Cardiac rehabilitation

Cardiac

rehabilitation

About the British Heart Foundation

The British Heart Foundation (BHF) is the nation’s heart charity, dedicated to saving lives through pioneering research, patient care, campaigning for change, and providing vital information.

We rely on donations of time and money to continue our life-saving work. If you would like to make a donation, please:

• call our donation hotline on 0300 330 3322

• visit bhf.org.uk/give or

• post it to us at the address on the back cover.

For other ways to support our work, and for up-to-date information on heart disease, the BHF and our services, see bhf.org.uk

Together we can beat heart disease.

Contents

About this booklet ...4

What is cardiac rehabilitation? ...5

What is coronary heart disease? ...8

The first few weeks after leaving hospital ... 12

What happens on a cardiac rehabilitation programme?... 25

How can I reduce my risk of further heart problems? ... 33

Heart support groups ... 50

How your support can help ... 51

What to do if you get chest pain ... 52

Heart attack? Know the symptoms … and what to do... 54

What is a cardiac arrest? ... 56

For more information ... 62

Index ... 65

Have your say ... 66

About this booklet

This booklet is for people who have a heart condition, and for those who are at a high risk of developing heart disease, for example because they have high blood pressure or a high cholesterol level.

In most cases, physical activity can:

• what cardiac rehabilitation is

• who cardiac rehabilitation is for

• what coronary heart disease is, and what causes angina and heart attacks

• how you can help your recovery in the first few days and weeks after going home from hospital

• what happens on a cardiac rehabilitation programme, and

• what you can do to reduce your risk of further heart problems.

This booklet does not replace the advice that your doctors

or cardiac rehabilitation team may give you, but it should

help you to understand what they tell you.

What is cardiac rehabilitation?

The aim of cardiac rehabilitation is to help you to recover and get back to as full a life as possible after a cardiac event such as a heart attack, or after having a treatment such as coronary bypass surgery. It’s as much a part of your treatment as your medicines are. It also aims to help promote your health and keep you well after you go home from hospital.

‘Cardiac rehabilitation’ is sometimes called ‘cardiac rehab’.

Who is cardiac rehabilitation for?

Cardiac rehabilitation can be helpful if:

• you have had a heart attack

• you have had a coronary angioplasty

• you have had coronary bypass surgery or another type of heart surgery

• you have had an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) fitted, or

• you have stable heart failure.

Cardiac rehabilitation can also be helpful for people

who have other conditions such as stable angina,

cardiomyopathy or congenital heart disease.

For more detailed information about all these heart conditions and treatments, see the list of booklets on page 63.

When should I start cardiac rehabilitation?

If you are having heart surgery or another procedure that has been planned in advance (such as a coronary

angioplasty), ideally you should start introducing some lifestyle changes before you have your surgery or treatment. For example, if you smoke you should stop smoking, and if you’re overweight you should lose some weight. Introducing these healthy changes early may help to improve your overall wellbeing and speed up your recovery after your treatment.

While you are in hospital

In some hospitals, a member of the cardiac rehabilitation

team will see you while you are on the ward, to give you

information about your condition and about the treatment

you have had. They can talk to you about your recovery

and getting back to your usual activities, about your

lifestyle, and about how you can protect your heart in the

future. Include your partner or a family member in these

conversations if possible.

Cardiac rehabilitation programme

You may be invited to go on a cardiac rehabilitation programme which starts about two to six weeks after you leave hospital after your treatment. We explain more about what this involves on page 25.

Who is in the cardiac rehabilitation team?

A cardiac rehabilitation team may include a

cardiologist, specialist cardiac nurse, physiotherapist, exercise specialist, occupational therapist, dietitian and psychologist. You may not get to see all of these professionals, but you may see some of them either while you are in hospital or afterwards as an outpatient.

On the next page, we explain what coronary heart

disease is and how it causes angina and heart

attacks. This will help you to understand why cardiac

rehabilitation is so important in helping to keep your

heart healthy.

What is coronary heart disease?

Coronary heart disease begins when the coronary arteries – the arteries on the surface of the heart that supply the heart muscle with blood – become gradually furred up with a fatty material called atheroma.

In time the artery may become so narrow that it cannot deliver enough oxygen-containing blood to the heart muscle when it needs it – such as when you are doing exercise. The pain or discomfort that happens as a result is called angina. For more on this, see our booklet Angina.

artery wall

blood within the

artery

atheroma (fatty deposits) building up

Atheroma narrows the artery, restricting

blood flow to the heart.

How atheroma builds up

Tests and treatment

If you have angina or if you have had a heart attack, you will probably have various tests to decide on the best type of treatment for you. Your doctor may give you medicines, which you will probably need to continue taking in the long term. If tests show that your coronary arteries are very narrowed, you may need to have a treatment such as coronary angioplasty with a stent or coronary bypass surgery. For more information on these,

If you have had a heart attack

How long you need to stay in hospital after having a heart attack varies from person to person. Some people stay in hospital for five days or longer. Others may only need to stay in hospital for two or three days.

However, every heart attack is a serious event, and cardiac rehabilitation is very important for everyone – however long you have stayed in hospital for.

A heart attack happens when a narrowed coronary artery becomes blocked by a blood clot. Part of the heart muscle is starved of oxygen and may become

permanently damaged.

For more information about heart attacks, see our

booklet Heart attack.

see our booklets Coronary angioplasty or Having heart surgery.

Sometimes coronary angioplasty is done as a treatment that is planned beforehand, and sometimes it is done as an emergency treatment for a heart attack. If it is done as an emergency treatment for a heart attack, it is called primary angioplasty or PPCI (primary percutaneous coronary intervention). For more information, see our booklet Primary angioplasty after a heart attack.

What increases the risk of getting coronary heart disease?

A risk factor is something that increases the risk of getting a disease. The following risk factors can increase the risk of getting coronary heart disease:

• ^smoking

• high blood pressure

• high blood cholesterol

• physical inactivity

• being overweight or obese, and

• having diabetes.

