Post 9/11 and the State of Permanent Legal Emergency

Post 9/11 and the State of Permanent

Legal Emergency

IUS GENTIUM

Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice

VOLUME 14

Series Editors

Board of Editors

Myroslava Antonovych (Kyiv-Mohyla Academy)

Nadia de Araujo (Ponti fi cal Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro) Jasna Bakšic-Muftic (University of Sarajevo)

David L. Carey Miller (University of Aberdeen) Loussia P. Musse Félix (University of Brasília) Emanuel Gross (University of Haifa)

James E. Hickey Jr. (Hofstra University) Jan Klabbers (University of Helsinki)

Claudia Lima Marques (Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul) Aniceto Masferrer (University of Valencia)

Eric Millard (West Paris University) Gabriël Moens (Murdoch University)

Raul C. Pangalangan (University of the Philippines) Ricardo Leite Pinto (Lusíada University of Lisbon) Mizanur Rahman (University of Dhaka)

Keita Sato (Chuo University)

Poonam Saxena (University of Delhi)

Gerry Simpson (London School of Economics) Eduard Somers (University of Ghent)

Xinqiang Sun (Shandong University) Tadeusz Tomaszewski (Warsaw University) Jaap W. de Zwaan (Erasmus University Rotterdam)

For further volumes:

Aniceto Masferrer

Editor

Post 9/11 and the State

of Permanent Legal

Emergency

Security and Human Rights

in Countering Terrorism

Editor

Aniceto Masferrer Faculty of Law

Comparative Legal History University of Valencia Avda. de los Naranjos Valencia, Spain

ISBN 978-94-007-4061-7 ISBN 978-94-007-4062-4 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-4062-4

Springer Dordrecht Heidelberg New York London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2012938035 © Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2012

This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifi cally the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfi lms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. Exempted from this legal reservation are brief excerpts in connection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifi cally for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law.

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Printed on acid-free paper

v

This book is devoted to exploring an age-old problem which touches upon people’s lives and requires constant deliberation: the necessity of limiting State power to protect individuals, including non-citizens. Accordingly, it is important to recognize human rights which exist prior to the state. These pre-political or natural rights lie beyond the siren song of sovereignty and are not negotiable whether through legislation, executive power (or otherwise). Protecting these rights, as conceived in law, avoids allowing the excessive exercise of State power, a power which is otherwise neither limited nor restrained.

In countering terrorism, the State is not allowed to exercise unrestrained power. It may not rely on a supposed national or popular sovereignty or even on the legiti-macy of the democratic process. While establishing limits on State power and law-making may not completely resolve the complex relationship between national security and the protection of fundamental rights, it may moderate the State’s often excessive utilitarian approach which, focusing more on the quantum than on quod , ignores the pre-political dimension of human rights and trivializes – if not ignores – the dignity of each human being, leaving him/her unprotected from the absolute power of Leviathan.

This collective monograph is the result of a research project which started in 2009 and took an important step forward in the context of an International Workshop on ‘Security and Human Rights in Countering Terrorism’, celebrated at the University of Valencia in July 7, 2010. Later, many Workshop participants and other distinguished scholars became involved and put this project together. I’m grateful to all of them for their generous co-operation and academic excellence. I also give thanks to the Fundación Universitas for its support in partially sponsoring this project (www.fundacionuniversitas.org). Moreover, I wish to express gratitude to Mortimer Sellers and James Maxeiner, the Series Editors in the ‘Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice’, for allowing the publication of this book in their prestigious Springer’s collection.

Valencia Aniceto Masferrer

vii 1 Introduction: Security, Criminal Justice and Human

Rights in Countering Terrorism in the Post 9/11 Era ... 1 Aniceto Masferrer

Part I State Power and Legal Responses from an Historical Perspective

2 The State Power and the Limits of the Principle

of Sovereignty: An Historical Approach ... 15 Aniceto Masferrer and Juan A. Obarrio

3 Legal Concepts of Terrorism as Political Crime and International Criminal Law in Eighteenth

and Nineteenth Century Europe ... 53 Karl Härter

Part II De fi ning Terrorism

4 Civilising the Exception: Universally De fi ning Terrorism ... 79 Ben Saul

5 Terrorism: Limits Between Crime and War.

The Fallacy of the Slogan ‘War on Terror’ ... 101

Mariona Llobet

Part III Keeping Counter-Terrorism Within the Criminal Law Justice?

6 The Impact of Contemporary Security Agendas

Against Terrorism on the Substantive Criminal Law... 121

Clive Walker

viii Contents 7 The War on Terror and Crusading Judges: Re-establishing

the Primacy of the Criminal Justice System ... 153

Francesca Galli

8 Secret Evidence and Its Alternatives ... 179

Kent Roach

9 Evolution of British Law on Terrorism:

From Ulster to Global Terrorism (1970–2010) ... 201

Leandro Martínez-Peñas and Manuela Fernández-Rodríguez

10 Australian Responses to 9/11: New World Legal Hybrids? ... 223

Simon Bronitt and Susan Donkin

11 Democratic States’ Response to Terrorism: A Comparative Re fl ection on the Perceived Role of the Judiciary

in the Protection of Human Rights and Civil Liberties ... 241

Marinella Marmo

12 The U.S. Response to Cuban and Puerto Rican

Right-Wing Terrorism in the Pre and Post 9/11 Era ... 259

José M. Atiles-Osoria

Part IV Counter-Terrorism from an International-Law Perspective 13 Permanent Legal Emergencies and the Derogation Clause

in International Human Rights Treaties: A Contradiction? ... 287

Christopher Michaelsen

14 National Self-Defence in the Age of Terrorism:

Immediacy and State Attribution ... 315

Mark D. Kielsgard

ix José M. Atiles-Osoria Centro de Estudos Sociais , University of Coimbra , Coimbra , Portugal

Simon Bronitt ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security , Brisbane , QLD , Australia

Susan Donkin ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security , Brisbane , QLD , Australia

Manuela Fernández-Rodríguez Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Vicálvaro/Madrid , Spain

Francesca Galli FNRS Post-Doctoral Researcher, Institut d’Etudes Européennes,

Université Libre de Bruxelles , Brussels , Belgium

Karl Härter Max-Planck-Institut für europäische Rechtsgeschichte , Frankfurt am Main , Germany

Mark D. Kielsgard City University of Hong Kong, School of Law , City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon Tong , Kowloon , Hong Kong

Mariona Llobet Faculty of Law , Universitat Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona , Spain

Marinella Marmo Studies in Criminal Justice, School of Law , Flinders University , Adelaide , SA , Australia

Leandro Martínez-Peñas Facultad de Ciencias Jurídicas y Sociales , Universidad Rey Juan Carlos , Vicálvaro/Madrid , Spain

Aniceto Masferrer Faculty of Law , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain

Christopher Michaelsen Faculty of Law , University of New South Wales , Sydney , NSW , Australia

x Contributors Juan A. Obarrio Faculty of Law , University of Valencia , Valencia , Spain

Kent Roach Faculty of Law , University of Toronto , Toronto , ON , Canada

Ben Saul Sydney Centre for International Law, Faculty of Law , The University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia

Clive Walker Centre for Criminal Justice Studies, School of Law , University of Leeds , Leeds , UK