s m e n t i o n e d that h a n g i n g i n d e n t s c o u l d b e c o n t r o l l e d u s i n g tab s t o p s . T h e p a r a g r a p h n u m b e r e d (2) c o u l d h a v e b e e n w r i t t e n ;
. t a l l .in 10 • ti - 1 0
( 2 ) ~ T h i s s e c o n d p a r a g r a p h . . . .
N o t i c e that the .in r e q u e s t s p e c i f i e s h o w m a n y p o s i t i o n s to o m i t , b u t the .ta r e q u e s t s p e c i f i e s w h e r e the n e x t c h a r a c t e r is to be p l a c e d . T h e tab stop m u s t thus b e o n e g r e a t e r than the i n d e n t a t i o n .
3 . 7 H Y P H E N A T I O N
In o r d e r to fit w o r d s onto the l i n e w h e n in f i l l m o d e ROFF m a y h y p h e n a t e w o r d s . T h e b o l d n e s s w i t h w h i c h t h i s is d o n e c a n b e c o n t r o l l e d by the .hy r e q u e s t .
, hy 0
I hy 1
hy 2
S p e c i f i e s that no w o r d s a r e to be s p l i t .
S p e c i f i e s that w o r d s m a y b e s p l i t only at an ex-i s t ex-i n g h y p h e n s i g n or at a h y p h e n a t i o n c h a r a c t e r ( e x p l a i n e d b e l o w )
W o r d s m a y b e s p l i t as w i t h .hy 1 and a l s o c e r t a i n s u f f i x e s .
b e f o r e
.hy 3 W o r d s m a y b e s p l i t as w i t h .hy 2 and also b e t w e e n c e r t a i n p a i r s of l e t t e r s . T h i s is the d e f a u l t s e t t i n g .
It s h o u l d be n o t e d that the s h o r t e r the l i n e l e n g t h the m o r e n e c e s s a r y it b e c o m e s to a l l o w h y p h e n a t i o n , as n e w s p a p e r r e a d e r s a r e w e l l a w a r e .
I n e v i t a b l y m i s t a k e s o c c u r f r o m t i m e to t i m e . W a t c h the ef-f e c t of r e d u c i n g the l i n e w i d t h to 6 l e t t e r s o n the fol-l o w i n g :
c e s s p o o l c o u r t h o u s e
t e t r a b r o m o m e t h a n e
.11 6
ces-s p o o l c o u r -t h o u s e
t e t r a b r o m o m e t h a n e
In the f i r s t two w o r d s R O F F p i c k s on l e t t e r p a i r s t h a t , u n -f o r t u n a t e l y , a r e not on s y l l a b l e b o u n d a r i e s . In the l a s t o n e R O F F h a s i n s u f f i c i e n t k n o w l e d g e of c h e m i s t r y to s p l i t it at a l l .
F o r s u c h c a s e s we m a y u s e the .he r e q u e s t to s p e c i f y a h y p h e n a t i o n c h a r a c t e r w i t h w h i c h we m a y i n d i c a t e w h e r e R O F F m a y h y p h e n a t e w o r d s . If you a r e using the D P M A C R O S the c h a r a c t e r is s e t up for this p u r p o s e .
.he "
N o w we c a n s u p p l y s y 1 l i b i f i c a t i o n for the u n f o r t u n a t e t e t r a * b r o m o ^ m e t h \ a n e . W a t c h w h a t h a p p e n s w i t h l i n e l e n g t h s of 18, 12 and 6 c h a r a c t e r s :
. 1 1 18
t e t r a b r o m o m e t h a n e
. 1 1 1 2
tetrabrojno-m e t h a n e
- . 1 1 6
t e t r a b r o m o m e t h -a n e
W o r d s c o n t a i n i n g the h y p h e n s i g n or the h y p h e n a t i o n c h a r a c t e r a r e n e v e r s p l i t in o t h e r p l a c e s . T h i s c o n v e n t i o n p e r m i t s a t r i c k f o r c o m p l e t e l y a v o i d i n g h y p h e n a t i o n of a s e l e c t e d w o r d : p u t a h y p h e n a t i o n c h a r a c t e r at the b e g i n n i n g or end of the w o r d . T h i s is u s e f u l for f i x i n g up w o r d s that g e t s p l i t a c r o s s p a g e s or for p r o p e r n a m e s that d o n o t l o o k r i g h t h y p h e n a t e d : C o n s t a n t i n o p l e ^ w i l l n e v e r be s p l i t .
