Seal Material Selection

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1111 Scope: Scope: Scope: Scope: These guidelines are intended to assist engineers in the selection of seal materials. Seal material selection follows the selection of the seal type. The selection of seal type is related to the equipment application, the selection of seal material is related to the temperature and chemical environment.

2222 Selection Guidelines:Selection Guidelines:Selection Guidelines:Selection Guidelines: Selection guidelines in tabular form are presented at the end of this document and cover the selection of elastomers for long term permanent tools designed for long term permanent tools designed for long term permanent tools designed for long term permanent tools designed for many years of

many years of many years of

many years of life and short term applications on service tools designed for applications no life and short term applications on service tools designed for applications no life and short term applications on service tools designed for applications no life and short term applications on service tools designed for applications no longer than

longer than longer than

longer than 60606060 daysdaysdaysdays. . . . A separate table is attached for packer element elastomers because these are large bulky components that are affected differently.

For those that prefer a question/answer checklist selection scheme is available in section 6. 3333 Summary of the selection process:Summary of the selection process:Summary of the selection process:Summary of the selection process:

STEP 1: Define the service conditions STEP 2: Application defines seal geometry

STEP 3: Temperature, chemistry & time defines material

In using this approach, the compromise between mechanical properties and chemical resistance should always be remembered. Nitrile and hydrogenated nitrile compounds have better

mechanical properties below 150ºC than fluoroelastomers. Improvement in chemical resistance is inevitably made at the expense of mechanical properties. Select for the mechanical application first then the chemical environment

The selection process is designed to take account two major causes of elastomer seal failure - chemical degradation and extrusion.

4444 Definition of conditions: Definition of conditions: Definition of conditions: Definition of conditions:

The conditions under which the seal will operate must be defined as accurately as possible. All eventualities and possibilities should be taken into account to ensure optimal materials selection. At the earliest opportunity, the user should try to define the following information:

C O N D I T I O N S T O D E F I N E C O N D I T I O N S T O D E F I N E C O N D I T I O N S T O D E F I N E C O N D I T I O N S T O D E F I N E B E F O R E S E A L S E L E C T I OB E F O R E S E A L S E L E C T I OB E F O R E S E A L S E L E C T I OB E F O R E S E A L S E L E C T I O N N N N Temperature Temperature Temperature Temperature Normal

Maximum and minimum extremes Frequency and rate of cycling Seal working pressure

Seal working pressure Seal working pressure

Seal working pressure Normal

Maximum and minimum extremes Frequency and rate of cycling

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S c h lu m b e rg e r P riv a te Fluid environment Fluid environment Fluid environment

Fluid environment Produced fluids – Water? Oil? Gas? H₂S? CO₂? Condensate Corrosion inhibitors Scale inhibitors Methanol Completion Fluids Acids Control fluids

Other chemicals that the seal will be exposed to Seal move

Seal move Seal move

Seal movementmentmentment Rotational or Reciprocating, Rate, Frequency, etc Lifetime required

Lifetime required Lifetime required

Lifetime required For example,

TCP – several weeks Workover - < 100 hours Completion seals - > 1 year

In many sealing applications, there may be a choice between elastomer, plastic and metal seal options. The basic service definition can be used to select the most appropriate seal material. 5555 Selection of material familySelection of material familySelection of material familySelection of material family

The selection of material family is based on resistance to heat and to chemical environment. In general, material family selection should be made by assessing the effects of individual

environmental components on elastomers. Final selection will come down to the material with the best performance across the range of media to be encountered.

The general heat and oil resistance of the more common seal materials is shown in the attached tables. This is a suitable starting point for selection of oilfield elastomers. The data for heat resistance are based on prolonged service in the absence of environmental effects. The environment, application and the seal type will affect the final rating.