These are all risk factors that you can do something

about. Cardiac rehabilitation involves giving you the

support and knowledge to make lifestyle changes that

will help to reduce all these risk factors and help protect your heart in the future. We explain more about what you can do about these risk factors on page 33.

Your risk of getting heart disease also depends on other factors, such as your age, family history and ethnic background. You can’t do anything about these three risk factors. However, you will still benefit greatly from

controlling any other risk factors you may have.

• Age – The older you are, the more likely you are to develop heart disease.

• Family history – If you have a family history of heart disease, your own risk of developing the condition is increased. A family history means if your father or brother was under the age of 55 when they were diagnosed, or if your mother or sister was under 65.

• Ethnic background – Certain ethnic groups have a

higher risk of coronary heart disease than others. For

example, people who were born in certain South Asian

countries (such as Pakistan or Bangladesh) and who

are now living in the UK are around twice as likely to

die from coronary heart disease as the rest of the UK

population.

The first few weeks after leaving hospital

It’s normal to worry or feel anxious when you leave hospital and go home. Make sure that you talk to the hospital staff, the cardiac rehabilitation team or your GP about what you should be allowed or encouraged to do.

Everyone is different and you must get advice that is relevant to you. Your family or people close to you may also feel anxious about your recovery and may want to listen to the advice the cardiac rehabilitation team gives you.

Recovery time varies greatly depending on your age, your heart condition and the treatment you have had. People who are older, or who have been particularly unwell, may find it takes longer to recover.

In the first few weeks after you come out of hospital, you are likely to have good days and bad days. But as time goes by, you should improve steadily and gradually feel better.

Some cardiac rehabilitation teams can offer you support

in these first few weeks. One of the team members may

visit you at home or phone you to see how you are. Or

they may offer a helpline service which you can call for

advice or information. They may also be able to put you in touch with a local heart support group (see page 50).

The first few days

Everyone is different, so make sure that, before you go home from hospital, you have been given information on what activities are appropriate for you. For the first two or three days at home, it is best to take things easy. Do about the same amount of moving around as you did just before you left hospital. To help with your recovery, each day try to get up, wash and dress, do some light activities such as making drinks and light snacks, go up and down the stairs a few times a day, and do some gentle walking.

Rest is also important for your recovery. It’s normal to feel tired after a heart attack or heart surgery. If you’re feeling tired, make sure that you rest properly by going to lie down, rather than just dozing in a chair.

If you have had a planned angioplasty with no

complications, you may find that you can increase the

amount of activity you do more quickly than what we

have described above. Ask your doctor or cardiac

rehabilitation team for advice.

Medicines

When you leave hospital, the hospital staff will give you one or two weeks’ supply of your medicines to take home with you. These medicines may be different from the ones you were taking before you went into hospital. It is important to take your new medicines as prescribed. If you have any questions about your medicines, ask your GP or cardiac rehabilitation team or your pharmacist.

Seeing your GP

It’s a good idea to see your GP or a community nurse soon after you get discharged from hospital. When you visit your GP you can ask about any concerns you may have, and get another prescription for your medicines.

Feelings

It’s normal to have changing emotions after being

diagnosed with a heart problem. You may feel relieved

that you have had treatment to help improve your heart

condition. But you may be worried that you won’t be able

to do as much as before, worried about having further

heart problems, afraid of dying, or angry at having a

heart condition. All this is natural. You may feel anxious,

low, bad-tempered or weepy. It is important to talk about

these feelings with your family or friends, the cardiac

rehabilitation team, or with people at a heart support group. If you continue to feel low or depressed, talk to your GP.

‘Will I have another heart attack, or more heart problems?’

Having coronary heart disease does increase your risk of having heart problems in the future. However, you can dramatically reduce that risk if you take the medicines your doctors have prescribed for you and if you follow a healthy lifestyle. Many people find that going on a cardiac rehabilitation programme gives them – and their partners or carers – confidence and support to work out ways of having a healthier lifestyle (see page 25). Some people find that life after a heart attack or after treatment can be better and more fulfilling than it was before.

Getting active again

Regular physical activity can help with your recovery and can also help you become independent again more quickly.

The amount of physical activity you can do in the weeks

after you get out of hospital will depend on your heart

condition and the sort of treatment you have had. Aim to

do a little bit more activity each day, and gradually build

up how long you exercise for and how often. At first, it may seem very tiring, but this is normal and you’ll feel less tired as your strength and confidence return.

Walking is an ideal form of exercise to begin with. Try to walk on a flat surface rather than on a hill or steep slope.

If the weather is good, walk to your local shop. This will help you to get some fresh air and lift your spirits. It can be helpful if you go walking with a friend or relative at first.

Gradually increase the amount of walking you do over the first two or three weeks after you get out of hospital.

You can use a walking diary to keep track of your progress. After two or three weeks you should be able to walk longer distances. Talk to your cardiac rehabilitation team about how to increase your physical activity to a level that is suitable for you.

For more information on physical activity, and some safety tips, see page 39.

Housework and gardening

You can start doing light work in the house as soon as you feel fit and able – for example, washing up and dusting.

After a few weeks you may feel well enough to do other

jobs such as vacuuming and light gardening.

However, if you have had surgery where the breastbone was cut, you will not be able to lift anything heavy until your breastbone is completely healed, which can take up to three months. This includes carrying heavy baskets of washing or shopping and picking up a full kettle.

And you should not pull or push any heavy objects, or do any digging. When getting up from a chair, take care not to push through your arms. As you recover, you will gradually be able to get back to your normal routine.

For more information on activities, see Keep active on page 39.

Driving

When you can start driving again depends on your heart condition and the sort of treatment you have had. You will need to contact the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) to make sure it is safe for you to start driving again. You can write to them at DVLA, Swansea SA99 1TU, or call them on 0300 790 6806 for ordinary driving licences, or 0300 790 6807 for LGV (large goods vehicle) or PCV (passenger-carrying vehicle) licences.

If you have an ordinary driving licence

If you have angina and it is well controlled, you can drive.