3.8 T R A N S L A T I O N
On p a g e 5 the u s e of the .tr r e q u e s t to t r a n s l a t e a c h a r a c t e r into a b l a n k w a s d e s c r i b e d . A c t u a l l y the .t r re-q u e s t is r a t h e r m o r e p o w e r f u l than t h i s . Its f u l l form is:
• t r a i b j c k d l . . .
w h i c h s p e c i f i e s that 'a' is to be t r a n s l a t e d to ' i ' , ' h' to 'j' and 'c' to 'k' e t c . If a n odd n u m b e r of l e t t e r s is s p e c i f i e d a b l a n k is a s s u m e d to c o m p l e t e the l a s t p a i r . H e n c e our e a r l i e r f o r m :
. tr
to s p e c i f y a p s e u d o b l a n k . A l l c h a r a c t e r s i n i t i a l l y t r a n s -l a t e i n t o t h e m s e l v e s and a t r a n s l a t i o n not m e n t i o n e d in the .tr r e q u e s t is u n a f f e c t e d . To turn off t r a n s l a t i o n it is n e c e s s a r y to r e q u e s t t r a n s l a t i o n to i t s e l f :
. tr
For an e x a m p l e of t h e s e a s p e c t s study a p p e n d i x A to see h o w the d i s c u s s i o n on p a g e 5 w a s p r o d u c e d , b e a r i n g in m i n d that ^ is n o r m a l l y t r a n s l a t e d into a b l a n k .
3.9 M E R G I N G
A f t e r an o u t p u t l i n e h a s b e e n p r e p a r e d it m a y b e m e r g e d w i t h any f i x e d i n f o r m a t i o n r e q u i r e d , k n o w n as a m e r g e p a t t e r n . Up to 10 m e r g e p a t t e r n s m a y b e set by the .mg r e q u e s t . T h e l i n e f o l l o w i n g the r e q u e s t is t a k e n to be the d e s i r e d m e r g e p a t t e r n . In o r d e r to p e r f o r m the m e r g i n g R O F F r e p l a c e s e v e r y t r u e b l a n k of e v e r y n o n - e m p t y o u t p u t l i n e w i t h the c o r r e s p o n d i n g c h a r a c t e r of m e r g e p a t t e r n 1. Any r e m a i n i n g b l a n k s a r e t h e n r e p l a c e d from m e r g e p a t t e r n 2 and so o n . To d e m o n s t r a t e this we w i l l set up a t a b l e w h i c h d e s c r i b e s s o m e of the u s e s of m e r g e p a t t e r n s .
1 U S E 1
1 D E S C R I P T I O N 1
_ 1 1
1
1 T A B L E S 1
1 1
1 T h i s is i t s e l f a d e m o n s t r a t i o n of the | 1 u s e of m e r g e p a t t e r n s in a t a b l e . |
_ 1 1
1
1 I N D E X
1 1
i 1
1 T h e . . . . p a t t e r n in the i n d e x of this | 1 m a n u a l w a s p r o d u c e d by a m e r g e p a t t e r n . |
_ 1 1
1
1 U P D A T E S
1 1
1 V e r t i c a l b a r s m i g h t b e used in a m a r g i n | 1 to i n d i c a t e t e x t that h a s b e e n u p d a t e d . |
T h e v e r t i c a l l i n e s w e r e i n s e r t e d w i t h a m e r g e p a t t e r n . T h e h o r i z o n t a l l i n e s w e r e e n t e r e d in the t e x t . N o t e that the f i r s t and l a s t l i n e s w e r e c o n t i n u o u s , w h i l e the i n t e r m e d i a t e h o r i z o n t a l l i n e s had s p a c e s l e f t in them to a l l o w the v e r -tical l i n e s to cut t h r o u g h . T a b s w e r e used to c e n t r e i n f o r -m a t i o n in the f i r s t t a b l e c o l u m n and l e f t j u s t i f y the e n t r y in the s e c o n d c o l u m n .
