Period Packets – Period 8: 1945-1980
Unit 9 – Chapters 36-39
Included in Each Period Packet:
- Key Concepts – an overview of what you need to know - Overview – a summary, the basics, and differing perspectives
- Main Themes – how the seven themes of the course apply to this period - Chapter Reading Questions – pretty straight forward…
- Crash Course Guide – video guide to watch (they will be amazingly helpful)
PERIOD 8: 1945-1980 - Key Concepts
Key Concept 8.1: The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and working to maintain a position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences.
I
United States policymakers engaged in a Cold War with the authoritarian Soviet Union, seeking to limit the growth of Communist military power and ideological influence, create a free-market global economy, and build an international security system.
A
As postwar tensions dissolved the wartime alliance between Western democracies and the Soviet Union, the United States developed a foreign policy based on collective security, international aid, and economic institutions that bolstered non-Communist nations.
B Concerned by expansionist Communist ideology and Soviet repression, the United States sought to contain communism through a variety of measures, including major military engagements in Korea and Vietnam.
C The Cold War fluctuated between periods of direct and indirect military confrontation and periods of mutual coexistence (or détente).
D Postwar decolonization and the emergence of powerful nationalist movements in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East led both sides in the Cold War to seek allies among new nations, many of which remained nonaligned.
E Cold War competition extended to Latin America, where the U.S. supported non-Communist regimes that had varying levels of commitment to democracy.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
WXT-2 Explain how patterns of exchange, markets, and private enterprise have developed, and analyze ways that governments have responded to economic issues.
WOR-2 Analyze the reasons for, and results of, U.S. diplomatic, economic, and military initiatives in North America and overseas.
II Cold War policies led to public debates over the power of the federal government and acceptable means for pursuing international and domestic goals while protecting civil liberties.
A Americans debated policies and methods designed to expose suspected communists within the United States even as both parties supported the broader strategy of containing communism.
B
Although anticommunist foreign policy faced little domestic opposition in previous years, the Vietnam War inspired sizable and passionate antiwar protests that became more numerous as the war escalated, and sometimes led to violence.
C Americans debated the merits of a large nuclear arsenal, the military-industrial complex, and the appropriate power of the executive branch in conducting foreign and military policy.
D Ideological, military, and economic concerns shaped U.S. involvement in the Middle East, with several oil crises in the region eventually sparking attempts at creating a national energy policy.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
NAT-3 Analyze how ideas about national identity changed in response to U.S. involvement in international conflicts and the growth of the United States.
GEO-1
Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies.
WOR-2 Analyze the reasons for, and results of, U.S. diplomatic, economic, and military initiatives in North America and overseas.
Key Concept 8.2: New movements for civil rights and liberal efforts to expand the role of government generated a range of political and cultural responses.
A
During and after World War II, civil rights activists and leaders, most notably Martin Luther King Jr., combatted racial discrimination utilizing a variety of strategies, including legal challenges, direct action, and nonviolent protest tactics.
B The three branches of the federal government used measures including desegregation of the armed services, Brown v. Board of Education, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to promote greater racial equality.
C Continuing resistance slowed efforts at desegregation, sparking social and political unrest across the nation. Debates among civil rights activists over the efficacy of nonviolence increased after 1965.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
NAT-1 Explain how ideas about democracy, freedom, and individualism found expression in the development of cultural values, political institutions, and American identity.
NAT-2 Explain how interpretations of the Constitution and debates over rights, liberties, and definitions of citizenship have affected American values, politics, and society.
NAT-4 Analyze relationships among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity.
POL-2 Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American society and institutions.
II Responding to social conditions and the African American civil rights movement, a variety of movements emerged that focused on issues of identity, social justice, and the environment.
A Feminist and gay and lesbian activists mobilized behind claims for legal, economic, and social equality.
B Latino, American Indian, and Asian American movements continued to demand social and economic equality and a redress of past injustices.
C Despite an overall affluence in postwar America, advocates raised concerns about the prevalence and persistence of poverty as a national problem.
D
Environmental problems and accidents led to a growing environmental movement that aimed to use legislative and public efforts to combat pollution and protect natural resources. The federal government established new environmental programs and regulations.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
NAT-4 Analyze relationships among different regional, social, ethnic, and racial groups, and explain how these groups’ experiences have related to U.S. national identity.
POL-2 Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American society and institutions.
CUL-3 Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics.
CUL-4 Explain how different group identities, including racial, ethnic, class, and regional identities, have emerged and changed over time.
GEO-1
Explain how geographic and environmental factors shaped the development of various communities, and analyze how competition for and debates over natural resources have affected both interactions among different groups and the development of government policies.
