ENGLISH GRAMMAR Elementary

ENGLISH GRAMMAR

Elementary

A cura di NADIA TOSI

CONTENTS

DEFINITE ARTICLES ……… 3

INDEFINITE ARTICLES ……… 3

PERSONAL PRONOUNS – SUBJECTS ……… 4

PLURALS ………. 5

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES ……… 6

Verb to BE ……… 7

THERE IS ………. 11

THERE ARE ……… 11

CAN ……….. 12

MUST ……… 13

PERSONAL PRONOUNS – OBJECTS ……….. 14

SIMPLE PRESENT ……… 15

PRESENT CONTINUOUS ……… 20

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES and PRONOUNS ……….. 23

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS ………. 25

MOLTO ………. 26

UN PO’ ………. 27

Verb to BE – SIMPLE PAST ………. 28

SIMPLE PAST – REGULAR VERBS ……….. 29

SIMPLE PAST – IRREGULAR VERBS ……….. 30

PAST CONTINUOUS ………. 31

ARTICLES

DEFINITE ARTICLES

THE + singular

EX: The girl in blue is my sister

THE + plural

Ex: The boys on the car are my friends

INDEFINITE ARTICLES

We use the INDEFINITE ARTICLES ONLY with SINGULAR nouns. A + consonant (singular)

Ex. There is a cat in the garden AN + vowel (singular) Ex. There is an old cat in the garden

PERSONAL PRONOUNS – SUBJECTS

Singular Plural

I WE

YOU YOU

HE

THEY SHE

PLURALS

The plural of a noun is made by adding – S to the singular day - days

house - houses

Nouns ending in – S - SS -SH -CH -O -X -Z add –ES box - boxes

kiss - kisses

watch - watches

Nouns ending in CONSONANT + Y:

1) transform Y in I

2) add – ES

canary - canaries

baby - babies

country - countries

Nouns ending in –F / -FE add – VES knife - knives

wife - wives

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES

Personal pronouns SUBJECT Possessive adjectives

I MY

YOU YOUR

HE HIS

SHE HER

IT ITS

WE OUR

YOU YOUR

To BE

Simple present AFFIRMATIVE form

FULL form SHORT form

singular

I AM I’ M

YOU ARE YOU’ RE

HE IS HE’ S

SHE IS SHE’ S

IT IS IT’ S

plural

WE ARE WE’ RE

To BE

Simple present INTERROGATIVE form

singular AM I ?

ARE YOU ?

IS HE ?

IS SHE ?

IS IT ? plural ARE WE ?

ARE YOU ?

To BE

Simple present SHORT ANSWERS

singular

Affirmative form Negative form

Yes, I AM No, I’ M NOT

Yes, YOU ARE No, YOU AREN’ T

Yes, HE IS No, HE ISN’ T

Yes, IT IS No, IT ISN’ T

plural

Yes, WE ARE No, WE AREN’ T

Yes, YOU ARE No, YOU AREN’ T

Yes, THEY ARE No, THEY AREN’ T

To BE

Simple present NEGATIVE form

FULL form SHORT form

singular

I AM NOT I’ M NOT

YOU ARE NOT YOU AREN’ T

HE IS NOT HE ISN’ T

SHE IS NOT SHE ISN’ T

IT IS NOT IT ISN’ T

plural

WE ARE NOT WE AREN’ T

YOU ARE NOT YOU AREN’ T

Singular form

THERE IS THERE ISN’ T IS THERE ?

Ex: There is a cat in the garden. There isn’t a cat in the garden. Is there a cat in the garden?

Plural form

THERE ARE THERE AREN’ T ARE THERE ?

Ex: There are three cats in the garden There aren’t three cats in the garden Are there three cats in the garden?

CAN

CAN

NEGATIVE form I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

CAN

’ T

INTERROGATIVE form

CAN

MUST

MUST

NEGATIVE form I YOU HE SHE IT WE YOU THEY

MUSTN

’ T

INTERROGATIVE form I

PERSONAL PRONOUNS – OBJECTS

Singular Plural

ME US

YOU YOU

HIM

THEM

HER

SIMPLE PRESENT

AFFIRMATIVE form

Example: to COME

1 singular I COME

2 singular YOU COME

1 pural WE COME

2 plural YOU COME

SIMPLE PRESENT

AFFIRMATIVE form

3rd

person singular

The 3rd person singular of the simple present adds –S to the infinitive

Ex: to COME

3 singular – masculine HE COMES

3 singular – feminine SHE COMES

3 singular – objects/animals IT COMES

Spelling notes

Verbs ending in – S - SS -SH -CH -O -X -Z add –ES

WASH - he WASHES

KISS - he KISSES

GO - he GOES

WATCH - he WATCHES

Verbs ending in CONSONANT + Y:

1) transform Y in I

SIMPLE PRESENT

INTERROGATIVE form

Example: to COME

AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB

without TO

DO

I YOU

WE YOU THEY

COME

?

3rd person SINGULAR

AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB

without TO

DOES

HE SHE

SIMPLE PRESENT

SHORT ANSWERS

DO YOU DRINK COFFEE? YES, I DO

NO, I DON’ T

DOES PAUL PLAY TENNIS? YES, HE DOES

NO, HE DOESN’ T

DO YOU AND MARY SMOKE? YES, WE DO

SIMPLE PRESENT

NEGATIVE form

Example: to COME

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB

without TO I

YOU ---

WE YOU THEY

DON’ T

3rd person SINGULAR

SUBJECT AUXILIARY VERB

without TO HE

SHE

IT

DOESN’ T

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE form

I AM

GOING

YOU ARE

HE IS

SHE IS

IT IS

WE ARE

YOU ARE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

INTERROGATIVE form

AUXILIARY SUBJECT VERB

-ING form

AM I GOING?