T h i s t e x t is d e m o n s t r a t i n g the u p d a t e b a r u s e . It w a s set up by :
. t a 6 5 • m g
3 . 1 0 L I T E R A L S
O c c a s i o n a l l y it m i g h t b e r e q u i r e d to e n t e r l i n e s b e g i n n i n g w i t h the R O F F r e q u e s t c h a r a c t e r . T h i s c a n b e d o n e by s p e c i f y i n g that the l i n e is to be t a k e n l i t e r a l l y by u s i n g the .1i ( l i t e r a l ) r e q u e s t .
. li 2
.sp T h i s and the n e x t l i n e w h i c h s t a r t s w i t h a . c o u l d n o t b e p r i n t e d w i t h o u t .li.
A c t u a l l y the c h a r a c t e r used to i n t r o d u c e a R O F F r e q u e s t ( n o r m a l l y .) can b e set to a n y t h i n g w i t h the .cc ( c o n t r o l c h a r a c t e r ) r e q u e s t .
In this m a n u a l the e x a m p l e s of r e q u e s t s that a r e to b e p r i n t e d r a t h e r than o b e y e d h a v e b e e n e n t e r e d u s i n g a n o t h e r c h a r a c t e r that is t r a n s l a t e d into .; t h i s is a n o t h e r w a y to a v o i d the p r o b l e m .
3.11 P A G E O F F S E T
T h e .po ( p a g e o f f s e t ) r e q u e s t can b e used to s h i f t the en-t i r e p a g e if it is p r i n t e d too c l o s e to the l e f t hand mar-g i n . We h a v e j u s t i s s u e d .po + 5 .
3 . 1 2 T R O U B L E - S H O O T I N G
R O F F d o e s n o t i s s u e e r r o r m e s s a g e s ( a p a r t f r o m f i l e a c c e s s or c o m m a n d l i n e e r r o r s ) b u t t r i e s to do a r e a s o n a b l e thing w h a t e v e r the r e q u e s t . A n u m b e r of f a c i l i t i e s a r e a v a i l a b l e to a s s i s t in t r a c i n g p r o b l e m s .
I n p u t l i n e n u m b e r s c a n b e p r i n t e d u s i n g the .p s ( p r i n t se-q u e n c e ) r e se-q u e s t . T h e r e q u e s t s p e c i f i e s the c o l u m n n u m b e r in w h i c h the n u m b e r s a r e to be p l a c e d .
