Jane's Electro-optic Systems 2006-2007

(1)

Jane's

Electro-Optic

Systems

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Jane's

Electro-Optic Systems

Edited by Michael J Gething AMRAeS

Twelfth Edition

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HERMAL IMAGING AND

ELECTRO-OPTICS

TECHNOLOGIES

I

Thermal Camera

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Land Systems

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Section Summary

Electro-optic countermeasures

Electronic countermeasures

Laser warners

Air defence missiles

Vehicles

Vehicle sights

Static and towed

Static and towed sights

Portable

Portable sights

Air defence guns

Vehicles

Vehicle sights

Static and towed

Static and towed sights

Anti-amour missiles and munitions

Vehicles

Armoured fighting vehicles

Vehicle turrets

-

Fire control

= ---

Gunner's sights

Commander's sights

Driver's sights

Infantry weapon sights

Illuminating

Passive

-

crew-served weapons

P a s s i v . ~ ~

personal weapons

e-. ..

- -

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Observation and surveillance

Air defence sensors

Forward observation

Laser range-finders

Image intensifier binoculars

Image intensifier cameras

Image intensifier goggles

Image intensifier monoculars

Area surveillance

Infrared imagers

AIRBORNE SYSTEMS

Airborne Systems

-

Section Summary

Air-launched missiles

Air-to-air missiles

Air-to-air guns

Air-to-surface missiles and munitions

Electro-optic countermeasures

Electronic countermeasures

Missile warners

Laser warners

Ground attack

Integrated systems

-

Fixed-wing

Integrated systems

-

Helicopter

Targeting sights

Laser range-finders

Flight aids

Laser systems

Communications and beacons

Pilot's thermal imagers

Pilot's goggles and integrated helmets

Observation and surveillance

Air interception

Turret sensors

Maritime sensors

Unmanned aircraft sensors

Reconnaissance systems

Thermal imagers

KEY TECHNOLOGIES FOR ELECTRO-OPTIC SYSTEMS

Key technologies for Electro-optic Systems

-

Section Summary

Inka-red detectors and coolers

Thermal imager modules

Video trackers for military applications

Antidetection devices

Contractors

Alphabetical index

Manufacturers' index

(6)

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(10)

Introduction

As I settle down to review the fouah year of my tenure as Editor of Jane's

Electro-Optic Systems, now in its twelfth edition, I realise that the various

technologies covered under this title, and their practical application, have

advanced by leaps-and-bounds. It seems the more knowledge and

information I absorb on the wide-ranging subjects covered, the more there

is to learn.

The following sections, mirroring the main categories within the product,

ok at elements of interest more specifically.

NAVAL

SYSTEMS

By far the largest use of Electro-OpticallInfra-Red (EOIIR) systems in naval

-

systems is in surveillance, tracking and fire-control system applications.

However, one must not forget the

IR detectors in some missiles and the

steady growth in sub-surface applications

-

on submarine periscopes and

optronic masts.

So, slipping silently below the surface, the subtle difference between

periscopes and optronic masts is that the periscope can accommodate one or

two TV channels (usually daylight and low-light) together with a laser

rangefinder alongside the more traditional functionalities. The optronic

mast is a dedicated surveillance sensor with, generally, a TV channel and a

thermal channel (using either MWIR or LWIR sensors). Both types of mast

are usually considered complementary and are to be found in most modern

submarines. Carl Zeiss Optronics, for example, is producing both its SERO

400 periscope and OMS 100 optronic mast for Type 209 SSKs of the Indian

and South African navies, and the Type 214 SSKs for Greece and South

Korea. The US manufacturer, Kollmorgen has developed its

non-penetrating periscope concept into the model 86 optronic mast, in

service with the US Navy's Los Angeles-class SSNs and Egypt's Improved

I

Romeo-class SSKs. A further evolution

-

the Photonic Mast Program

-

produced the ANIBVS-1 non-penetrating mast for the US Navy's

Virginia-class SSNs and the Photonics Mast Variant for the four former

Ohio-class SSBNs converted to SSGN configuration. They are fitted with

Overv

seven ballistic missile intercepts from eight f i g s , but until this point all of

the engagements had occurred with the BMD-dedicated SM-3 in the

exo-atmospheric ballistic phases. As well as being the first

endo-atmospheric engagement, the engagement was also the fust ballistic

missile shootdown using SM-2. A Raytheon spokesperson described the

modifications related to enhancements of the seeker head as being able to

help the missile better deal with the very high speeds involved in the target's

terminal phase, but otherwise the missile was standard.

