Welcome!
Turn in Steps 1 (and 2)
• Essay scoring based on Honors Writing
Rubric found in Basics Packet. A sample
essay with comments can be found in Unit
Packet 1, p. 46
– Context
– Thesis
– Structure
– Logic
– Evidence
• Example: How did
pastoral nomads
affect civilizations?
– Trade
• Linking Fertile Crescent
– Conquest
• Hittites, Aryans, Mycenaeans, Assyrians– Diffusion of tech
• Wheels/Chariots • Iron– Diffusion of religion
• Judaism • Vedic beliefs• Outline essay
possibilities for:
– How did philosophers
react to the challenges
facing classical
civilizations from 700
BCE to 200 BCE?
• Answer – Evidence • Answer • AnswerInnovations
Formation of the “Classics”
Ca. 1000-200 BCE
Daoist Medicine: Chi/Qi
• Medicine
– Fengshi (herbal, anaesthetic,
acupuncture, pulses, qi
energy)
– Immortality through herbal
– Anaesthetic wine and
acupuncture
• Architecture: balance,
accomodation
India: Challenges to Varna
• Brahmins dominate all
• Other varna looking for something in this
life…
– Yogi practice
– Ascetism
The Boy Had It All
Three
Palaces
One for Winter
One for Spring
And One for Summer!
Hundreds
of Beautiful
Servant
Girls
The Best
Education
All of them could dance, sing, and play music!
He studied writing, cleanliness, arithmetic,
military skills, and sports
Life Was Very Good
for Siddhartha
He lived a life of pure pleasure.
He Was Not Happy
• His father, the king, kept Siddhartha sheltered
from the real world.
• Siddhartha would often contemplate his
censored existence.
• He grew more and more curious about what
laid beyond the palace walls.
Four Life-Changing
Encounters
• 1
st
►The Old Man
• 2
nd
►
The Sick Man
• 3
rd
►
The Dead Man
• Siddhartha saw these things
and became deeply
saddened
• 4
th
►The Ascetic
“Only when you have given up the desires and pleasures
of the world like riches and comfort, can you be free
from the suffering in the world. I find my peace by
helping other people find theirs.”
Siddhartha Gotama
• Asceticism
• Gotama sat for 49
days in meditation
under the bo tree,
until he received
enlightenment
• Buddha: “the
Four Noble Truths
• All life involves suffering
• Desire is the cause of suffering
• Elimination of desire brings an end to suffering
• The Noble Eightfold Path (“Middle Way”) will eliminate
desire
Persian Innovation: Achaemenid
Dynasty
• Geography
– Irrigation allowed movement from mountains to plains
– Qanat
• Underground • Vertical shafts
• Organization of labor
• Society: warriors, magi
priests, peasants
• Cyrus (550-530 BCE)
unifies Medes and Persians
after Assyria defeated
Unit Packet, pp. 8-12
1. How did Zoroastrianism spread?
2. What Zoroastrian beliefs seem similar to other faiths of the Mediterranean?
3. What does Zoroaster say about suffering and evil?
4. What did Gautama find troubling in his life, according to legend? 5. How did he try to find answers?
6. What methods “worked”, bringing him “enlightenment”? 7. What does Gautama say about suffering and evil?
8. Which belief system do you think offers a more persuasive account of suffering and evil? Why?
9. In what ways might your previous answer be shaped by your upbringing?
10. Some societies were exposed to both of these belief systems. What differences would these beliefs make in people’s lives?
Causes of the Persian Wars
•Greek colonization and
Persian expansion
•Ionian Revolt against
the Persians
Welcome To
Classical
Greece!!
•Government? •Problems?•Beliefs about what is important in life?
Greek Themes, 2000 BCE-500 BCE
1. Mycenaean nomads invaded and set up city-states under the control of war leaders, who became kings over time
2. Dorian nomads invaded and writing was lost for a time.
3. The city-state (polis) became significant, because of the mountains.
4. Monarchies became aristocracies or oligarchies (rule by the few landowning rich or by the few merchant rich).
5. Development of the phalanx was crucial to the polis and made the average citizen-hoplite soldier significant in military terms.
Greek Themes, 2000 BCE-500 BCE
6. When oligarchies ruled for the rich, tyrants (leaders of poor people)
sometimes rose to power.
7. Military needs gave citizens in some of the poleis more political
rights (democracy), but there were still slaves and women had few
rights except in Sparta
The Phalanx
Causes of the Persian Wars
•Greek colonization and
Persian expansion
•Ionian Revolt against
the Persians
The Second Persian War
• The Persian emperor Xerxes has invaded Greece, looking
to avenge his father’s loss ten years before. Xerxes wishes
to destroy Athens completely.