In oil-production applications, NBR, nitrile is the starting standard choice for sweet conditions, up to approximately 135°C (275°F). HNBR, hydrogenated nitrile increases this limit to a maximum of 165°C (330°F). NBR and HNBR are also first choice in many arctic service applications because compounds are available for low temperature service. These are the toughest elastomers available up to the temperatures shown. In sour conditions and at higher temperatures FKM (Viton/Fluorel) fluoroelastomers can be selected for long duration service if the environment does not contain other factors that preclude Viton. FEPM (Aflas) material is selected if amine corrosion inhibitors or other factors are present at elevated temperature and if the low temperature

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requirements are not too severe. Chemraz and Kalrez FFKMs are used in hot or chemically very aggressive environments. Materials selection must take into account the requirements for low temperature sealing, and resistance to extrusion and explosive decompression.

It should also be noted that seal size has an effect on the way in which a material may be used. Small cross-section seals are normally more sensitive to chemical attack and high temperatures than larger cross-section packers.

GENERAL OILFIELD MAT GENERAL OILFIELD MATGENERAL OILFIELD MAT

GENERAL OILFIELD MATERIALS SELECTION ERIALS SELECTION ERIALS SELECTION ERIALS SELECTION Comments

Comments Comments Comments Low temperature

Low temperatureLow temperature

Low temperature Select according to glass transition temperature T_g

High temperature High temperatureHigh temperature

High temperature Temperature capabilities: FFKM > FEPM , FKM >HNBR> NBR

Pressure PressurePressure

Pressure Typically increase hardness with pressure

Crude CrudeCrude

Crude Effect: EPDM > NBR >HNBR>FEPM >FKM > FFKM

Aromatic solvents Aromatic solventsAromatic solvents

Aromatic solvents Effect: NBR>HNBR > FEPM > FKM > FFKM

Natural gas Natural gasNatural gas

Natural gas Effect: EPDM > NBR >HNBR >FKM > FEPM > FFKM

Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxideCarbon dioxide

Carbon dioxide No chemical effect but may cause ED problems above SSV

Hydrogen sulfide Hydrogen sulfideHydrogen sulfide

Hydrogen sulfide Effect: NBR >HNBR > FKM , FEPM > FFKM

Corrosion inhibitors Corrosion inhibitorsCorrosion inhibitors

Corrosion inhibitors Non-amine inhibitors have little effect

Effect of amines: FKM >NBR >HNBR > FEPM, FFKM Scale inhibitors

Scale inhibitorsScale inhibitors

Scale inhibitors Little effect in low concentrations unless amine containing

Bri BriBri

Brinesnesnesnes Low density chlorides OK

Zinc bromides: affect NBR and HNBR Alkaline brines: affect FKM

Formate brines: affect FKM, NBR and HNBR Acids

AcidsAcids

Acids NBR/HNBR/FKM OK for < 72 hrs.

FEPM/FFKM OK Hydraulic fluids

Hydraulic fluidsHydraulic fluids

Hydraulic fluids Water Glycol: No FKM. FEPM,HNBR,FFKM OK

Mineral oil: FEPM, HNBR, NBR, FKM, FFKM OK Phosphate esters: Affect NBR. Fluoroelastomers OK Alcohols

AlcoholsAlcohols

Alcohols Methanol: swells FKM if unconfined

Ethanol/glycol: less aggressive Produced & treated water

Produced & treated water Produced & treated water

Produced & treated water FKM can hydrolyze at high temperature >150ºC

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6666 Selection checklists Selection checklists Selection checklists Selection checklists

As mentioned above, in oilfield applications the general materials selection process consists of considering firstly the use of NBR, and then considering HNBR hydrogenated nitrile, FKM (Viton/Fluorel), FEPM (Aflas) and FFKM as subsequent options should NBR prove unsuitable. On the following pages, there are two materials selection checklists that have been compiled as an aid to materials selection for the non-materials expert. The checklists effectively summarize the more detailed descriptions of behavior found elsewhere in this section.

Each checklist consists of a series of statements for each material. These statements describe certain limitations of the materials, which disqualify it from use in a given circumstance. If any of the statements is applicable in a certain application, that material should not be used and the next upgrade needs to be considered in a similar fashion. The statements are constructed to be slightly conservative in the selections they give.