. p s 6 2
N o w we are p r i n t i n g the l i n e n u m b e r s in p o s i t i o n 6 2 , w h i c h 42
is j u s t in the r i g h t hand m a r g i n . 42
16 O u t p u t l i n e n u m b e r s can be p r i n t e d by the .n1 or .n2 re- 47 17 q u e s t s . T h e n u m b e r s a r e p l a c e d in the l e f t hand m a r g i n 4 8 18 r e s e r v e d by the .po r e q u e s t , so this m u s t b e s u f f i c i e n t 49 19 ( u s u a l l y .po 4 w i l l s u f f i c e ) . T h e r e q u e s t .n1 c a u s e s l i n e s 50 20 on e a c h p a g e of o u t p u t to s t a r t a g a i n from 1, w h i l e .n2 51 21 c a u s e s the n u m b e r i n g to c o n t i n u e f r o m the r e q u e s t o n w a r d . 52 22 O u t p u t l i n e n u m b e r i n g is turned off by the .nO r e q u e s t . 53
23 O r i g i n a l l i n e s t a r t i n g p o s i t i o n s c a n b e d e t e r m i n e d by using 5 7 24 t h e . u f ( u n d e r l i n e f i r s t ) r e q u e s t _that c a u s e s the f i r s t 58 25 c h a r a c t e r of e a c h input l i n e to be u n d e r l i n e d in the o u t p u t , 59 26 as h e r e . % h i s o p t i o n is turned off by the .nu (no u n d e r - 60
27 l i n i n g ) r e q u e s t . 61
28 R e q u e s t s ^ a n b e p r i n t e d as they a r e o b e y e d by the .pr ( p r i n t 64 29 r e q u e s t ) r e q u e s t . JThe .pr r e q u e s t s p e c i f i e s the p o s i t i o n 65 30 w h e r e the r e q u e s t is to be p r i n t e d . % h i s m u s t b e in the 67 31 r i g h t hand m a r g i n and m u s t b e g r e a t e r t h a n the p o s i t i o n 68 32 s p e c i f i e d for the .ps r e q u e s t . H e r e we h a v e .pr 65 in ef- 69
33 f e e t . 69
34 N o t i c e that w h e n we e n c o u n t e r a b r e a k , as h e r e , it is o b e y e d 71 35 and p r i n t e d _in the m a r g i n . O ^ t e n s e v e r a l r e q u e s t s h a v e to 71 36 be p r i n t e d a g a i n s t o n e l i n e of o u t p u t . J_nvok.ing a m a c r o - 73 37 c o m m a n d w i l l c a u s e an a t t e m p t to p r i n t a l l the i m p l i e d c^m- 74 38 m a n d s . ^ o w we are g o i n g b a c k to n o r m a l by d o i n g .pr 0, 75
39 .ps 0, .nu and .po - 5 . 76
3 . 1 3 D I V E R S I O N S
C e r t a i n r e q u e s t s , n a m e l y .at, .fn, .ig and . i x , c a u s e the o u t p u t to be d i v e r t e d e l s e w h e r e . E a c h d i v e r s i o n s h o u l d h a v e a s s o c i a t e d w i t h it a l a b e l , w h i c h m a y b e b l a n k o r h a v e the f o r m of a r e g i s t e r n a m e (see b e l o w ) . T h e d i v e r s i o n c o n t i n u e s u n t i l a c o r r e s p o n d i n g .en (end) r e q u e s t . N e s t e d d i v e r s i o n s r e q u i r e n o n - e m p t y l a b e l s . V a r i o u s f o r m s of d i v e r s i o n a r e used in the f o l l o w i n g s e c t i o n s .
3 . 1 4 F O O T N O T E S
L i n e s d i v e r t e d by a .fn ( f o o t n o t e ) r e q u e s t are f o r m a t t e d n o r m a l l y b u t are held for the b o t t o m of the p a g e . L i n e form a t t i n g is h a n d l e d q u i t e i n d e p e n d e n t l y in the b o d y and f o o t -n o t e t e x t . In p a r t i c u l a r , s e p a r a t e s e t t i n g s a r e m a i n t a i n e d for . f i , . c e , .in, . j u , . 1 1 , . I s , . m g , .ta, .ti, their s y n o n y m s and a n t o n y m s . In o r d e r to set t h e s e p a r a m e t e r s for f o o t n o t e s it is n e c e s s a r y to d i v e r t there the r e q u i r e d re-q u e s t s .