In the field of naval EOIIR, surveillance, tracking and fue-control system

applications cover the 0.2 to 14.0

pm

waveband. This area has been steadily

growing, either with new systems or the upgrading of IR detectors to the

latest standard in existing systems. Typical of the genre is Thales

Nederland's Mirador multisensor director equipped with a colour daylight

and low-light TVs for daylnight surveillance; a fxed-focus monochrome

TV

camera for tracking, a dual field-of-view Albatross 3 to 5

pm

thermal

camera (with the option of an 8 to 12

pm

and an eye-safe laser rangefinder.

Known in the Royal Netherlands Navy as the Trainable Electro-Optical

Observation System (TEOOS), it has been adopted for the four De Zeven

Provincien-class LCF frigates, with other customers including Bangladesh

(on the frigate BNS Bangabandhu), Germany (for its K130 corvettes) and

Greece (for three types of vessel). In the UK, Radamec Defence Systems

(part of Ultra Electronics) will provide its System 2500 for the UK Royal

Navy's Type 45 Daring-class destroyers as part of the Electro-Optical

Gunfue Control System (EOGCS). The Series 2500 sensor payload is a 3 to

5

pn

high-resolution thermal camera from BAE Systems Australia and the

same company's Series 600 eye-safe laser range-finder, plus the Radamec

Series 206-004 colour TV camera.

It is but one step from fire-control directors to integrated sensors on

weapons platforms and, mirroring the trend for Remotely-Controlled

Weapon Stations (RCWS or just RWS

-

both acronyms apply) on

Armowed Fighting Vehicles (AFVs), such systems are now coming into

naval service. The South African Navy (SAN) has ordered an initial Rogue

remotely operated gun system from Reutech Defence Logistics (RDL)

channels for a colour TV, a highdefinition TV and thermal sensors plus an

eye-safe laser rangefinder (and omni-directional ESM antenna). Such

advances offer submariners a wider range of improved surveillance

capabilities.

To further exploit the sensors, Kollmorgen is working on an Integrated

Submarine Imaging System for the US Navy's Los Angeles-class and

Virginia-class SSNs plus the SSGNs. This will bring together

mission-critical, all-weather visual and electronic search, digital image

management, indication, warning and platform architecture interface

capabilities.

On the weapons side, we can record the first firing of the IR-guided Denel

Umkhonto surface-to-air missile from the FNS Hanko, one of the Finnish

Navy's four Hamina-class fast-attack craft, on 26May 2006. This

information and the accompanying photo were not available in time to

further update the entry in the main body of the book. Umkhonto is also now

operation on South Africa's Valour-class patrol corvettes.

Another missile-seeker event was the successful interception of a ballistic

missile target in its terminal descent phase by a Raytheon RIM-156A

Standard Missile 2 (SM-2) Block IV, equipped with a modified IR seeker,

on 24 May 2006. Part of the development of the US sea-based Ballistic

Missile Defence (B

(11)

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

Technologies for qualifkation purposes. Once qualified, the intention is to

fit each of the SAWS four Valourclass patrol corvettes with four Rogues

for close-in protection in asymmetric warfare conditions. The system may

also be later fitted to other SAN ships for the same purpose. Originally

developed as an overhead mounting for AFVs, the naval version has been

successfulIy trialled, as a temporary installation, aboard the Warrior-class

missile fast attack craft, SAS MaRhanda. It is claimed to have demonstrated

agents for the primes but others appeared to be bringing new designs into

the market. Most of these were offering devices tailored to using proprietary

image intensification

(II

or

12)

tubes procured from the nine

main

suppliers

worldwide. One, however, was using tubes produced in Russia. They wil

all be contacted during the course of the year.