The general oilfield selection checklist is designed for selecting O-ring, T-seal and V-stack elastomer materials for long termdownhole applications. The second checklist has been designed for the more specialized and more closely defined application of downhole packers. NOTE

NOTE NOTE NOTE

In these checklists: NBR is nitrile; HNBR is hydrogenated nitrile; FKM is Viton or Fluorel fluoroelastomers; FEPM is Aflas; and FFKM is either Chemraz or Kalrez or equivalent. CHECKLIST

CHECKLIST CHECKLIST

CHECKLIST FOR FOR FOR FOR LONGLONGLONGLONG----TERM, STERM, STERM, STERM, SMALL CROSS SECTIONMALL CROSS SECTIONMALL CROSS SECTIONMALL CROSS SECTION GENERAL OILFIELD MATERIAL SELECTIONGENERAL OILFIELD MATERIAL SELECTIONGENERAL OILFIELD MATERIAL SELECTIONGENERAL OILFIELD MATERIAL SELECTION

T > 135°C (275°F) or T < -20°C (-5°F)? YES NO

H2S > 10 ppm? YES NO

Amines at > 120°C (250°F)? YES NO

Zinc bromide? YES NO

High aromatics at > 200°F? YES NO

Acids at > 275°F? YES NO

Halogenated hydrocarbons? YES NO

Phosphate esters? YES NO

Any YES Any YES Any YES

Any YES ---- Go on to consider next optionGo on to consider next optionGo on to consider next optionGo on to consider next option All NO All NO All NO All NO ---- Select NBR NitrileSelect NBR NitrileSelect NBR NitrileSelect NBR Nitrile

T > 163°C (325°F) or T < 5°C (40°F)? YES NO

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S c h lu m b e rg e r P riv a te Brines pH > 10.5 ? YES NO Amines at > 163°C (330°F)? YES NO

Zinc bromides? YES NO

Any YES ---- Go on to consider next optionGo on to consider next optionGo on to consider next optionGo on to consider next option All NO All NO All NO All NO ---- Select HNBR Hydrogenated NitrileSelect HNBR Hydrogenated NitrileSelect HNBR Hydrogenated NitrileSelect HNBR Hydrogenated Nitrile

T > 400°F or T < -10°C (10°F)? YES NO

Acids exposure > 72 hrs? YES NO

Brines pH > 10? YES NO

Water glycol control fluid YES NO

Methanol? YES NO

Steam/water at > 150°C (300°F)? YES NO

Any YES ---- Go on to consider next optionGo on to consider next optionGo on to consider next optionGo on to consider next option All NO All NO ---- Select FKM "Viton/Fluorel" fluoroelastomerAll NO All NO Select FKM "Viton/Fluorel" fluoroelastomerSelect FKM "Viton/Fluorel" fluoroelastomer Select FKM "Viton/Fluorel" fluoroelastomer

T > 450°F YES NO

Any YES ---- Go on to consider next optionGo on to consider next optionGo on to consider next option Go on to consider next option All NO All NO All NO All NO ---- Select Select FEPMSelect Select FEPMFEPMFEPM AflasAflasAflasAflas

T > 450°F YES NO

Any YES Select FFKM ChemrazSelect FFKM ChemrazSelect FFKM ChemrazSelect FFKM Chemraz, Kalrez, Kalrez, Kalrez, Kalrez

Any selection that is unclear indicates that it should be reviewed with materials engineering. Seal design may also affect temperature ratings. Pressure ratings will also affect temperature ratings. Remember that within any family there will be a variation in performance between grades - any one grade may not have the complete capability of the class as a whole. Further details should be sought for grade selection.