If you’ve had a planned coronary angioplasty, you

should not drive for one week after having the angioplasty.

Many people who have had a heart attack are not allowed to drive for the first month after their heart attack.

Some people who have had a heart attack and have had successful treatment with an angioplasty will be able to start driving again after one week. Check with your doctor or the DVLA.

If you have had coronary bypass surgery, you will have to wait at least four weeks before you can start driving again. However, many doctors prefer people to wait for at least six weeks, to make sure the breastbone is healing properly.

If you ever have an attack of angina while you are driving, you should stop driving. Once your symptoms are controlled, you can start driving again.

If you have a heart condition or have had a treatment that we have not mentioned above, ask your GP or the DVLA about when you can start driving again.

Whatever sort of cardiac event or treatment or procedure

you have had, you will need to let your car insurance

company know about your heart problem.

If you have a licence to drive a large goods vehicle (LGV) or a passenger-carrying vehicle (PCV)

If you have one of these licences, you must let the Driver and Vehicle Licensing Agency (DVLA) know that you have a heart problem. (Their contact details are on page 17.) This is because special regulations will apply. Depending on your condition, you may need to have certain tests to help them decide whether you can keep your licence.

For more information on medical standards for driving, visit the DVLA website at www.dvla.gov.uk.

Returning to work

Most people will be able to go back to their previous job after they have had treatment or a procedure for their heart condition. How soon you return will depend on your heart condition, the type of treatment you have had, and the kind of work you do. Talk to your doctor or the cardiac rehabilitation staff about this.

If you have had a coronary angioplasty that was planned, and there were no complications, you may be able to return to work within a few days, depending on the type of work you do.

If you have had a heart attack or heart surgery, you may

be able to go back to work within six weeks if your work

only involves light duties. However, if you have a heavy

manual job, you may not be able to return to work for at least three months. You may need to get a ‘fit note’ either from the hospital ward or from your GP to give to your employer. This states if you are unfit to work and when you will be able to return.

You may want to ask your employer if they can give you lighter work for a while when you first go back, or if you can return to work gradually – for example, working shorter days or weeks.

Going on a cardiac rehabilitation programme can help you feel more confident about returning to work.

For more information, see our booklet Returning to work with a heart condition.

Sex

It is understandable that people with heart disease and their partners may have concerns about their sex life.

However, many people with a heart condition continue to enjoy sex, and many people who have had treatment for their heart condition are able to return to their sex life. Like any other physical activity, having sex can temporarily increase the heart rate and blood pressure.

This increases the work of the heart and, in people

with coronary heart disease, may temporarily lead to

breathlessness or chest pain. However, sex is just as safe

as other equally energetic forms of physical activity or exercise.

If you have had a heart attack and have had an uncomplicated recovery, you can usually start sexual activity when you feel comfortable to do so – usually after about four weeks. However, some couples may not feel ready after this time and prefer to wait longer.

If you have had a heart attack, after you have recovered, sexual activity presents no greater risk of triggering another heart attack than if you had never had a heart attack.

If you have had heart surgery, you can have sex as soon as you feel you have recovered. For most people this is within a few weeks, but some people prefer to wait longer. Be careful not to put the chest wound under too much pressure.

To reduce the chance of having angina symptoms during sex, avoid having sex after a heavy meal and try not to be too energetic at the start of your sexual activity. Also, if you have GTN spray or tablets, keep it nearby in case you need it.

Loss of sex drive is not uncommon after illness. Some

men may experience impotence (difficulty getting or

keeping an erection). This may be the result of emotional

stress. Sometimes it can also be the result of taking certain medicines such as beta-blockers, which can affect your sex drive. It may also be the result of circulation problems or diabetes. Impotence is a common problem, so if you are having difficulties, talk to your doctor or cardiac rehabilitation team about it.

If you have a heart condition, or if you are taking medicines for your heart condition, you should be cautious about taking PDE-5 inhibitors such as Viagra.

Always check with your doctor beforehand.

Alcohol

If you are taking painkillers, alcohol will have a more powerful effect.

If you are taking an anticoagulant such as warfarin, you should drink only a small amount of alcohol, as the alcohol can interfere with how your warfarin works.

For more on drinking alcohol, see page 38.

Holidays

A holiday can give you the chance to unwind and rest, but it is often better to wait until you have recovered.

Most people are able to fly once they have recovered and

as long as their condition is stable. Talk to your doctor or

cardiac rehabilitation team about when it’s OK for you to

go away, and how soon you can fly.

Travelling can be tiring and long journeys can increase the risk of developing a deep vein thrombosis (DVT). So, if you are travelling, make sure you have frequent breaks to get up and walk around. Whichever form of transport you are taking, allow plenty of time for your journey, and don’t carry heavy bags.

If you go on holiday, avoid travelling to countries that are very hot or very cold, and avoid places at a high altitude. You might want to think about staying in accommodation that is easily accessible and close to amenities. Avoid hilly destinations unless you are fit enough for that level of activity.

When you go away, keep an up-to-date list of all your medicines and doses with you, just in case you lose any of them. Take some medicines in your hand luggage as well as in your main luggage. Make sure you have suitable travel insurance and that your insurance company knows about your medical history.

Outpatient appointment

You will be given an outpatient appointment to visit your

cardiologist or surgeon at your local hospital. If you don’t

hear about your appointment within four weeks of being

discharged, you should contact the hospital.

If you are a carer

Caring for someone can be emotionally draining and exhausting. Make sure you have regular breaks yourself.

Eating healthily, doing regular exercise, and getting a good night’s sleep will help you to keep well and help you cope with being a carer. For more information, see our booklet Caring for someone with a heart condition.

At your outpatient appointment, your doctor will assess how well you are recovering, and if necessary change any medicines or repeat some tests.

Before you go for your appointment, you may find it

helpful to write down any questions you want to ask the

doctor.

What happens on a cardiac rehabilitation programme?

You should be invited to go on a cardiac rehabilitation programme, which usually starts two to six weeks after you leave hospital.