This rather specific aside serves to confirm my belief in the growth of th~

night-vision market, be it through

I1

or Thermal Imaging (TI) sensors. Then

is nothing l i e operational applications to emphasise the need for increasing

numbers of in-production systems and, of course, new systems with the very

latest technology. The feedback from the bottom upwards is bein1

addressed and the innovations

are

filtering down

to

the front line.

Of

course

the reality is that there will never be quite enough to satisfy the soldier but

in truth, there is more night-vision capability in the front line now

than

twc

years ago.

Looking at the front line soldier brings the various projects for what i!

referred to as 'Soldier Modemisation' into focus. More countries

an

adopting equivalent projects which

are

aimed to bring the infantryman i n t ~

the Network Centric world. Apart from the pamphernalia of 'soldiering'

-

durable clothing and boots, protection (gas mask, helmet and body amour),

weapons and ammunition

-

the soldier is now being tasked with carrying

individual communications, night-visionlvidw sensors (which brings the

subject into this tome) and, of course, the libiquitous computer. The problem

for the soldier is, of course, weight

-

all this electronic gadgetry requires

power

-

and power means batteries.

The more batteries required to operate such systems means more weight

for the new land warrior to carry. The word in the bazaars at Eurosatory is

that this is a problem more than one national programme is encountering.

No-one will admit it outright but it is there. The announcement (on 20 June

2006) that the UK's QinetiQ and ABSL Power Solutions

LM

have received

a contract to mature technology for the next generatiort of portable power

systems from the

UK Ministry of Defence (MOD) Dismounted

Close-Combat Integrated Project Team adds weight to the assertion. One of

the contract's requirements, according to QinetiQ is "for a man-portable

infantry power supply that should deiiver dramatic improvements in energy

density to support future modem soldier requirements for the

UK

MOD".

The US Army's Program Manager

-

Soldier Warrior (Fort Beivoir,

Virginia) is also aware of this problem and is currently evaluating an

advanced, high-power, lightweight, soldier-wearable power source

developed by DuPont (Wilrnington, Delaware)

under the

FY06

Defense

Acquisition

Program.

As well as offering a direct power source for the

various electronic systems carried by the soldier, this fuel cell also includes

smart circuitry to recharge batteries.

Moving to Armoured Fighting Vehicle (AFV) systems, the trend of

introducing the latest third-generation TI sensors in place of existing earlier

generation thermal sensors and into f i o n t r o l systems continues unabated

-

the US has such programmes in place for the M1 Abrams

Main

Battle

Tank (MBTs) and the MUM3 Bradley familiy of AFVs. The addition of

RCWS (or RWS) also moves forward, with TI an integral part of the the

sensor suite. Typical of the genre but with an ingenious configuration is the

Panoramic Low-Signature Sight (PLSS) RWS from Saab Systems. A

prototype has been evaluated by Sweden's FMV (Defence Materiel

Administration) on a Swedish Army Strv 122 (Leopard 2A5) MBTs.

T h i s

is

a sensor/weapon platform mounted on a telescopic mast whieh is fitted on

the tank turret in place of the commander's sight. It is intended to provide

the tank commander with improved situational awareness and increased

~rotection.

very good accuracy against small targets and

also

showed potential as an

additional observation channel using the mount's sensors. These currently

comprise a

TV

camera with continuous zoom lens (allowing good target

recognition and identification) and a thermal imager can be incorporated for

night use. Depending on the effective range of

the

weapon selected for a

particular application, the thermal imager could be an uncooled or a cooled

unit. A laser range-finder can also be mounted.

