Modern Techniques for Concrete Pavement Design

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Modern Techniques

for Concrete

Pavement Design

Robert Rodden, P.E.

Director of Technical Services & Product Development

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km of Paved Roadway by Country

500.000 1.000.000 1.500.000 2.000.000 2.500.000 3.000.000 3.500.000 4.000.000 4.500.000 5.000.000

Source: CIA’s World Factbook

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km of Paved Roadway per km

2

AREA

0,45 0,49 0,16 2,84 1,41 0,05 1,35 1,81 1,62 0,04 0,02 0,50 1,00 1,50 2,00 2,50 3,00

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m of Paved Roadway per PERSON

14,0 1,3 1,2 7,5 15,0 5,4 14,8 7,9 8,0 11,9 0,4 2,0 4,0 6,0 8,0 10,0 12,0 14,0 16,0

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GDP per m of Paved Roadway

$3.379 $1.064 $3.765 $5.694 $2.626 $1.924 $2.064 $5.092 $4.240 $3.868 $10.258 $2.000 $4.000 $6.000 $8.000 $10.000 $12.000

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Where are Concrete Pavements?

Australia Austria Belgium Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile China Costa Rica Czech Republic Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador France Germany Ghana Guatemala Honduras India Indonesia Iran Italy Japan Kenya Kingdom of Bahrain Mexico Netherlands New Zealand Nicaragua Norway Pakistan Peru Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Russia South Africa South Korea Spain Sweden Switzerland Taiwan Thailand Turkey Uruguay United Kingdom USA

… and others ACPA isn’t aware of yet...

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...If You Should be or Are on the List…

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Pavement Engineering

…the art of molding

materials we do not

wholly understand into

shapes we cannot

precisely analyze so as to

withstand forces we

cannot assess in such a

way that the community

at large has no reason to

suspect our ignorance.

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Belgium

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Peru PANEL WIDTH Guatemala Bolivia Chile CLIMATE TRAFFIC CURING

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China Understand Heavy Traffic!

640,000 km added in the last 4 years!?!?!?

70%+ is Concrete

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Spain Mexico El Salvador USA CURB AND GUTTER CONSTRUCTION METHOD SHOULDER GEOMETRICS

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USA

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South Africa

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Kenya

SURFACE TEXTURE

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USA

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Bolivia Ecuador Dominican Republic ETC… MATERIALS

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Precast Concrete Pavement in the

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Precast Concrete Pavement in Indonesia

35 km Built

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Much Variety in Design Methods

DARWin-ME, WinPAS/AASHTO 93 USA, Canada

TCPavements Chile, Guatemala, Peru

cncPave South Africa

VENCON2.0 Belgium, Netherlands

Custom Catalog Germany

IRC Guide India

StreetPave, PCA Method Australia, Portugal, USA, _{Canada, Uruguay}

IP-07/2004 Brazil

CHAUSSEE2 Canada

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AASHO Road Test (1958-1960)

Included both concrete and

asphalt designs

Included a wide range of axle

loads and pavement

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AASHO Test Traffic

Max Single Axle

Max Tandem Axle

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Some AASHO Results – Average

Serviceability of Surviving

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AASHTO Design Procedures &

Changes

1961-62 AASHO Interim Guide for the Design of Rigid and Flexible Pavements

1972 AASHTO Interim Guide for the Design of Pavement Structures – Consolidate + update

1981 Revised Chapter III on Portland Cement Concrete Pavement Design – Minor revisions

1986 Guide for the Design of Pavement Structures - Major revisions to subgrade support; added

overlays, reliability, LCCA, pavement management 1993 Revised Overlay Design Procedures – Addressed

deficiencies in 86 overlay design; basis of WinPAS 2010 DARWin-METM_{– Mechanistic principles added}

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Log(ESALs) Z * s + 7.35 * Log(D + 1) - 0.06 = _R _o

(

+ Log PSI 4.5 - 1.5 1 + 1.624 * 10 D+1) 7             D 8.46 Standard

Normal Deviate Overall _{Standard Deviation}

Depth +(4.22-0.32p_t)*Log

[

]

(

)

S' C D 1.132 215.63 * J * D - 18.42 E / k c d 0.75 0.75 c -                    0 25 . * * Change in Serviceability Terminal Serviceability Drainage Coefficient Load Transfer Modulus of Rupture Modulus

of Elasticity Modulus of Subgrade Reaction

1986-93 Concrete Pavement Design

Equation

EMPIRICAL DESIGN

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StreetPave’s Origins

PCA thickness design methodology for JPCP

first published in 1966

used slab stress/fatigue as the sole design criterion for determining thickness

updated in 1984

failure by erosion (pumping) edge support

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StreetPave’s Origins

StreetPave

released in 2005 by ACPA

tailored for streets and roads

improvements included:

enhanced concrete fatigue model w/reliability component ability to analyze tridem axles in the traffic spectrum

new recommendations for dowel bars, joint spacing, subgrade/subbase moduli, etc.