ARE YOU GOING?

IS HE GOING?

IS SHE GOING?

IS IT GOING?

ARE WE GOING?

ARE YOU GOING?

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

NEGATIVE form

I ‘M NOT

GOING

YOU AREN’ T

HE ISN’ T

SHE ISN’ T

IT ISN’ T

WE AREN’ T

YOU AREN’ T

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

SOME

SOME + plural nouns

+ UNCOUNTABLE nouns (ex: butter, bread, …)

AFFIRMATIVE form

Ex: There are SOME potatoes on the table. There is SOME butter in the fridge

OFFERS

Ex: Would you like SOME coffee? Would you like SOME biscuits?

REQUESTS

Ex: Can I have SOME water, please?

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

ANY

ANY + plural nouns

+ UNCOUNTABLE nouns (ex: butter, bread, …)ormo

INTERROGATIVE form

Ex: Are there ANY potatoes left? Is there ANY butter in the fridge?

Ex: There aren’t ANY potatoes left

There isn’t ANY butter in the fridge.

NO

NOT ..……ANY

We use NO instead of NOT …..ANY in the NEGATIVE sentence but the verb of the sentence is POSITIVE

Ex: There isN’ T ANY coffee left There is NO coffee left

PERSONAL PRONOUNS POSSESSIVE

SUBJECTS OBJECTS ADJECTIVES PRONOUNS

I ME MY MINE

YOU YOU YOUR YOURS

HE HIM HIS HIS

SHE HER HER HERS

IT IT ITS ___

WE US OUR OURS

YOU YOU YOUR YOURS

MOLTO

VERY + adjective

Ex: That house is VERY tall

AFFIRMATIVE form

A LOT OF

LOTS OF + UNCOUNTABLE + PLURAL nouns Ex: Bees produce A LOT OF honey

There are A LOT OF new houses in this city

INTERROGATIVE form

MUCH + UNCOUNTABLE

Ex: Do bees produce MUCH honey?

MANY + PLURAL nouns

Ex: Are there MANY cars in the street?

NEGATIVE form (the verb in the sentence is negative)

MUCH + UNCOUNTABLE

Ex: There isn’t MUCH honey in the jar on the table

UN PO’

A LITTLE + UNCOUNTABLE + SINGULAR noun Ex: There is A LITTLE bread

A FEW + PLURAL nouns Ex: There are A FEW biscuits left.

To BE

Simple past

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I WAS I WASN’ T WAS I ?

YOU WERE YOU WEREN’ T WERE YOU ?

HE WAS HE WASN’ T WAS HE ?

SHE WAS SHE WASN’ T WAS SHE ?

IT WAS IT WASN’ T WAS IT ?

WE WERE WE WEREN’ T WERE WE ?

YOU WERE YOU WEREN’ T WERE YOU ?

Simple past

REGULAR VERBS

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I PLAYED I DIDN’ T PLAY DID I PLAY ?

YOU PLAYED YOU DIDN’ T PLAY DID YOU PLAY ?

HE PLAYED HE DIDN’ T PLAY DID HE PLAY ?

SHE PLAYED SHE DIDN’ T PLAY DID SHE PLAY ?

IT PLAYED IT DIDN’ T PLAY DID IT PLAY ?

WE PLAYED WE DIDN’ T PLAY DID WE PLAY ?

YOU PLAYED YOU DIDN’ T PLAY DID YOU PLAY ?

Simple past

IRREGULAR VERBS

Ex: GO - WENT - GONE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I WENT I DIDN’T GO DID I GO ?

YOU WENT YOU DIDN’T GO DID YOU GO ?

HE WENT HE DIDN’T GO DID HE GO ?

SHE WENT SHE DIDN’T GO DID SHE GO ?

IT WENT IT DIDN’T GO DID IT GO ?

WE WENT WE DIDN’T GO DID WE GO ?

YOU WENT YOU DIDN’T GO DID YOU GO ?

PAST CONTINUOUS

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I WAS GOING I WASN’T GOING WAS I GOING?

YOU WERE GOING YOU WEREN’T

GOING

WERE YOU GOING?

HE WAS DRINKING HE WASN’T

DRINKING

WAS HE DRINKING?

SHE WAS DRINKING SHE WASN’T DRINKING WAS SHE DRINKING?

IT WAS RUNNING IT WASN’T

RUNNING

WAS IT RUNNING?

WE WERE TRAVELLING WE WEREN’T TRAVELLING WERE WE TRAVELLING? YOU WERE READING YOU WEREN’T READING WERE YOU READING? THEY WERE SWIMMING THEY WEREN’T SWIMMING WERE THEY SWIMMING?

SIMPLE FUTURE -

WILL

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE INTERROGATIVE

I WILL GO I WON’T GO WILL I GO?

YOU WILL DRINK YOU WON’T DRINK WILL YOU DRINK?

HE WILL COME HE WON’T COME WILL HE COME?

SHE WILL SWIM SHE WON’T SWIM WILL SHE SWIM?

IT WILL RUN IT WON’T RUN WILL IT RUN?

WE WILL PLAY WE WON’T PLAY WILL WE PLAY?

YOU WILL DANCE YOU WON’T DANCE WILL YOU DANCE?

THEY WILL WASH THEY WON’T WASH WILL THEY WASH?