Turkey's Aselsan launched a naval RCWS at the IDEF'O5 in Ankara in

late September 2005. Known

as

the STAbilised Machine gun Platform

(STAMP), it is a modular system capable of mounting a 0.5-in (as

displayed) or 7.62

mm

heavy machine

gun

or

40 mm

automatic grenade

launcher, depending on customer requirements. Similar in configuration to

the

OTO Melara 12.7

m m

remote turret, the low-radar profde turret's

integral fuecontrol sensors feature a thermal camera (in this case an

Aselsan

8 to 12

p,

dual field-of-view cooled thermal camera) and

Charge-Coupled Device (CCD)

TV

camera (of customer choice) plus an

optional laser range-finder. The company's immediate target customer is the

Turkish Navy and it can also be adapted for

AFV

use.

In another May 2006 announcement, DRS Technologies has received a

contract from Raytheon Missile systems to supply a thermal imager, based

on its Horizontal Technology Integration

(HTI)

second-generation products

used in sighting systems for the US Army and Marine Corps, for use by the

US Navy on the Raytheon

Mk

15 Phalanx CIWS Block 1B upgrade,

displacing

the

existing Thales UK product (the

HDTI

5-2F thermal imager).

L

m

SYSTEMS

The week before completing this overview, the editor spent three days at the

Eurosatory land-systems exhibition in Paris. Apart from the mainstream of

defence contractors

in

this particular niche, there were about a dozen

companies, new to Jane's, that were promoting night-vision or laser

products of one description or another. Some, to be fair, were acting as

The Rogue remote gun station, as fifted to SAS Makhanda jor trials (RDL) 1132703

The PSLL combined commander's sight and remote weapon stdon installed in pkxe of the original commander's sight on Swedish Army Stw 122 MBTat Skovde, Sweden, station on display at

(12)

(13)

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEVL

As a result of this experience and subsequent further trials, the company

has received a contract to retrofit video downlinks to the Sniper

pod.

The

video downlink allows troops on the ground to simultaneously view the

same

display as

the,

pilot in his cockpit, via an L 3 Communications

manpack Rover

lB

ground-based receiver. This ability offers troops on the

&round, paztidarly in urban environments, enhanced situational awareness

and can impEowe the

spec$

of reaction

to

timesensitive targets, getting

bombs on

t q e t

faster

than

previous methis have allowed.

Another

Lockheed Martin initiative involves an unsolicited proposal to

equip

and

utility helicopters with

the

Modemised Pilot's Night Vision

System (M-PNVS), developed as part of the Arrowhead upgrade for the

AH-64D Apache Longbow. Seen

as

a way to improve pilot visibility in

reduced visibility, including 'browndut' and 'white-out' situations, the

concept

b w n

as Pathfmder

-

not to

be

confused

with

an earlier product

based on the navigation

pod

from

the

company's LANTIRN system) takes

the M-PNVS element of Arrowhead and mounts it on a tactical transport

helicopter.

The Pathffnder concept is initially focussed on operators of AH-64Ds

already

acquiring the Arrowhead system. At any given time, a proportion of

those helicopters would be out-of-service awaiting or undergoing scheduled

maintenance. By fitting an adaptor on cargdutility helicopters, the M-PNVS

portion of the ApacWs system can

be

easily 'cross-decked' to the other

helicopter

type.

This would allow extended use of the system itself,

improved capability for the other type for

the

comparatively modest

modification

cost,

according to

Lockheed Martin. While the US Army is

showing

great

interest in Pathfinder, it has no formal requirement

or funding

stream. International users of the AH-64D have also expressed interest.

In the world of missile IR seekers, the acceptance in October 2005 of

the

MBDA U

A

D

m

(Mquette a'Autodirecteur Infra Rouge) strapdown

IR

seeker module by the French Delegation General pour I'Armenwnt (DGA)

marks the return

of

the company to the IR seeker domain. The work

has

been csrried out by

the

company's seeker division, formed from is

acquisition of Alenia Marconi (Dynamics), and involves the development of

a large format 1R detector

that

has simplified

the

haming head lineof-sight

system. Accordiug to the company, "series production costs of the

MADRID seeker will

be

mund 20 to 30 per cent lower

than

that of other

imaging seekers'*e

From missiles to defences against missiles and evolution of the

ANIAAQ24fv) Dire&

InfraRed

CounterMeasures (DIRCM) has seen

the

original

variants, known

as

Nemesis, using xenon arc lamps

are

no

longer in production, although they continue in service. The

ANIAAQ24(V)13 Large

aircraft

InfraRed CounterMeasures (LADRCM)

system is

the

nurent production model at Northrop

Chmman

(Rolling

Meadows, Illinois), which uses the solid-state diadspumped Nd:YAG

Viper laser as the jamming source, in place of the lamp. A variant of this,

in podded fonn and known as Guardian, is being evaluated by the US

Department of Homeland Security contract in the Counter-MANPADS

(man-ponable

air

defence system) programme,

and

is flying on an MD-11

airliner.