III Liberalism influenced postwar politics and court decisions, but it came under increasing attack from the left as well as from a resurgent conservative movement.
A Liberalism, based on anticommunism abroad and a firm belief in the efficacy of government power to achieve social goals at home, reached a high point of political influence by the mid-1960s.
B
Liberal ideas found expression in Lyndon Johnson’s Great Society, which attempted to use federal legislation and programs to end racial discrimination, eliminate poverty, and address other social issues. A series of Supreme Court decisions expanded civil rights and individual liberties.
C In the 1960s, conservatives challenged liberal laws and court decisions and perceived moral and cultural decline, seeking to limit the role of the federal government and enact more assertive foreign policies.
D Some groups on the left also rejected liberal policies, arguing that political leaders did too little to transform the racial and economic status quo at home and pursued immoral policies abroad.
E Public confidence and trust in government’s ability to solve social and economic problems declined in the 1970s in the wake of economic challenges, political scandals, and foreign policy crises.
F The 1970s saw growing clashes between conservatives and liberals over social and cultural issues, the power of the federal government, race, and movements for greater individual rights.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
POL-1 Explain how and why political ideas, beliefs, institutions, party systems, and alignments have developed and changed.
POL-2 Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American society and institutions.
political debates and policies.
Key Concept 8.3: Postwar economic and demographic changes had far-reaching consequences for American society, politics, and culture.
I Rapid economic and social changes in American society fostered a sense of optimism in the postwar years.
A A burgeoning private sector, federal spending, the baby boom, and technological developments helped spur economic growth.
B
As higher education opportunities and new technologies rapidly expanded, increasing social mobility encouraged the migration of the middle class to the suburbs and of many Americans to the South and West. The Sun Belt region emerged as a significant political and economic force.
C Immigrants from around the world sought access to the political, social, and economic opportunities in the United States, especially after the passage of new immigration laws in 1965.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
WXT-3 Analyze how technological innovation has affected economic development and society.
MIG-1 Explain the causes of migration to colonial North America and, later, the United States, and analyze immigration’s effects on U.S. society.
MIG-2 Analyze causes of internal migration and patterns of settlement in what would become the United States, and explain how migration has affected American life.
II New demographic and social developments, along with anxieties over the Cold War, changed U.S. culture and led to significant political and moral debates that sharply divided the nation.
A Mass culture became increasingly homogeneous in the postwar years, inspiring challenges to conformity by artists, intellectuals, and rebellious youth.
B
Feminists and young people who participated in the counterculture of the 1960s rejected many of the social, economic, and political values of their parents’ generation, introduced greater informality into U.S. culture, and advocated changes in sexual norms.
C The rapid and substantial growth of evangelical Christian churches and organizations was accompanied by greater political and social activism on the part of religious conservatives.
THEMATIC LEARNING OBJECTIVES
POL-2 Explain how popular movements, reform efforts, and activist groups have sought to change American society and institutions.
CUL-1 Explain how religious groups and ideas have affected American society and political life.
CUL-2 Explain how artistic, philosophical, and scientific ideas have developed and shaped society and institutions. CUL-3 Explain how ideas about women’s rights and gender roles have affected society and politics.
PERIOD 8: 1945-1980 – Overview
Overview In 1945, the United States emerged from World War II with the world's largest and strongest economy. Despite fears of a return to an economic depression, Americans were happy to get back to civilian life. Suburbanization, prosperity, and conformity during the 1950’s soon gave way to a growing civil rights movement and an unpopular war in Vietnam, foreshadowing a period of turbulence, protest, and disillusionment. What no one could predict was how the fall of colonial empires, the spread of Communism, technological changes, a growing conservative impulse, and an emerging global economy would impact American lives in the future.
Beginning = Victory in World War II and the rise of America as a global superpower
What do I need to know?
1. The various methods used to try to CONTAIN (George Kennan) Communism
a. Examples: Truman Doctrine ($ to Greece and Turkey), Marshall Plan ($ to European countries to rebuild), NATO (first permanent peacetime alliance), Korean War (United Nations), Vietnam War
2. The relation between U.S and the Soviet Union fluctuated between hostility and “détente”
a. Examples of conflict: Berlin Blockade & Airlift, Warsaw Pact, NSA‐68, Mutually Assured Destruction, Cuban Missile Crisis, U‐2 Crisis, Korean War, Vietnam War
b. Examples of détente: Geneva Convention, United Nations, SALT Treaties, Nixon goes to China 3. Ways the U.S. supported undemocratic governments, so long as they were not Communist
a. CIA in Iran and Guatemala, Support for the Diem regime in Vietnam, support for Augusto Pinochet in Chile 4. Cold War led to conflict at home between liberty & order, war & peace
a. Examples:
ii. Arms Race & Space Race: Ike’s “Military/Industrial Complex”, Sputnik, NASA, increase $ for science education, H‐Bomb iii. Rise of anti‐war Movement: Anti‐Vietnam War 1968, Tet Offensive, Bombing Cambodia, My Lai Massacre, college
protests (Kent State, Berkeley, Michigan St.)