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Fatigue – Total Damage

Cumulative damage:

where,

FD

_total

= total fatigue damage, %

FD

_single

= fatigue damage from single axle loads, %

FD

_tandem

= fatigue damage from tandem axle loads, %

FD

_tridem

= fatigue damage from tridem axle loads, %

𝐹𝐷

_{𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙}

= 𝐹𝐷

_{𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒}

+ 𝐹𝐷

_{𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑚}

+ 𝐹𝐷

_{𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑚}

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0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 Stress ratio, SR P re d ic te d l o g ( N) StreetPave (R @ 50 percent) StreetPave (R @ 90 percent) PCA

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𝐸𝐷

_{𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙}

= 𝐸𝐷

_{𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒}

+ 𝐸𝐷

_{𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑚}

+ 𝐸𝐷

_{𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑚}

Faulting – Total Erosion

Cumulative erosion:

where,

ED

_total

= total erosion damage, %

ED

_single

= erosion damage from single axle loads, %

ED

_tandem

= erosion damage

from tandem axle loads, %

ED

_tridem

= erosion damage

from tridem axle loads, %

EMPIRICAL DESIGN

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StreetPave – Design Inputs

Design Life

Reliability

% Slabs Cracked

Traffic

Volume

Load

Growth

Distribution

K-value

Subgrade & Subbase(s)

Thickness Modulus

Edge Support

Dowel Bars

Concrete

Strength

Modulus of Elasticity

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StreetPave12

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Influence of Slab Geometry on

Stresses

4,5m x 1m 2.25 m x 1 m

Maximun tensile stress = 24.65 Kg/cm2 Maximun tensile stress = 5.22 Kg/cm2

Principal stresses on the top of the slab, Red is tensile strength

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Position of the Loads and

Dimension of the Slabs

AASHTO Design

_TCP®

Design

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Slabs Sizes and Thickness For Same Top

Stress (2.5 MPa)

Thickness: 250 mm (10”) Concrete Slabs 4,5m x 3,6m Thickness: 160 mm (6,3”) Concrete Slabs 1.8m x 1.8 m

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Characteristics of TCP

Design

• Small slabs (1.4 to 2.4) meters long (5ft-8ft)

• Less curl/warp; smaller crack width

• Granular base (fines < 8%) 15 cm thick

• Less pumping/faulting potential

• Normal or fiber reinforced concrete

• Geotextile between the subgrade and base,

if needed

• Thin joint cut (<2.5 mm wide) • No joints sealing

• Optimized dowel bar system or no dowels • Lateral confinement with curb, shoulder ,

vertical steel pins or FRC

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TCP Design

Cumulative fatigue damage, like StreetPave

Islab 2000 runs for stresses; NCHRP 1-37 for fatigue

ESALs used for simplicity

Environment considered in calculations

MECHANISTIC DESIGN

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Mechanistic-Empirical Design

=

+

Mechanistic Elements Empirical Elements Pavement Performance Prediction

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M-E Design Basics

Mechanistically:

Calculate critical pavement response (i.e., stresses,

strains, and deflections) due to: Traffic loading.

Environmental conditions. Accumulate damage over time.

Empirically:

Relate damage over time to pavement distresses through calibrated models, e.g.:

Cracking, Faulting, Roughness in JPCP.

Punchouts, Crack Width, Roughness in CRCP.

Accumulate damage over time.

MECHANISTIC + EMPIRICAL

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Alaska Hawaii Licensing: 16 DOTs DE Evaluating: 8 DOTs 6 Canadian Provinces Other Licensee’s: FHWA ACPA

Cement Assoc of Canada

Cemex

8 Consultants

City of LA

4 Universities

Agencies Licensing/Evaluating DARWin-ME Software as of 9/8/11

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Alaska Hawaii Licensing: 29 DOTs DE Evaluating: 4 DOTs 5 Canadian Provinces Other Licensee’s: FHWA ACPA

Cement Assoc of Canada

Cemex 19 Consultants City of LA 14 Universities APA of IN Maricopa County

Agencies Licensing/Evaluating DARWin-ME Software as of 4/25/12

5 PAID LICENSES OUTSIDE US & CANADA; Several countries looking at applicability

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Webinars and On-Demand Learning

Joint Design and Layout Design Software

Concrete Overlays Safety by the Paving Train

The Paving Process

Constructing Smooth Pavements Troubleshooting Curing Testing Procedures Stringless Paving Recycling LCCA Distress Prevention Subgrades/Subbases ETC…..

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COMING SOON!!

Concrete Pavement Wiki wiki.acpa.org

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Thank you!

QUESTIONS?

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