BAE Systems' Integrated Electronic Warfare Systems (Nashua,

New Hampshire) is the other contender in

the

battle for civil airline

countermeasures, with its JetEye system flying on a Boeing

767. KEY TEGHPJOLOGIES

In

the

field

of

night vision, Image Intensifier tubes are the heart of many

systems, providing most of the

performance

of today's night vision

equipment. Speaking with Ben Vloon of Photonis-DEP, he emphasised that

it is important for

users

and buyers to not only look at the generation of the

tube. The main technical difference between second generation (Gen 2) and

iowdinb

ftom

the sniper pod flying stand-oflsurveillanc~

(Lockheed

Martin)

1 l58lrU)

The Guardian civil c o u n t e r W P A D S pod mounted on an MD-I1 airliner. To the lefi

can be seen one of the four missile approach w a m r antennae, while the laser

jamming turret protrudes beneath (Northrop G~mman) 1158141

tube with a high SNR (lef) and a low SNR (rtght) 1(PhOtonis-DW)

third

generation (Gen 3), he said, "is simply the difference in production

methodology, not the performance of the

if

tube".

"Performance" is usually defined by a bmad set of parameters, most

importantly identified by the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) and the

Resolution (lphnm). Regarless of the fact whether the

II

tube is classified

as Gen

2 or Gen 3, it is the performatlce that makes a tube's value for money

and what makes it a safety tool in today's close combat, special and airborne

operations.

After the two basic indicators ( S M and lplmm), Vloon considers users

and buyers should also take into account the size of any halo effect (which

is smaller in Gen

2 tubes), the availability of additional features like

autogated power supply units (which are available

in

Gen 2) and Iifetime

(which is longer for Gen 2).

While there are many different systems which use

II

tubes,

Vloon is

confident in his assertion that ''production methodofogies do not create

the

advantage for users during

their

mission

...

but performance does".

Moving across to

TI,

the market continues to grow. The view from

France's Sofradir is

that

the world market for IR detectors

-

the

cure

of any

thermal camera

-

will grow by

at

least 10 per cent if~lllually for the

foreseeable

future.

Speaking with the Editor in March 2006,

Dr

Wppe

Bensussan, Chairman and Chief Executive Officer of

the

company,

explained that the 10 per cent figure covered both cooled and uncooled IR

detectors, with the uncooled market growing at a rate of some 22 per cent,

while the cooled market was about

7 per cent.

Part of Sofradir's

future

business strategy, Bensussan said, was to

"introduce new technology". This includes larger sized arrays (1,000

x

I

1,000 pixels upwards) with reduced pixel pitch;-digital read-obt integrated

circuits; and bi-colour/"i-spectral arrays. The company devotes

8.5 per cent

i

of sales revenue to its research and development efforts, he said, adding

that

Sofradir is presently expandiig its facilities in Grenoble, partly to install the

equipment to produce the detector material by a process known

as

molecular

beam

epitaxy.

The search for better clarity in thermal images, in terms of denser arrays

(such as reducing

the

pitch between individual detectors) progresses in the

United States. In September

2005, Sensors Unlimited (now the Goodrich

Corporation's Optical and Space Systems division, in Princeton, New

Jersey) was awarded a Defense A d v a n d Research Projects Agency

(DARPA) Microsystems Technology Offtce contract to develop a 1,280

x

1,024 pixel, dual-wavelength (visible and short-wave IR) Focal Plane Array

(FPA) using uncooled Indium Gallium

Arsenide (InGaAs) technology with

a pixel pitch of 15

pm.