5. The Supreme Court’s Brown vs. Board of Education decision in 1954 began the Civil Rights movement while also leading white southerners to close ranks around their racial order
a. Examples: Brown v. Board, Montgomery Bus Boycott 1955‐56, Freedom Riders 1961, Freedom Summer 1964 b. How federal government acted to encourage an end to Jim Crow
i. Executive Branch: Truman desegregates military 1948, LBJ’s Great Society ii. Legislative: Civil Rights Act of 1964, Voting Rights Act 1965
iii. Judicial: Brown vs. Board Warren Court expanded rights of the accused (liberal court)
iv. Southern White Reaction: Closed ranks/white supremacy: Southern Manifesto, Little Rock 9, “Solid South”, George Wallace “Segregation Now, Segregation Forever”, KKK (3rd Gen)
6. The Civil Rights Movement was radicalized after 1968 deaths of RFK and Martin Luther King, Jr. a. Stokely Carmichael, “Black Power”, Malcolm X, Black Panther Party
7. Other minority groups were inspired by the success of the Civil Rights Movement and pressed for their own freedom and equality
a. Examples: Cesar Chavez/Mexican Americans, La Raza, LGBT (Stonewall Riot‐NYC), American Indian Movement (AIM), Women’s Rights (ERA, Feminine Mystique, National Organization for Women, Roe vs. Wade,)
8. Liberalism under the Great Society (LBJ) continued to expand the power of the federal government (Connect to Progressive Era and New Deal)
a. Examples: Medicare, Medicaid, Poverty programs (Head Start, Job Corps) Civil Rights Act 1964, Voting Rights Act 1965, Immigration Act of 1965 ended Quotas
9. How the Great Society, Warren Court decisions, Hippie Movement, Social change, and rise in sexual and drug experimentation led to a rise in CONSERVATIVE politics (Barry Goldwater‐1964, Nixon‐1968, Reagan‐ 1980)
END= Election of Ronald Reagan in 1980 & rise of conservative revolution
Period Perspectives At home, Americans enjoyed a robust economic growth through the 1960s with little competition, as the rest of world's economies recovered from the war. Democrats, expanding on the New Deal, enacted major domestic programs, such as Medicare, aid to education, and civil rights for African Americans and women. The Cold War against Communist governments dominated U.S. foreign policy. While the threat of the use of nuclear weapons kept the great powers from attacking each other, limited "hot" wars in Korea and Vietnam cost America more than 100,000 lives. By the late 1960s, frustration over the Vietnam War, growing opposition to liberal domestic programs such as civil rights, and increased civil unrest weakened the Democratic majority, which slowly gave way during the 1970s to a conservative resurgence in 1980.
Alternate View Historians debate when postwar prosperity and optimism gave way to pessimism and a declining standard of living for many Americans. Some identify 1968, a year of assassinations, riots, and intense conflict over the Vietnam War as a turning point. Others point to the mid-l970s, when wage growth stagnated for many average Americans.
PERIOD 8: 1945-1980 - Main Themes
Themes
Applied to this period
National Identity - Liberalism vs. Conservativism – role of government in lives of citizens
- New movements – feminism, civil rights, Mexican Migrants, American Indians, student freedom, anti-war, Americans with disabilities, Homosexuality, etc.
- Conformity vs. authenticity – 50’s, 60’s, 70’s culture clashes
- Anti-communism vs. pro-democracy – containment policies, red scare, US involvement in the world - Mistrust of the government – Pentagon Papers, Watergate
- Treatment of minorities – equal opportunity, affirmative action, immigration Work, Exchange, and
Technology
- Service based economy – standardization of goods and processes
- Manufacturing economy – northern industry (rust belt) and southern farming (sun belt), corporations - Stagflation of the 70’s – OPEC oil crisis, inflation
- Highways and roads – interstate highway act, suburbia
- Cold war technology – arms race, space race, nuclear and hydrogen bombs, military industrial complex - Global economy – international trading, globalization
- Workers’ rights – Unionism, minority and women treatment
the economy and cold war politics in Central America) - Inner city poverty – white flight, suburbs, urban renewal
- Population shifts to the south – Sunbelt expands, Frostbelt and rustbelt decrease - Population explosion – Baby boom!