F o o t n o t e s a r e s e p a r a t e d from the b o d y of the text by a foot-n o t e s e p a r a t o r . T h i s is set up u s i n g the .f s ( f o o t n o t e s e p a r a t o r ) r e q u e s t . * A l t h o u g h R O F F a t t e m p t s to p l a c e the f o o t n o t e on the s a m e p a g e on w h i c h it w a s d e f i n e d it can h a p p e n that s o m e or all of the n o t e g e t s p u s h e d o v e r on to the n e x t p a g e . S i m i l a r l y the l i n e c o n t a i n i n g the r e f e r e n c e to the f o o t n o t e (* in our e x a m p l e ) could f a l l on a d i f f e r e n t p a g e . ( N o t e that t h e r e is no c o n n e c t i o n b e t w e e n the footn o t e afootnd the r e a d e r s ' r e f e r e footn c e to it as far as R O F F is c o footn -c e r n e d . ) T h e s e p r o b l e m s c a n a l l be a v o i d e d by u s i n g a .ne r e q u e s t to e n s u r e s u f f i c i e n t s p a c e . T h e p r e s e n t e x a m p l e w a s a c h i e v e d w i th;
F o o t n o t e s a r e s e p a r a t e d from the b o d y of the text by a f o o t n o t e s e p a r a t o r .
. n e 9
T h i s is set up using the .f s ( f o o t n o t e s e p a r a t o r ) r e q u e s t . * . f n
.11 5 0
* T h e f o r m a t of a .f s r e q u e s t is e x a c t l y . . . . . . s i d e the f o o t n o t e . .en
* T h e f o r m a t of a .fs r e q u e s t is the s a m e as the p a g e h e a d i n g or f o o t i n g r e q u e s t s . In this e x a m p l e w e a l s o d i v e r t e d a .11 5 0 r e q u e s t to a c h i e v e a s h o r t e r l i n e l e n g t h i n s i d e the f o o t n o t e .
3.15 R E G I S T E R S A N D I N S E R T I O N S
N u m e r i c a l v a l u e s or text f r a g m e n t s c a n b e s t o r e d in r e g i s -t e r s . E a c h r e g i s t e r h a s a l - t o - 4 c h a r a c t e r n a m e c h o s e n f r o m a z , 0 9 , % and #, w h i c h m u s t b e e n c l o s e d in p a r e n t h e s e s u n -less it is a s i n g l e c h a r a c t e r n a m e ( w h e n e n c l o s u r e is o p -t i o n a l ) . U p p e r and l o w e r case a r e i d e n t i c a l in r e g i s t e r n a m e s . E x a m p l e s of r e g i s t e r n a m e s w o u l d b e :
V A L I D I N V A L I D
a &
( A # ) a*
( A b C d ) ( I J K L M )
( % ) AB
In e v e r y i n p u t l i n e a p p e a r a n c e s of a n i n s e r t i o n c h a r a c ter f o l l o w e d by a r e g i s t e r n a m e a r e r e p l a c e d by the c o n t e n t s of that r e g i s t e r . The i n s e r t i o n c h a r a c t e r is set by the .ic r e q u e s t . If you a r e u s i n g the D P M A C R O S t h e i n s e r t i o n c h a r a c t e r is set to \, o t h e r w i s e it is i n i t i a l l y u n d e f i n e d .
An i n s e r t i o n c h a r a c t e r not f o l l o w e d by a r e g i s t e r n a m e d i s a p p e a r s and the f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r is l e f t u n t o u c h e d -e v -e n w h -e n that is th-e i n s -e r t i o n c h a r a c t -e r a l s o . I n s e r t i o n l i n e s a r e e f f e c t i v e e v e r y w h e r e e l s e , i n c l u d i n g r e q u e s t l i n e s , d i v e r s i o n s and the i n t e r i o r of p a r e n t h e s i s e d r e g i s t e r n a m e s .