People who follow a cardiac rehabilitation programme can get fitter and recover more quickly. The information and support you get from the programme can help you to make healthy lifestyle choices. Cardiac rehabilitation has been found to reduce the risk of dying from coronary heart disease, and helps reduce some of the risk factors for the disease.

The programme usually involves going to a session lasting about one or two hours, once or twice a week for around 8 to 12 weeks. Some programmes may have shorter or longer sessions, and they may vary in the number of weeks they run for. Programmes are usually run in a hospital or a community or leisure centre, and may be done in group sessions or individually.

Most programmes are for people who have had a heart

attack, or for those who have had a coronary angioplasty

or coronary bypass surgery. Some cardiac rehabilitation

programmes invite people who have other conditions,

such as stable angina or stable heart failure, or people who have had other types of heart surgery.

Cardiac rehabilitation programmes and services vary widely throughout the country, but programmes usually include one or more of the following:

• ^exercise

• education, and

• relaxation and psychological support.

Before you are invited to start a formal outpatient cardiac rehabilitation programme, you will be sent an assessment appointment with a cardiac rehabilitation specialist. If a formal, structured cardiac rehabilitation programme is suitable for you, you and your assessor will together decide on which type of programme would be best for you and where you can do it.

Exercise

Exercise is an important part of your rehabilitation as it will help with your recovery and improve your fitness, strength and general wellbeing. Regular exercise also helps to keep your heart healthy in the future.

The types of activities and exercise sessions at the cardiac

rehabilitation programme vary from one programme to

another. Most programmes offer exercise sessions for

groups, but some can provide one-to-one sessions or women-only sessions.

Before you start the programme, you will have an assessment to find out how much exercise you can safely do. A nurse, physiotherapist or an exercise specialist can then work out a programme of exercises for you, tailoring the programme to your particular needs.

If you are quite limited by your heart disease, or if you have another condition that affects your movement – such as arthritis – you may find that your activities are restricted. However, doing even a small amount of activity can be helpful in regaining your confidence, helping your recovery and improving your fitness.

You will be encouraged to start slowly and gently, and to increase your exercise gradually over the weeks of the programme. It is very important that you work within your limits and follow the advice given to you.

Before beginning an exercise session, you will do some gentle warm-up movements to get your joints moving and to prepare your muscles and heart for exercise.

The main part of the exercise sessions will be ‘aerobic’.

These are exercises that help to improve the fitness of

your heart and circulation. Most cardiac rehabilitation

programmes include a range of different exercises. Some

use equipment such as exercise bikes and some may include chair-based exercises.

At the end of each exercise session, you will do a gentle cool-down which is essential for ending the exercise session safely. This also helps prevent your muscles aching the next day.

While you’re doing your exercise, you may be asked to record your heart rate. (Someone will show you how to do this.) You may also be asked to rate how hard you feel you are working. This information can help you and the staff know if you are exercising at the right level and intensity.

If you have unstable angina or uncontrolled symptoms, you may not be able to do the exercise session, but you can still benefit from the other parts of the cardiac rehabilitation programme.

Education

The cardiac rehabilitation programme may include information or education sessions on particular topics, including the ones listed on the next page. The aim is to help you make healthy lifestyle choices, which may help reduce your risk of further heart problems.

Some people may receive individual help or support to

make healthy changes – for example, help with stopping

smoking or losing weight.

Some of the topics covered in cardiac rehabilitation programmes

• Different types of heart conditions such as coronary heart disease and heart attack.

• Treatments for heart conditions, including heart operations, coronary angioplasty and medicines.

• The risk factors for coronary heart disease – such as smoking, high blood cholesterol and high blood pressure – and what you can do about them to help reduce your risk. (For more on risk factors, see page 33.)

• Healthy lifestyles – including healthy eating and physical activity.

• Practical issues such as driving, returning to work, and holidays.

• What you or your relatives or friends should do if there is an emergency.

• How to manage stress.

• Long-term management of your condition.

Some programmes also invite different specialists, such

as dietitians, to come and speak to the group.

Relaxation and psychological support

Some cardiac rehabilitation programmes teach you different relaxation techniques so you can find one that suits you. You’ll also find out how important relaxation is in helping to manage stress.

Some programmes may offer one-to-one counselling or advice on managing stress to people who need it. Or, if you need some help with coming to terms with your heart condition, you may be able to see a psychologist.

Other benefits of a cardiac rehabilitation programme

Going to a rehabilitation programme can offer other benefits as well. It can improve your confidence and helps you return to your usual activities more quickly. It gives you the chance to ask questions or talk about any worries you may still have, which can help relieve anxiety.

You can also meet other people who have been through the same thing as you, which some people find very helpful. It can be good fun too.

If possible, encourage your partner or a family member or friend to go along with you. This can help reassure them and also gives them the chance to ask any questions.

They may also benefit from talking to other carers. Most

programmes are happy for you to bring a partner, relative

or friend with you to the programme, but check with your rehabilitation team to make sure.

After the programme

After you have finished your cardiac rehabilitation programme, it is vital to carry on with regular physical activity and a healthy lifestyle in the long term. This will help protect your heart and reduce your risk of further heart problems.

The cardiac rehabilitation staff, or your doctor, may refer you to some ongoing exercise classes. Some leisure centres and gyms run classes for people with heart conditions and have specially trained instructors who can help you. Also, some heart support groups run exercise classes (see page 50). Or, you may prefer to do your own exercise.

Your rehabilitation team can also refer you to other services to help you continue with the lifestyle changes you want to make – such as a stop-smoking service.

How can I find out about my nearest rehabilitation programme?

If you have not already been invited to a cardiac rehabilitation programme, ask your GP, or visit

www.cardiac-rehabilitation.net or call our Heart Helpline

on 0300 330 3311.

What if I can’t get to a rehabilitation programme?

If it is difficult for you to get to a rehabilitation

programme at the local hospital – for example, if you live in a rural area – you will be given advice on your

recovery. Some areas may offer a programme to follow at

home.