Politics and Power - Liberalism vs. Conservatism – presidential push and pull for executive control (Fair Deal, Modern Republicanism, New Frontier, Great Society, New Federalism) and court cases (Warren Court vs. backlash)
- Corruption of the executive branch – War Powers Act, Pentagon Papers, Watergate
- Cold War Containment – United Nations, Yalta Conference, Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, CIA, NATO - Cold War Hot Spots - Berlin Airlift, Hungary Revolt, Cuban Missile Crisis, Suez Canal Crisis, Yom Kippur, Six
Day War, Berlin Wall
- Arms Race and Space Race – H Bomb, Test Ban Treaty, ICBM’s, SALT I and II, Detente - Cold War Full Scale Conflict – The Korean War, The Vietnam War – know these well!!!
Korean War – China goes Communist, UN Security Council, McArthur, 38th Parallel, DMZ, POWs
Vietnam War – Tonkin Gulf Affair, Operation Rolling Thunder, Ho Chi Minh, Vietcong, Tet Offensive, Mai Lai Massacre, “Win the Hearts and Minds”, Vietnamization
- Red Scare – China goes Communist, McCarthyism, HUAC, Loyalty Review Board,
- Political turmoil – assassination of MLK, Malcom X, JFK, Bobby Kennedy, Iran Hostage Crisis, Camp David Accords
America in the World - Global economy – international trading, globalization, OPEC
- Cold War! – US international police force (anti-communism), NATO, CIA – see Pol and Power - Cold War “Wars” and Hot Spots – see Politics and Power
Environment and Geography
- Industrialization of the North – pollution, urbanization, deforestation - Mass farming in the Sunbelt – use of chemicals, mechanization
- Destruction of the environment – deforestation, pollution, EPA, Silent Spring, Green Movement, Earth Day
Culture and Society - Racism/Ethnocentrism – Civil rights, American Indians Alcatraz Occupation, Migrant Workers - Women – tradition housewife, Women’s Liberation Movement, ERA, Title IX, Roe V. Wade - Post war soldiers – GI bill, Levittown, suburbs
- Youth movements – Beatnik, Counter culture, Hippy, student protests, anti-war, green movement - Red Scare – China goes Communist, fallout shelters, duck and cover
- 50’s culture – conformity, standardization, Middle class suburbia, role of women, rock n roll, Beat Movement, Expressionism
- 60’s Counterculture – Hippy Movement, Haight and Ashbury, Black Panther/Black Power Groups, see you Youth movements
PERIOD 8: 1945-1980 - Reading Guide (Chapter Thirty-Six)
Answer the following questions fully and completely. 1. In one concise sentence, summarize “Postwar Economic Anxieties.”
2. Create a flowchart explaining cause and effort of “Postwar Prosperity.” Be sure to include the growth of the middle class, military budgets, access to cheap energy, the Sunbelt, the growth of suburbia, and the baby boom in your flowchart. Use pages 831-838 to complete your flowchart.
3. At the end of World War II, how did the Cold War initially develop and lead to a shift in foreign policy in America? Be sure to include the Yalta Conference, the creation of the United Nations, the Nuremberg Trials, the Berlin Airlift, and the Containment Doctrine in your response.
4. Complete the chart on the early Containment Activity in the Cold War
Event Details How it promoted Containment? Effective or not?
Truman Doctrine Marshall Plan
(CIA)
North Atlantic Treaty Org (NATO)
The Warsaw Pact/Eastern Bloc Communist China
The Hydrogen Bomb
5. How did America’s response to the Cold War lead to a new Red Scare? Be sure to address the Loyalty Review Board, the HUAC, Alger Hiss, and the Rosenbergs in your response.
6. Examine the quote on page 854 and answer the following question. How does this quote embody the failure of Truman’s Fair Deal?
7. Create an outline telling the story of the Korean War. Use the following for categories: the causes, the course, and
consequences. Be sure to include the following terms in your outline: The UN National Security Council, a “Police Action”, 38th parallel, McArthur, the DMZ, and POWs (some are not in the book – see PPT).