This award was followed in January 2006, by one

from

the

US Army's NVESD, to

design, develop and deliver an InGaAs

FPA for use in highdefinition (1,920

x 1,080

pixel) short-wave

IR

night-vision cameras. The work focuses on development of an improved

Readout Integrated Circuit

(ROIC) architecture which

is

backwards

compatible with older imaging technologies.

(14)

EXECUTIVE OVERVIEW

m s e i B a&ow a sin&

LkDaR

image of a mving

33 ft

(16.15 m)fisJiing boat

krken

@ WUops Islrurd d Virgutra. I fw rmnge

was

rmznjzanr a ms-e OJ (ratu~

500

m andprovi&s remarkable &mil. Look carefilly and you can achuiIIy make orrt the antennae of the boat in &ition to splashes of water next to &e cpft and the boat's

wake. The m111tlple images illustrate the 'ro~tional' abilitj, of the seeker

data

-

they are not separate images, just the same image m t m d to various

(15)

Acknowledgements

This product would never happen without the input, help and cooperation

of those

manufacturers,

armed forces, research and development

establishanex& and expert individuals who have provided information to

Jane's

EIedrQIoptic

System,

particularly those who were in receipt of

urgent requests for clarification of specific points as we moved towards

deadline.

There

are

too many

to

name individually, but you know who you

are and I offer, as always, my gratefd

thanks.

E q M y important are those involved in the output of the product at Jane's

Coulsdon HQ. For most of this production year, I have worked closely with

Daniel Cadty as my main content editor, under the watchful eye of Melanie

Rovexy. As we moved to the hardcopy production, Daniel's internal

pmmotictn resulted in him 'handing

the

baton'

to

Rebecca Davies for the

final proofing stages. On the production side itself these pages would not

appear

without

the

contribution of Jack Brenchley.

I

appreciate your dedication, professionalism and sheer hard work.

Thanks

also to the senior management

team

of Jonathan Grevatt, Sean

Howe and Sara Morgan.

To the in-house

industry information gathering team, the

imageprocessing team and

the

CMS suppot

tam

I, again, offer grateful

thanks for guiding me through the labyrinth of procedures and protacols.

As always,

I

am

indebted to my 'content-gathering' colleagues at Jane's

within the new desk organisations, who have fed me information and

answered specific

or

general questions as I process

the

words. To Edward

(Dick) Downs, Christopher P. Foss,

E. R. (Ted) Hooton, Richard Jones,

Joris Janssen Lok, Ken Munson, Rupert Pengelley, Doug Richardson,

Richard Scott, Richard Stickland, Martin Streetiy, Bill Sweetman and Tony

Watts, I thank you for sharing and debating your particular knowledge with

me.

However, the bottom line of responsibility remains with the Editor

-

myself. Should something have slipped through the net, then please let me

know.

Michael J Gething

26 June

2006

Michael

J

ing,

A MRAeS, MClJ

Michael J Gething has been an aviationldefence journalist and editor since

1973, when he joined the staff of the Royal Aeronautical Society's

publication

Aerospace.

In October 1976, he moved to

DEFENCE magazine

where he spent 17 years, eight of them

as Editor, before joining Jane's

Information Group in December 1993 to edit

Jane's Defence Systems

Modernisation.

In 1997, this evolved into

Jane's Defence Upgrades.

With

the incorporation of

JDU

in

Intemtional Defence Review

in June 2003, he

became IDR's Upgrades Editor and began work on

Jane's Electro-Optic

Systems.

Between 1972 and 1979, Michael produced the aircraft modelling and

aviation interest pages for

Air Cadet News,

newspaper of the Air Training

Corps, in which he served as a Flying

Officer in

the Training Branch of the

Royal Air Force Volunteer Reserve (1972-1986). He was also the last editor

of the

Ai@ Magazine

in 1993. Together with Giinter Endres, he has

recently produced the two editions of

Jane's Aircrafi Recognition Guide,

and among his other solo published works are

Sky Guardians

-

the Air

Defence of Great Britain, Air Power 2000

and

F-IS Eagle.