CHECKLIST FOR DOWNHOLE CHECKLIST FOR DOWNHOLE CHECKLIST FOR DOWNHOLE

CHECKLIST FOR DOWNHOLE LONG TLONG TLONG TLONG TERM ERM ERM ERM PACKER PACKER PACKER PACKER ELEMENTELEMENTELEMENT MATERIAL SELECTIONELEMENTMATERIAL SELECTIONMATERIAL SELECTION MATERIAL SELECTION

T > 130°C (275°F) or T < 5°C (40°F)? YES NO

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S c h lu m b e rg e r P riv a te Amines at > 120°C (250°F)? YES NO

Any YES ---- Go on to consider next optionGo on to consider next optionGo on to consider next optionGo on to consider next option All NO All NO All NO All NO ---- Select NBR NitrSelect NBR NitrSelect NBR NitrSelect NBR Nitrileileile ile

T > 163°C (325°F) or T < 5°C (40°F)? YES NO

Brines pH > 10.5? YES NO

Any YES ---- Go on to consider next optionGo on to consider next optionGo on to consider next optionGo on to consider next option All NO All NO All NO All NO ---- Select HNBR Hydrogenated NitrileSelect HNBR Hydrogenated NitrileSelect HNBR Hydrogenated NitrileSelect HNBR Hydrogenated Nitrile

T > 230°C (450°F) or T < 66°C (150°F)? YES NO

Any YES ---- Special application. Contact Materials Special application. Contact Materials Special application. Contact Materials Special application. Contact Materials Engineering Engineering Engineering Engineering All NO All NO All NO

All NO ---- Select Select Select Select FEPMFEPMFEPMFEPM AflasAflasAflasAflas

Remember that within any family there will be a variation in performance between grades - any one grade may not have the complete capability of the class as a whole. Further details should be sought for grade selection.

7 Documentation and Retention:Documentation and Retention:Documentation and Retention: Documentation and Retention:

This procedure shall be reviewed for its continuing use, five years (minimum) from the date of release.

8 Required Approvals: MatEng (PDMS Project)

Author Revised By- Charles Edwards Des. Eng. Enter Name: Alice Van Dyke

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S c h lu m b e rg e r P riv a te Environment: Environment: Environment:

Environment: NeopreneNeopreneNeopreneNeoprene® ® ® ®

fiber reinforced fiber reinforced fiber reinforced

fiber reinforced NitrileNitrileNitrileNitrile HNBRHNBRHNBRHNBR VitonVitonVitonViton

® ®® ® _Aflas Aflas Aflas Aflas®®®® _Chemraz Chemraz Chemraz Chemraz®®®® _Kalrez Kalrez Kalrez Kalrez®®®®

Maximum recommended temperature Maximum recommended temperatureMaximum recommended temperature

Maximum recommended temperature 275°F 275°F 325°F 400°F 450°F 550°F 550°F

Minimum recommended temperature Minimum recommended temperatureMinimum recommended temperature

Minimum recommended temperature 75°F minus 40°F minus 40°F 40°F 75°F 40°F 75°F

Crude oil OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Natural gas w/ condensate OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Formation or injected water OKOKOKOK Up to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°F Up to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°F Up to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK H2S NONONONO Up to 10 ppmUp to 10 ppmUp to 10 ppmUp to 10 ppm Up to 100 ppm Up to 100 ppm Up to 100 ppm Up to 100 ppm Up to 375°FUp to 375°FUp to 375°FUp to 375°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK CO2 Gas OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Water based mud Up to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°F Up to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°F Up to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°F Up to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Oil based mud OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Ester containing mud NONONONO NONONONO NONONONO OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Diesel OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Brine completion fluid, pH <10.5 OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Up to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Brine completion fluid, pH >10.5 NONONONO NONONONO NONONONO NONONONO OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Sea water OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK

Calcium Bromide OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Up to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Zinc bromide NONONONO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO Up to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Amine based inhibitors NONONONO Up to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°F Up to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°F Up to 200°FUp to 200°FUp to 200°FUp to 200°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Hydraulic oil, mineral oil OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Hydraulic oil, approved synthetic OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Water glycol hydraulic fluid, pH <9 Up to 200°FUp to 200°FUp to 200°FUp to 200°F Up to 200°FUp to 200°FUp to 200°FUp to 200°F Up to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°F NONONONO OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Water glycol hydraulic fluid, pH >9 NONONONO Up to 200°FUp to 200°FUp to 200°FUp to 200°F Up to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°F NONONONO OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK

Hydrocarbon solvents,aliphatic eg Hexane,

Kerosene NONONONO Up to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°F Up to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Hydrocarbon solvents, aromatic eg