PERIOD 8: 1945-1980 - Reading Guide (Chapter Thirty-Seven)
Answer the following questions fully and completely. 1. Complete the follow chart on 1950’s Culture
50’s Culture Trend Details How it promotes Conformity and Standardization
Service Based Economy The role of Women “Fast Food” Television Rock N Roll Conservationism
2. Examine the political cartoon on page 877. Write a short argumentative paragraph in support of the sentiment it illustrates (address McCarthyism, Jim Crow South, Brown V. BOE, and the Montgomery Bus Boycott, the Little Rock Nine, Sit-Ins, and SNCC in your response). Then write a short argumentative paragraph in opposition of the sentiment it illustrates (address Operation Wetback, the Indian New Deal, and the Federal Highway Act in your response). Use pages 868-874 to do this.
3. Create a network tree graphic organizer about Eisenhower’s Cold War activity. Include the main categories of European, Asian, Middle Eastern, Latin America, and new technology. Each subcategory should have contextual support (hint: look for bolded terms). Use pages 874-878 to do this.
4. In one concise sentence, summarize “Kennedy Challenges Nixon for the Presidency.”
5. Read the quote on page 880 and interpret what Eisenhower means by “the military-industrial complex.”
6. Compare 1950’s artistic movements in regards to their promotion and opposition to 1950’s standardization and conformity. Be sure to explain each movement’s goals, leaders, and ways it promoted or opposed conformity. Include the following
movements: abstract expressionism, International style, Post War Literature, the Beats, and the Southern Renaissance.
PERIOD 8: 1945-1980 - Reading Guide (Chapter Thirty-Eight)
Answer the following questions fully and completely. – These are out of order!!!
1. Create a graphic organizer comparing and contrasting the presidencies of Kennedy and Johnson in terms of their domestic policies and the Civil rights movement. Be specific and thorough. For domestic, address their name and achievements. For the Civil Rights, address all important events, leaders/groups, and accomplishments. Use pages 889-90, 896-903 (this is a BIG question)!
2. In one concise sentence, summarize “Rumblings in Europe.”
3. Complete the chart on Cold War Activity under Kennedy:
Cold War Event Details How it reflected Kennedy’s “flexible response”
Philosophy? Escalation in Vietnam
The Cuban Missile Crisis The Test Ban Treaty
Moscow Washington “Hot line”
4. Examine the two quotes on page 905. Construct one argumentative sentence in support of MLK’s sentiment and one in support of Malcolm X’s sentiment. Use the information on pages 904-905 to do this.
Event: The Vietnam War
Problem or Goal:
Identify the Participants/Key Players:
Where: When: Key Episodes, Events, Battles:
Outcome: In the War effort, on Johnson’s Presidency, and at home.
Significance/So What?
People/Agencies Involved Problem
Watergate!
Setting
Events
Solution/Resolution Nixon Resigns
Consequences to the Solution of the Problem
PERIOD 8: 1945-1980 - Reading Guide (Chapter Thirty-Nine)
Answer the following questions fully and completely.
1. How did the war in Vietnam contribute to economic stagflation and how did Nixon’s response lead to further political strife? Be specific, using pages 916-919.
2. In two concise sentences, summarize “Nixon’s Détente with Beijing and Moscow.” Make sure to accurately explain the terms détente and SALT in these sentences.
3. Complete the chart on important court cases during the 60’s -70’s under the Warren court:
Court Case Details Societal group addressed and how it helped them.
Griswold v. Connecticut Gideon v. Wainwright Escobedo and Miranda Engel v. Vitale
Roe v. Wade
Griggs v. Duke Power Co.
4. Compare the effectiveness of Nixon’s domestic policies in terms of supporting social welfare of the poor, minorities, and the environment with that of his foreign actions in Asia and the Middle East. Be specific and use pages 921-25.
5. Complete the graphic organizer on the Watergate Scandal:
6. Create a four way comparing the challenges and successes women and Minorities experienced in America during the 70’s. Be sure to address the ERA, Title IX, Phyllis Schlafly, Roe v. Wade, Bakke v. University of California, Affirmative Action, the Alcatraz Occupation, and the US v. Wheeler in your graphic organizer.
PERIOD 8: 1945 - 1980 - Crash Course Videos
For each period, watch the following videos. There are no questions to go with these videos, but they will be EMMENSLY VALUABLE in helping you contextualize and compare time periods!
1. The Cold War: Crash Course US History #37
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9C72ISMF_D0&index=38&list=PL8dPuuaLjXtMwmepBjTSG593eG7ObzO7s
2. The Cold War in Asia: Crash Course US History #38
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2IcmLkuhG0
3. Civil Rights and the 1950s: Crash Course US History #39
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S64zRnnn4Po
4. The 1960s in America: Crash Course US History #40
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lkXFb1sMa38
5. The Rise of Conservatism: Crash Course US History #41
URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OCrxD19DHA8
6. Ford, Carter, and the Economic Malaise: Crash Course US History #42