How can I reduce my risk of further heart problems?

There are several things you can do to help keep your heart healthy and reduce the risk of further heart problems.

• If you smoke, stop smoking.

• Control high blood pressure.

• Control high blood cholesterol.

• Eat a healthy, balanced diet.

• Keep physically active.

• Keep to a healthy weight and body shape.

• If you have diabetes, control your blood glucose.

• Take your medicines as prescribed.

If you smoke, stop smoking

Smoking is one of the major causes of coronary heart disease and increases the risk of having a heart attack.

If you are a smoker, stopping smoking is the single most important step you can take to reduce the risk of having a heart attack.

For those people who have already had a heart attack,

stopping smoking soon after a heart attack significantly

reduces the risk of dying from a further heart attack.

Your GP, practice nurse or cardiac rehabilitation team can give you advice on how to give up, and information on stop-smoking services, nicotine-replacement products and medication to help you stop smoking. Or, try one of the following helplines or websites.

• NHS Smoking Helpline 0800 022 4 332

www.smokefree.nhs.uk

• ^Quitline

0800 00 22 00 www.quit.org.uk

For more information on smoking, see our booklet Smoking and your heart.

Control high blood pressure

High blood pressure increases the risk of having a heart attack or a stroke, and over time it can cause the heart muscle to become less efficient.

If you have high blood pressure, it is essential to control

it. Even a small reduction in blood pressure can lower

your risk of further heart problems. If you have had a

heart attack, or if you have coronary heart disease or

diabetes, your target is to have a blood pressure below

130/80. Some people can control their blood pressure by

losing weight, doing more physical activity and cutting down on alcohol and salt (see pages 34 to 46). However, many people need to take medicines too.

For more information on high blood pressure, see our booklet Blood pressure.

Control your blood cholesterol

A high cholesterol level can increase the risk of heart disease and your risk of having further heart problems.

The most common cause of high cholesterol is having too much saturated fat in your diet.

People who have had a heart attack or who have

coronary heart disease should aim for a total cholesterol level under 4 mmol/l. (Mmol/l means millimols per litre.) To help reduce your cholesterol level, you need to cut down on the amount of saturated fats that you eat. For more on this, see the next page.

If you have coronary heart disease, or if you have had a heart attack, it is likely that your doctor will give you a medicine such as a statin. This is to reduce your cholesterol level and to give your heart further

protection. Even if you don’t have high cholesterol levels,

it is likely that you will still benefit from taking these

medicines.

For more information, see our booklets Reducing your blood cholesterol or Medicines for your heart.:

Eat a healthy, balanced diet

Eating a healthy, balanced diet will help to protect your heart. You need to:

• replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats

• eat oily fish regularly

• eat plenty of fruit and vegetables each day

• cut down on salt, and

• if you drink alcohol, keep within the sensible limits.

Choose healthier fats

To help improve your cholesterol level and protect your heart, you need to replace saturated fats with unsaturated fats (monounsaturates and polyunsaturates), and avoid foods containing trans fats wherever possible.

For more information, see our booklets Reducing your cholesterol and Cut the saturated fat.

Oily fish and omega-3 fats

Oily fish provide the richest source of a particular type

of omega-3 polyunsaturated fat. Omega-3 fats are found

mainly in oily fish such as herring, pilchards, sardines,

salmon, trout, mackerel and fresh tuna. Omega-3 fats can

Have a ‘Mediterranean diet’

There is evidence that the ‘Mediterranean diet’

can reduce your risk of heart disease and stroke. A Mediterranean diet incorporates the basics of healthy eating, but it has an emphasis on eating less meat and more fish, fruit, vegetables, grains, nuts, pulses and beans. It also means replacing butter with healthy monounsaturated fats such as olive and rapeseed oil.

help to lower blood triglyceride levels, help prevent the blood from clotting, help to keep the heart rhythm regular and help to improve your chance of survival after a heart attack.

Aim to eat two portions of fish a week. One of the portions should be oily fish. One portion of fish is 140 grams (about 5 ounces). If you have had a heart attack, you should have two or three portions of oily fish a week.

If you have recently had a heart attack and you can’t eat this much oily fish, ask your GP if you should take a supplement.

Eat plenty of fruit and vegetables

There is good evidence that eating a diet that includes a

wide range of fruit and vegetables is good for your heart.

Aim to eat at least five portions of a variety of fruit and vegetables a day. Different fruit and vegetables contain different combinations of vitamins and minerals, so aim to eat a variety to get the most benefit.

For more information on healthy eating, see our booklet Eating well.

Have a ‘Mediterranean diet

There is evidence that the ‘Mediterranean diet’ can reduce your risk of heart disease and stroke. A Mediterranean diet incorporates the basics of healthy eating, but it has an emphasis on eating less meat and more fish, fruit, vegetables, grains, nuts, pulses and beans.

It also means replacing butter with healthy

monounsaturated fats such as olive and rapeseed oil.

Cut down on salt

In the UK we eat much more salt than we need. The target should be to have less than 6 grams of salt a day (about one teaspoonful).

• Cut down on processed foods that contain a lot of salt.

Three-quarters of the salt we eat is ‘hidden’ in processed foods. Check the nutrition information labels on foods to find out which have the least salt.

• Don’t add salt to your food at the table.

• Cook without adding any salt. Use extra pepper, herbs, garlic, spices or lemon juice to add flavour to your food instead.

For more information, see our leaflet Cut down on salt.

Alcohol

Drinking more than the sensible limits can lead to high blood pressure, damage to the heart muscle, and other diseases.

If you drink alcohol, it’s important to keep within the sensible limits, whether you drink every day, once or twice a week, or just occasionally.

Men should not regularly drink more than 3 to 4 units of alcohol a day.

1 unit of alcohol =

a small glass (100ml) of wine (10% ABV [alcohol by volume]) or

half a pint (about 300ml) of

normal-strength lager, cider or beer (for example, 3.5% ABV)

or

a pub measure (25ml) of spirits.