• You are a member of one of the key Greek city-states.
Your job is to do the best you can for your polis. Make a
deal with Xerxes, form alliances with some or all of the
other poleis…it’s up to you. A group may play Xerxes.
• You will be provided with a number indicating the
strength of your army. The number will be between 1 and
15. Xerxes will travel with between 20 and 40, depending
on how many troops he leaves behind.
The Second Persian War, p.21
• The simulation will happen in turns, as Xerxes moves
toward the attack on Athens.
• You may make whatever arrangements you want, but no
arrangement has to be followed when the action actually
happens.
• Decide quickly. Events happen with or without your being
ready.
• If there are battles, whichever side has the most points
wins. If the points are equal or close, the issue will be left
to Tyche (fate, the roll of the die).
2
nd
Persian War, 480
BCE
Thermopylae: Spartan force under
Leonidas holds off Xerxes and buys
crucial time for Athens
Salamis: Athenians abandon Athens and
force Xerxes to fight in narrow straits in
sea, Athens wins
Plataea: Athens leads coalition against
remaining Persian forces
Delian League: Athens raises
contributions from other poleis to build
unified Greek navy
300: Fact or Fiction?
Decision Time:
Athens or Sparta
• Before the Persian Wars, would
you rather live in Athens or
Sparta? Why?
• Think of society, culture,
economics and politics
• First, Look at Docs
• Second, Ask questions
• Third, Prepare to explain
Press Conference
■
Example Question asked of the
Athenian representative:
– Background: Many Spartans are not
convinced they should risk helot rebellion
by sending troops away,
– Question: What would the Spartans have
to gain from intervening for Athens?
Population
Athens
•
140,000 people
•
100,000 were slaves
•
40,000 citizens
•
Many aliens
Sparta
• 110,000 people
• 100,000 slaves
• 10,000 citizens
Education
Athens
•
Curriculum
•
Early Education
•
Later Education
•
Military Training
Sparta
•
Taken at 7
•
No Possessions
•
Placed into the
ranks
Women
Athenian
•
Kept at Home
•
Wives = Property
•
Domestic
Responsibilities
•
Ritual Events
•
Prostitution
Spartan
•
Education
•
Relative Equality
•
Goal = Strong Babies
•
Age 18 and Husband
Assignment
•
Freedom of Movement
•
Property Rights
Empire Building
Athens
•
Delian League
•
Strong Navy
•
Built on Trade
•
Democratic Values
•
Cultural
Superiority
Sparta
•
Peloponnesian
League
•
Strong Army
•
Militaristic Values
•
The “Spartan
Way”
Legacies
Athenian
•
Art, architecture, drama and literature,
philosophy, science, medicine, democracy and
trial by jury
Spartan
•
Military supremacy and simple lifestyle are the
major inspiration behind the philosopher
Plato's book 'The Republic' - the first attempt
to formulate an 'ideal' community.
Horse Races: China,
India, Greece
■
2000 BCE: Shang, Indo-European
■
1200 BCE: Bronze Age Collapse
■
1000 BCE: Zhou, Vedas
■
600 BCE: Greek city-states
■
400 BCE: Warring States, Greek
expansion
Athenians control sea, Sparta the
land
Athens goes inside walls, but has
plague outbreak (Pericles dies)
Neither side can gain victory
Alcibiades tries to gain Sicily and
fails, betrays Athens
Peloponnesian War, 431-404
BCE
Socrates
■
Fought in Peloponnesian War
■
Viewed Athenian democracy
as foolish
■
Truth through debate and logic
(dialectic)
■
Put on trial for atheism and
corruption of the youth
Plato
■
The Republic
–
Allegory of the Cave:
most people are
comfortable with
ignorance
–
Education: choose the
best and train them to
question authority
The Challenge of Aristotle
■
Student of Plato
■
Believed in sensory
evidence: empiricism: only
believe what you can sense
■
Theory of the Golden Mean:
live a life of moderation
Was Alexander Great?
Unit packet, p. 30b
Macedon Triumphant
Greek military tactics studied by Philip II
Alliances by marriage
Alexander Takes Power
Abusive father murdered
Initial challenge by generals
Revolt by Thebes
Alexander vs. Persia
■
Egypt
■
Issus and Gaugamela
■
Marriage Policy
Alexander in
India
Elephant cavalry
Battle at Hydaspes
“Mutiny”
The Hellenistic World:
Philosophy
■
“Tyche”
■
Salvation religions
■
Stoicism
■
Epicureanism
Greek Indian Gandharan