It m a y b e i n s t r u c t i v e to p u z z l e out the r e a s o n for the b e h a v i o u r of the f o l l o w i n g s e q u e n c e :
.ic \ m a k e \ the i n s e r t i o n c h a r a c t e r •ic \ t u r n off the i n s e r t i o n c h a r a c t e r .ic \ m a k e \ the i n s e r t i o n c h a r a c t e r .ic \\ m a k e \ the i n s e r t i o n c h a r a c t e r
3.16 N U M B E R R E G I S T E R S
T h e r e q u e s t .an R n a s s i g n s the n u m b e r n to r e g i s t e r R. T h e n u m b e r m u s t b e a d e c i m a l i n t e g e r , p o s s i b l y p r e c e d e d by o n e of + - * / to c a u s e m o d i f i c a t i o n b a s e d on the old v a l u e . N u m e r i c v a l u e s a r e n o t a l l o w e d to go n e g a t i v e ; n e g a t i v e v a l u e s a r e r e p l a c e d by z e r o . E a c h r e g i s t e r c o n t a i n i n g a n u m b e r h a s a f o r m a t for p r i n t i n g in i n s e r t i o n s . T h e r e q u e s t .af R f a s s i g n s f o r m a t f to r e g i s t e r R. P o s s i b l e f o r m a t s and n u m b e r s p r i n t e d in e a c h c a s e a r e :
1
i 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , . . . , 2 6 , 2 7 , 2 8 , . . .
01 0 0 , 0 1 , 0 2 , 0 3 , 0 4 2 6 , 2 7 , 2 8 , . . .
i 0 , i , i i , i i i , i v , . . . , x x v i , x x v i l , x x v i i i , . . . I 0 , 1 , 1 1 , 1 1 1 , I V , . . . , X X V I , X X V I I , X X V I I I , . . . a 0 , a , b , c , d , . . . , z , a a , b b , . . .
A 0 , A , B , C , D , » . . , Z , A A , B B , . . .
F o r m a t s 1 , 0 1 , 0 0 1 , . . . s h o w a m i n i m u m w i d t h for d e c i m a l p r i n t i n g . S h o r t e r n u m b e r s in these f o r m a t s w i l l be padded with l e a d i n g z e r o e s .
The r e g i s t e r s listed b e l o w c o n t a i n s p e c i a l v a l u e s ; a l l others start at 0. A l l r e g i s t e r s h a v e f o r m a t 1 i n i t i a l l y .
(year), (mon), (day) - date and time of day of the s t a r t
(hour), ( m i n ) , (sec) of the p r e s e n t r u n , coded as n u m b e r s
(%) - current page n u m b e r
(#) - c u r r e n t line n u m b e r
Right a f t e r .bp, .ep, .op, or .pa, r e g i s t e r % c o n t a i n s the current page n u m b e r . O t h e r w i s e it c o n t a i n s the n u m b e r of the page to w h i c h the last c h a r a c t e r of the last p r e c e d i n g line of input text would be a s s i g n e d , e x c e p t in p a t h o l o g i c a l cases w h e r e c e r t a i n r e q u e s t s (.ml, .mZ, .m3, .m4, .ne, .pi, .sk) u n p r e d i c t a b l y a l t e r p a g i n a t i o n .
Note: the % in titles is n o t preceded by a n i n s e r t i o n char-a c t e r , char-and is e v char-a l u char-a t e d on output r char-a t h e r thchar-an u p o n i n p u t .
R e g i s t e r # c o n t a i n s the line n u m b e r of the last c h a r a c t e r of the last p r e c e d i n g line of input text. T h e r e q u e s t .an # n (after a b r e a k ) w i l l cause the next line to be n u m b e r e d n+1.
3 . 1 7 T E X T R E G I S T E R S
The .at ( a s s i g n text) request d i v e r t s text into the
specified r e g i s t e r until a c o r r e s p o n d i n g .en r e q u e s t is en-c o u n t e r e d . The d i v e r t e d text c a n n o t exceed 4 0 0 c h a r a c t e r s . The final c a r r i a g e r e t u r n in the d i v e r t e d text is d r o p p e d . Text r e g i s t e r s can be useful if a f r a g m e n t of text is used r e p e a t e d l y in many p l a c e s . For e x a m p l e we c o u l d set up a register like this:
.at (lOS)
I n s t i t u t e of O c e a n o g r a p h i c S c i e n c e s .en ( I C S )
A s s u m i n g an i n s e r t i o n c h a r a c t e r of \ is in e f f e c t , s u c h p h a s e s as
"The \ ( I O S ) has four m a i n s i t e s . . . "