Xylene,Toluene NONONONO Up to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°F Up to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Hydrocarbon solvents, cholorinated NONONONO Up to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°F Up to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK

Hydrocarbon solvents, oxygenated Up to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°F Up to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°F Up to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°F Up to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Methanol, dry Up to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°F Up to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°F Up to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°F Up to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK HCl acid Up to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°F Up to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°FUp to 250°F Up to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°F Up to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°F Up to 400°FUp to 400°FUp to 400°FUp to 400°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK HF/HCl NONONONO Up to 200°FUp to 200°FUp to 200°FUp to 200°F Up to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°F Up to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°F Up to 400°FUp to 400°FUp to 400°FUp to 400°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Acetic acid NONONONO Up to 200°FUp to 200°FUp to 200°FUp to 200°F Up to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°FUp to 325°F Up to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°FUp to 300°F OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Steam NONONONO NONONONO NONONONO NONONONO OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK

Recommended temperatures under the BESTBESTBESTBEST conditions based on in-house tests and qualified compounds . There are case by case exceptions because of mixed environments and because of time of exposure. Environments vary and chemicals or fluids such as inhibitors vary.

There are exceptions to most categories. Consult materials engineering for clarification.

Use this table for seals with smaller cross sections including packing in stacks intended for long term servicelong term servicelong term service in completion equipment.long term service Yellow shading indicates caution that may be due to a temperature limitation or

perhaps a mechanical limit, for example due to resistance to decompression damage.

Elastomer families - Qualified compounds only Elastomer families - Qualified compounds only Elastomer families - Qualified compounds only

Elastomer families - Qualified compounds only****

LONG-TERM APPLICATIONS LONG-TERM APPLICATIONS LONG-TERM APPLICATIONS LONG-TERM APPLICATIONS * ** *

No one compound covers the entire temperature range shown for the family ! No one compound covers the entire temperature range shown for the family ! No one compound covers the entire temperature range shown for the family ! No one compound covers the entire temperature range shown for the family !

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S c h lu m b e rg e r P riv a te E n v i r o n m e n t : E n v i r o n m e n t : E n v i r o n m e n t : E n v i r o n m e n t : N i t ri l eN i t ri l eN i t ri l eN i t ri l e H N B RH N B RH N B RH N B R V i t o n ®V i t o n ®V i t o n ®V i t o n ® A f l a s ®A f l a s ®A f l a s ®A f l a s ® C h e m ra z ® C h e m ra z ® C h e m ra z ® C h e m ra z ® K a l re z ® K a l re z ® K a l re z ® K a l re z ® M a x im u m r e c o m m e n d e d t e m p e r a t u r e * M a x im u m r e c o m m e n d e d t e m p e r a t u r e * M a x im u m r e c o m m e n d e d t e m p e r a t u r e * M a x im u m r e c o m m e n d e d t e m p e r a t u r e * 3 0 0 ° F 3 5 0 ° F 4 5 0 ° F 4 5 0 ° F 5 5 0 ° F M in im u m r e c o m m e n d e d t e m p e r a t u r e * M in im u m r e c o m m e n d e d t e m p e r a t u r e * M in im u m r e c o m m e n d e d t e m p e r a t u r e * M in im u m r e c o m m e n d e d t e m p e r a t u r e * m in u s 4 0 ° F m in u s 4 0 ° F 4 0 ° F 7 5 ° F 4 0 ° F C ru d e o il O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K N a tu ra l g a s w / c o n d e n s a te O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K F o rm a tio n o r in je c te d w a te r U p t o 3 0 0 ° FU p t o 3 0 0 ° FU p t o 3 0 0 ° FU p t o 3 0 0 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F 3 7 5 ° F M a x . 3 7 5 ° F M a x . 3 7 5 ° F M a x . 3 7 5 ° F M a x . p H < 1 0 , p H < 1 0 , p H < 1 0 , p H < 1 0 , n o a m i n e n o a m i n en o a m i n e n o a m i n e O K O KO K O K O KO KO KO K H2S U p t o 1 0 0 p p mU p t o 1 0 0 p p mU p t o 1 0 0 p p mU p t o 1 0 0 p p m U p t o 1 0 0 0 p p m U p t o 1 0 0 0 p p m U p t o 1 0 0 0 p p m U p t o 1 0 0 0 p p m O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K C O2 G a s O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K W a te r b a s e d m u d U p t o 3 0 0 ° FU p t o 3 0 0 ° FU p t o 3 0 0 ° FU p t o 3 0 0 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F 3 7 5 ° F M a x . 3 7 5 ° F M a x . 3 7 5 ° F M a x . 3 7 5 ° F M a x . p H < 1 0 , p H < 1 0 , p H < 1 0 , p H < 1 0 , n o a m i n e n o a m i n en o a m i n e n o a m i n e O K O KO K O K O KO KO KO K O il b a s e d m u d O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K E s te r c o n ta in in g m u d N ON ON ON O N ON ON ON O O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K D ie s e l O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K B rin e c o m p le tio n flu id , p H < 1 0 O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K B rin e c o m p le tio n flu id , p H > 1 0 N ON ON ON O N ON ON ON O N ON ON ON O O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K S e a w a te r O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K