Women should not regularly drink more than 2 to 3 units of alcohol a day.

For information on drinking alcohol in the first weeks after going home from hospital, see page 22.

Keep active

Regular physical activity helps to keep your heart healthy and can reduce the risk of having further heart problems.

Physical activity has other benefits too. It can help:

• lower your blood pressure

• improve your cholesterol levels

• control your weight and body shape

• reduce the risk of diabetes, or help to control diabetes

• make you feel better and boost your confidence, and

• relieve stress and anxiety.

How much and what sort of activity to do

It is recommended that adults do a total of at least 150

minutes (two and a half hours) of moderate-intensity

activity a week. Moderate-intensity activity means activity

that makes you feel warmer and breathe harder, and

makes your heart beat faster than usual, but you should

still be able to carry on a conversation. Examples of

activities recommended for the heart include walking,

cycling, dancing or climbing stairs. You can do the 150 minutes in bouts of 10 minutes or more. One way to achieve the 150 minutes is to do 30 minutes’ activity on five days a week.

However, if you have recently had a heart attack, have angina or have had a coronary angioplasty or heart surgery, it is important that you start slowly, and gradually build up to this level of activity over a period of time. Going on a cardiac rehabilitation programme (see page 25) is a very good way of making sure that you exercise at a level that is safe for you.

Some people with a heart condition may not be able to do as much as 150 minutes a week. And some people may be limited because they have mobility problems. However, it is still important that you try to be as active as possible.

Even doing a small amount of exercise is better than doing none.

It is important that you talk to your cardiac

rehabilitation team or your doctor or nurse about how

much activity you can do and how to increase your

level of activity. You can also ask them what types of

activity are suitable and safe for you to do. Always

check this before you take up a new activity.

Try to do something every day. Regular, moderate- intensity activity is better than occasional bursts of vigorous activity.

Warming up and cooling down

Whenever you do any exercise, start slowly for the first few minutes and build up gradually. This will prepare your muscles and heart for exercise. At the end, spend some time slowing down gradually and don’t stop suddenly.

Exercises and activities to avoid

Depending on your condition, you may be advised to avoid some strenuous everyday activities, such as carrying very heavy objects or heavy DIY or gardening.

Exercises such as weightlifting and press-ups are not recommended if you have a heart condition. You should also avoid competitive vigorous sports such as squash.

If you have angina

If you have angina, it is important to keep active, but it should be within your limits. Also, avoid going out in very cold, windy or very hot weather.

If, while you’re exercising, you get symptoms such as

angina or breathlessness, or if you think you may be

about to get an episode of angina, it is important to stop

Safety tips

• Avoid doing activity after a large meal or when it’s very hot or cold, or at high altitudes.

• If you are doing any activity outdoors in cold or windy weather, dress warmly with a hat or scarf.

When it’s hot, make sure you wear a hat and something cool, slow down your pace and make sure you keep well hydrated.

• Make sure your clothing and footwear are comfortable and fit well.

• Don’t exercise if you feel unwell, and stop exercising if you get any pain, or feel dizzy or sick. If the symptoms don’t go away you should call an ambulance.

and rest. Your doctor may have given you a GTN (glyceryl trinitrate) spray or tablets to carry with you. Keep the spray or tablets with you and use them as prescribed. See page 52 for what to do if you get chest pain.

Swimming

Swimming is OK for many people with a heart condition,

but for some people it can increase the strain on the

heart.

If you have a heart condition and you want to take up swimming, it is very important that you check with your doctor or cardiac rehabilitation team first.

If you have recently had a heart attack or heart surgery but you used to swim regularly before that, you may eventually be able to go back to swimming. But do check with your doctor or cardiac rehabilitation team before you start swimming again.

Adapted from the height/weight chart by kind permission of NHS Choices, Department of Health Weight in stones

Weight in kilograms

Very overweight

For more information on physical activity for people with heart disease, see our booklet Physical activity and your heart.

Be a healthy body weight and shape

Being overweight and carrying too much weight around your middle - that is, having a waist size of more than 94 centimetres (about 37 inches) for men, or 90 centimetres (35 ¹ ⁄ 2 inches) for men of South Asian origin, or 80 centimetres (about 31 ¹ ⁄ 2 inches) for women - will help to keep your heart healthy. It will also help to control your blood pressure and reduce your risk of diabetes.

Are you a healthy weight?

Take a straight line up or down from your weight, and a line across from your height (without shoes). Put a mark where the two lines meet to find out if you need to lose weight. This is only an approximate guide.

You can use the chart on page 44 to find out if you need

to lose weight. If you fall into the overweight or very

overweight category in the chart, you need to lose some

weight.

If you need to lose weight or reduce your waist size The best way to do this is by:

• reducing your calorie intake by cutting down on the amount of fat and sugar in your diet, and

• increasing your daily physical activity.

If you have any questions about what or how much you should be eating, ask your GP, practice nurse or cardiac rehabilitation team. If you are very overweight, you may be referred to a dietitian.

For more information on how to lose weight, see our booklets So you want to lose weight … for good.

Control diabetes

Diabetes significantly increases the risk of developing coronary heart disease. Diabetes also increases the effect of other risk factors for coronary heart disease, such as high cholesterol levels, high blood pressure, smoking and obesity.

To reduce the risk of developing diabetes, it is important to eat a healthy, balanced diet, keep active, and keep to a healthy weight and body shape.

If you have diabetes, it is very important to make sure

you control your blood glucose level, blood pressure and

cholesterol level. Doing more physical activity, eating a

healthy, balanced diet, and controlling your weight and body shape, will all help to control your diabetes.

For more information, see our booklet Diabetes and your heart.

Medicines

Medicines are an important part of your ongoing treatment which helps to protect your heart and reduce the risk of future problems.

It’s important to know what medicines your doctor has prescribed for you, and understand what they are used for and the possible side effects.

Occasionally, your doctor may need to change your medicines or your dose. Keep an up-to-date list of the medicines you need to take, the doses, and when and how often you need to take them.