C a lc iu m B ro m id e O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K Z in c b ro m id e N ON ON ON O N ON ON ON O U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K A m in e b a s e d in h ib ito rs U p t o 2 5 0 ° FU p t o 2 5 0 ° FU p t o 2 5 0 ° FU p t o 2 5 0 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F U p t o 2 0 0 ° FU p t o 2 0 0 ° FU p t o 2 0 0 ° FU p t o 2 0 0 ° F O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K H y d ra u lic o il, m in e ra l o il O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K H y d ra u lic o il, a p p ro v e d s y n th e tic O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K W a te r g ly c o l h y d ra u lic flu id , p H < 9 U p t o 2 0 0 ° FU p t o 2 0 0 ° FU p t o 2 0 0 ° FU p t o 2 0 0 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F N ON ON ON O O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K W a te r g ly c o l h y d ra u lic flu id , p H > 9 N ON ON ON O N ON ON ON O N ON ON ON O O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K H y d ro c a rb o n s o lv e n ts ,a lip h a tic e g H e x a n e , K e ro s e n e U p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K H y d ro c a rb o n s o lv e n ts , a ro m a tic e g X y le n e ,T o lu e n e U p t o 2 5 0 ° FU p t o 2 5 0 ° FU p t o 2 5 0 ° FU p t o 2 5 0 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K H y d ro c a rb o n s o lv e n ts , c h o lo rin a te d O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K H y d ro c a rb o n s o lv e n ts , o x y g e n a te d U p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K M e th a n o l, d ry U p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K H C l a c id U p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F U p t o 4 0 0 ° FU p t o 4 0 0 ° FU p t o 4 0 0 ° FU p t o 4 0 0 ° F O KO KO KO K H F /H C l U p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F U p t o 4 0 0 ° FU p t o 4 0 0 ° FU p t o 4 0 0 ° FU p t o 4 0 0 ° F O KO KO KO K A c e tic a c id U p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° FU p t o 2 7 5 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F U p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° FU p t o 3 5 0 ° F O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K S te a m N ON ON ON O N ON ON ON O N ON ON ON O O KO KO KO K O KO KO KO K