For more information on medicines, see our booklet Medicines for your heart.

Reduce stress

Stressful situations can encourage people to have unhealthy lifestyle behaviours – such as overeating or smoking – which can be harmful to the heart.

If you feel stressed or anxious, it is important to identify

what is causing you to feel stressed or anxious, so you can learn how to manage it effectively. Your cardiac rehabilitation team may be able to show you ways to help you manage the stress – for example, by doing physical activity, yoga or another relaxation technique. If you are not coping well with your stress or anxiety, talk to your GP who can treat you or may refer you for counselling.

For more information on how to deal with stress, see our

booklet Coping with stress.

Keith’s story

Keith Jellyman, aged 64, has taken part in cardiac rehab twice. The first time was after an angioplasty and the second time following coronary bypass surgery.

He had quit smoking before his angioplasty, and afterwards was referred for cardiac rehab sessions. It was here that he tried exercise for the first time since his youth and, to his own surprise, found he had a taste for it.

“It felt a bit strange at first, but after a few sessions I really began to enjoy it. They don’t make you do 100 press-ups or anything. You work to your own limits,” he says.

Following his triple bypass, he was determined to continue exercising. “It’s no good coming out of hospital and saying ‘I’ve had a triple bypass – I’m going to sit there and do nothing for the rest of my life and grow old.’ It’s up to you to put the effort in. When I was offered rehab a second time after my bypass, I jumped at the chance. I’d recommend it to anybody.”

Keith’s recovery from the bypass was gradual, but he

felt some improvement each week. With his new found

fitness, Keith felt motivated to join a walking group

and eventually went on to train as a walking leader.

Heart support groups

Many people with heart conditions can benefit from meeting other people who have had similar experiences.

Heart support group activities vary from group to group, and may include:

• sessions where you can talk about your own experience with other heart patients and their carers

• exercise classes

• talks by guest speakers.

The BHF has resources and holds networking events to

help new and existing heart support groups. For more

details, or to find out about your local support group,

contact the Heart Helpline on 0300 330 3311.

How your support can help

Since the BHF was set up in 1961 we have helped transform the lives of people living with heart and circulatory conditions, and we’ve driven this through by continuing to fund cutting-edge research, vital prevention activity and ensuring high-quality care and support for heart patients.

Every year thousands of people have a heart attack or bypass surgery, and cardiac rehabilitation can

dramatically aid their recovery. However, the latest figures suggest that suggest that about 4 in every 10 heart patients heart patients in England, Wales and Northern Ireland who need cardiac rehabilitation don’t have access to it.

You can help the fight by joining our National Campaign

for Cardiac Rehabilitation to ensure more people receive

life-saving cardiac rehabilitation. Visit bhf.org.uk for

details about how to get involved.

What to do if you get chest pain

The information below is for people who already have coronary heart disease and who are taking GTN (glyceryl trinitrate) spray or tablets for their angina symptoms.

As you already have coronary heart disease, you may get chest pain or discomfort now and then. Sometimes this will be angina, which you will be able to manage at home with your GTN. However, it could also be a symptom of a heart attack.

This is what to do.

1 Stop what you are doing.

2 Sit down and rest.

3 Use your GTN spray or tablets. Take the GTN as your doctor or nurse has told you. The pain should ease after a few minutes. If it doesn’t, take your GTN again.

4 If the pain does not ease within a few minutes of taking the GTN the second time, call 999 immediately.

5 If you’re not allergic to aspirin, chew an adult aspirin

tablet (300mg) if there is one easily available. If you

don’t have an aspirin next to you, or if you don’t know

if you are allergic to aspirin, just stay resting until the ambulance arrives.

If you have symptoms that do not match the ones we

have described above but you think that you are having

a heart attack, call 999 immediately.

Heart attack? Know the symptoms … and what to do

A heart attack is when a part of the heart muscle suddenly loses its blood supply. This is usually due to coronary heart disease.

Think quick … act fast. Call 999 immediately.

Pain or discomfort in the chest

that doesn’t go away. The pain may spread to the left or right arm…

The symptoms of a heart attack

… or may spread to the neck

and jaw. You may feel sick or short of

breath.

What to do if you think someone is having a heart attack

1 Send someone to call 999 for an ambulance immediately.

2 If you are alone, go and call 999 immediately and then come straight back to the person.

3 Get the person to sit in a comfortable position, stay with them and keep them calm.

4 If the person is not allergic to aspirin, give them an

adult aspirin tablet (300mg) to chew if there is one

easily available. If you don’t have an aspirin next to

you, or if you don’t know if the person is allergic to

aspirin, just get him or her to stay resting until the

ambulance arrives.

What is a cardiac arrest?

A cardiac arrest is when a person’s heart stops pumping blood round their body and they stop breathing normally.

A person who is having a heart attack may develop a dangerously fast heart rhythm, which can cause a cardiac arrest and be fatal.

It is sometimes possible to shock the heart back into a normal heart rhythm by giving defibrillation. This means giving the heart an electrical shock using a defibrillator.

For every minute that a person is in cardiac arrest before

defibrillation, their chances of survival are reduced by

about 10%. However, by doing CPR (cardiopulmonary

resuscitation) you can double someone’s chance of

survival. We explain how to do this on page 59.

What to do if someone has collapsed and is not responding, and may be in cardiac arrest

Think DRS, ABC.

D ^{= Danger}

Check for danger. Approach with care, making sure that you, the person and anybody nearby are safe.

R = Response

Check for response. To find out if the person is conscious, gently shake him or her, and shout loudly, ‘Are you all right?’

S ^{= Shout}

If there is no response, shout for help.

You will need to assess the person and take suitable

action. Now, remember ABC – airway, breathing, CPR.

A ^{= Airway}

Open the person’s airway by tilting their head back and lifting their chin.

B = Breathing

Look, listen and feel for signs of normal breathing. Only do this for up to 10 seconds. Don’t confuse gasps with normal breathing. If you’re not sure if their breathing is normal, act as if it is not normal.