R e c o m m e n d e d te m p e ra tu re s u n d e r th e B E S TB E S TB E S TB E S T c o n d itio n s b a s e d o n te ste d a n d q u a lifie d c o m p o u n d s o n ly T h e re a re c a s e b y c a se e x c e p tio n s b e c a u s e o f m ix e d e n viro n m e n ts a n d b e c a u s e o f tim e o f e x p o s u re . T h is ta b le is fo r s h o r t - t e r m e x p o s u r es h o r t - t e r m e x p o s u r es h o r t - t e r m e x p o s u r e .s h o r t - t e r m e x p o s u r e * ** *_{N o o n e c o m p o u n d c o v e r s th e e n tir e te m p e r a tu r e r a n g e s h o w n fo r th e fa m ily !} N o o n e c o m p o u n d c o v e r s th e e n tir e te m p e r a tu r e r a n g e s h o w n fo r th e fa m ily ! N o o n e c o m p o u n d c o v e r s th e e n tir e te m p e r a tu r e r a n g e s h o w n fo r th e fa m ily ! N o o n e c o m p o u n d c o v e r s th e e n tir e te m p e r a tu r e r a n g e s h o w n fo r th e fa m ily ! E l a s t o m e r f a m i l i e s - Q u a l i f i e d c o m p o u n d s o n l y E l a s t o m e r f a m i l i e s - Q u a l i f i e d c o m p o u n d s o n l y E l a s t o m e r f a m i l i e s - Q u a l i f i e d c o m p o u n d s o n l y E l a s t o m e r f a m i l i e s - Q u a l i f i e d c o m p o u n d s o n l y**** S H O R T - T E R M A P P L I C A T I O N S S H O R T - T E R M A P P L I C A T I O N S S H O R T - T E R M A P P L I C A T I O N S S H O R T - T E R M A P P L I C A T I O N S

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Selection Guidelines for Packer Elements in Various Environments Selection Guidelines for Packer Elements in Various EnvironmentsSelection Guidelines for Packer Elements in Various Environments Selection Guidelines for Packer Elements in Various Environments

Elastomer families Elastomer families Elastomer families Elastomer families ----Select QualifieSelect QualifieSelect QualifieSelect Qualified compounds onlyd compounds onlyd compounds onlyd compounds only Environment: Environment: Environment: Environment: NitrileNitrile NitrileNitrile HNBR HNBRHNBRHNBR AflasAflasAflasAflas®®®®

VitonVitonVitonViton®®®® Maximum TemperatureMaximum TemperatureMaximum Temperature Maximum Temperature 275°F275°F275°F275°F 350°F 350°F350°F350°F 450°F450°F450°F450°F 350°F Minimum TemperatureMinimum TemperatureMinimum Temperature Minimum Temperature 40°F40°F40°F40°F 40°F 40°F40°F40°F 75°F75°F75°F75°F 75°F

Crude oil OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OK

Natural gas w/ condensate OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OK

Formation or injected water Up to 275°Up to 275°FFFF Up to 275°Up to 275° Up to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°F OKOKOKOK Up to 300°F H2S Up to 100 ppmUp to 100 ppmUp to 100 ppmUp to 100 ppm Up to 1000 ppm Up to 1000 ppm Up to 1000 ppm Up to 1000 ppm OKOKOKOK Up to 300°F

CO2 OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OK

Water based muds OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Up to 300°F

Oil based muds OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OK

Ester containing muds NO NO NO NO ???????? OKOKOKOK NO

Diesel OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OK

Brine completion fluid, pH <10.5 OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Up to 300°F

Sea water or calcium bromide OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK OKOKOKOK Up to 300°F

Zinc bromide NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO OKOKOKOK Up to 300°F

Brine Completion fluid, pH >10.5 NO NO NO NO NO NO NO NO OKOKOKOK NO

Amine based inhibitors Up to 250°FUp to 250°F Up to 250°FUp to 250°F Up to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°F OKOKOKOK Up to 200°F Hydrocarbon solvents UUp to 275°FUUp to 275°Fp to 275°Fp to 275°F Up to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°F OKOKOKOK OK HCl acid Up to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°F Up to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°F OKOKOKOK Up to 300°F HF/HCl Up to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°F Up to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°F OKOKOKOK Up to 300°F Acetic acid Up to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°F Up to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°F OKOKOKOK NO Methanol Up to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°FUp to 275°F Up to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°FUp to 350°F OKOKOKOK Up to 300°F Steam NONONONO NONONONO OKOKOKOK NO

Recommended temperature range based on material capability.

All materials and all temperature ranges are not available for every packer. There are case by case short term exceptions.

Environments vary and chemicals or fluids such as inhibitors vary.

There are exceptions to most categories. Consult materials engineering for clarification. Yellow shading indicates caution that may be due to a temperature limitation or perhaps a mechanical concern, for example resistance to running, extrusion or decompression damage.