C ^{= CPR}

If the person is unconscious and is not breathing normally, they are in cardiac arrest.

Call 999 immediately.

• Send someone else to call 999 for an ambulance while you start CPR.

• Or, if you are alone with the person,

call 999 before you start CPR.

How to do CPR

If you have not been trained to do CPR, or if you’re not able, or not willing, to give rescue breaths, do hands-only CPR. This is described in step 1 on the next page. Keep doing the chest compressions – at a rate of about 100 to 120 times a minute – until:

• the ambulance crew arrives and takes over, or

• the person starts to show signs of regaining consciousness, such as coughing, opening their eyes, speaking, or moving purposefully and starts to breathe normally, or

• you become exhausted.

CPR

1 Chest compressions Start chest compressions.

Place the heel of one hand in the centre of the person’s chest. Place the heel of your other hand on top of your first hand and interlock your fingers. Press down firmly and smoothly on the chest 30 times, so that the chest is pressed down between 5 and 6 centimetres each time.

Do this at a rate of about 100 to 120 times a minute – that’s about two each second.

2 Rescue breaths

After 30 compressions, open the airway again by tilting

the head back and lifting the chin, and give two of your

own breaths to the person. These are called rescue

breaths.

To do this, pinch the soft parts of the person’s nose closed. Take a normal breath, make a seal around their mouth with your mouth, and then breathe out steadily.

The person’s chest should rise and fall with each breath. It should take no more than 5 seconds to give the two rescue breaths.

Then give another 30 chest compressions and then 2 rescue breaths.

3 Continue CPR

Keep doing the 30 chest compressions followed by 2 rescue breaths until:

• the ambulance crew arrives and takes over, or

• the person starts to show signs of regaining

consciousness, such as coughing, opening their eyes, speaking, or moving purposefully and starts to breathe normally, or

• you become exhausted.

For more information

British Heart Foundation website

bhf.org.uk

For up-to-date information on heart disease, the BHF and its services.

Heart Helpline

0300 330 3311 (a similar cost to 01 or 02 numbers)

For information and support on anything heart-related.

Genetic Information Service

0300 456 8383 (a similar cost to 01 or 02 numbers)

For information and support on inherited heart conditions.

Booklets and DVDs

To order our booklets or DVDs:

• call the BHF Orderline on 0870 600 6566, or

• email orderline@bhf.org.uk or

• visit bhf.org.uk/publications

You can also download many of our publications from our

website. For a list of resources available from the BHF, ask

for a copy of Our heart health catalogue. Our booklets are

free of charge, but we would welcome a donation. (See

page 2 for how to make a donation.)

Heart Information Series

This booklet is one of the booklets in the Heart Information Series. The other titles in the series are as follows.

Angina

Atrial fibrillation Blood pressure Cardiac rehabilitation

Caring for someone with a heart condition Coronary angioplasty

Diabetes and your heart Having heart surgery Heart attack

Heart rhythms Heart transplantation Heart valve disease

Implantable cardioverter defibrillators (ICDs) Keep your heart healthy

Living with heart failure Medicines for your heart Pacemakers

Peripheral arterial disease Physical activity and your heart Primary angioplasty for a heart attack Reducing your blood cholesterol

Returning to work with a heart condition

Tests for heart conditions

Our services

Emergency life support skills

For information about Heartstart – a free, two-hour course in emergency life support skills, including what to do if someone seems to be having a heart attack – call the BHF Helpline on 0300 330 3311 or visit bhf.org.uk

Heart Matters

Heart Matters is the BHF’s free, personalised service that provides support and information for people who want to improve their heart health. Join today and enjoy the benefits, including heart matters magazine and an online members’ area. Call the Heart Helpline on 0300 330 3311, or join online at bhf.org.uk/heartmatters

Make yourself heard – Heart Voices

Heart Voices gives you the skills, confidence and knowledge you’ll need to influence health services for the benefit of heart patients and their families across the UK. It aims to develop a nationwide network of representatives to speak out on behalf of heart patients and their carers, and to provide them with training and opportunities to have their say and get involved.

For more information about any of our services, contact

the Heart Helpline on 0300 330 3311 or visit bhf.org.uk

Index

activity ...13, 15, 26, 40 alcohol ...22, 39 angioplasty ...5, 9, 13

blood pressure ...34

carer...24

chest pain: what to do if you get chest pain...52

cholesterol ...35

coronary heart disease ... 8

diabetes ...46

driving ...17

eating: healthy eating ...36

heart attack ...5, 9, 54 holidays ...22

insurance ...18, 23 medicines ...14, 35, 47 outpatient appointment ...23

primary angioplasty ...10

rehabilitation programme ... 7, 25 risk factors ...10

sex ...20

smoking ...33

stress ...47

support groups ...50

weight ... 45

work (returning to work) ...19

Have your say

We would welcome your comments to help us produce

the best information for you. Why not let us know

what you think? Contact us through our website

bhf.org.uk/contact. Or, write to us at the address on the

back cover.

Acknowledgements

The British Heart Foundation would like to thank all the GPs, cardiologists, nurses and other health professionals who helped to develop the booklets in the Heart Information Series, and all the patients who commented on the text and design.

Particular thanks for their work on this booklet are due to:

• Judith Edwards, Senior Cardiology Nurse Specialist, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, and

• Nigel Harris, Cardiac Exercise Specialist, Cardiac

Prevention and Rehabilitation Service, Imperial College

Healthcare NHS Trust, London.

Coronary heart disease is the UK’s single biggest killer.

For over 50 years we’ve pioneered research that’s transformed the lives of people living with heart and circulatory conditions. Our work has been central to the discoveries of vital treatments that are changing the fight against heart disease.

But so many people still need our help.

From babies born with life-threatening heart problems to the many Mums, Dads and Grandparents who survive a heart attack and endure the daily battles of heart failure.

Join our fight for every heartbeat in the UK.

Every pound raised, minute of your time and

donation to our shops will help make a

difference to people’s lives.