An Associate Member of the Royal Aeronautical Society and a Member

of

the

Chartered Institute of Journalists, Michael also belongs to Air-Britain

and the Air Power Association. He is married with a son (in the

RAF)

and

a daughter and lives in deepest Sussex.

(16)

B

t

,

Jane's

online service

/I

For sheer timeliness. accuracy and

scope.

nothing matches Jane's online service

www.janes.com

is the most comprehensive open-source

Jane's online service is subscription based and gives you

intelligence resource on the Internet. It is your ultimate

instant access to Jane's information and expert analysis

online facil~ity

for security, defence, aerospace, transport, and

24 hours a day, 7 days a week, 365 days a year, wherever

related business information, providing you with easy access,

you have access to the Internet.

extensive qontent and total control.

Aerospace Intelligence Centre

_laming

_&

_seaion,

Security Intelligence Centre

sptiand w d

sew&

%D

Business Intelligence Centre

.

in

intwwl presentaW~

information from over

3W

$WK&

win@

aaiwe

im*ftg

Market forecasts and trends

Risk analysis

Industry insight

Worldwide news and features

0

Country assessments

I

(17)

Glossary

This glossary deals with technical terms only and not standard SI or other units, names of organisations, or of specific programmes; the latter will be found in the general index.

A few words of explanation are provided where appropriate. For further technical detail, an excellent reference text is " The Znfra-Red and Electro-Optical

Systems Handbook

",

edited by

J

S Accetta and

D

L

Shumaker, published by

SPIElERIM

(1993); Volume

5

of this set is particularly relevant. Because of the potential for confusion between different video standards and different measures of image resolution, some further notes on these topics are provided at the end of this glossary.

A A AAM AAW ABC Absorption coefficient AC ACLOS AEW AFY AGC AGL Angle of elevation AP APDS APFSDS APC APD ARPA Anti-reflection coating ASuW ASW ATBM ATGM ATGW Be0 BIT BITE CZ c31 c41 CAS CCD CCIR CCTV CEP CIC CIWS CLGP CLOS CMOS CMT COTS CRT C W DAS DC DF DFoV DIRCM Divergence ECCM ECM EFL EFT Anti-Aircraft Air-tc-Air Missile Anti-Air Warfare

Automatic Brightness Control (for image intensifiers) Fraction of energy absorbed per unit pathlength Alternating Current

Automatic Command to Line of Sight (guidance mode of a missile)

Airborne Early Warning (aircraft) Armoured Fighting Vehicle Automatic Gain Control

Above Ground Level (height of an aircraft)

The angle between the line of sight and the horizontal plane

Armour-Piercing (ammunition)

Armour-Piercing Discarding Sabot (ammunition) Armour-Piercing FinStabilised Discarding Sabot (ammunition)

Armoured Personnel Canier

Avalanche Photodiode (provides higher gain than PIN diode detector; often used in

LRF

receivers) Area Radar Prediction Analysis

A

thin film of material applied to an optical surface to reduce the reflectivity and increase the transmission of radiation through the surface

Anti-Surface Warfare AntiSubmarine Warfare Anti-Tactical Ballistic Missile

Anti-Tank Guided Missile (almost synonymous with ATGW)

Anti-Tank Guided Weapon

Beryllium Oxide (see Materials section) Built-In Test

Built-In Test Equipment Command and Control

Command, Control, Communications and Intelligence Command, Control, Communications, Computers and Intelligence

Close Air Support

Charge Coupled Device (solid-state TV imaging detector chip)

see note below on video standards ClosedCircuit

TV

Circular Error Probability (a measure of the accuracy of bomb or missile targeting)

Command and Information Centre (on a ship) Close-In Weapons System

Cannon-Launched Guided Projectile

Command to Line of Sight (guidance mode of a missile) Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor

Cadmium Mercury Telluride, a commonly used IR detector material, also known

as

MCT. (see Materials section)

Commercial Off-The-Shelf Cathode Ray Tube (display) Continuous Wave

Defensive Aids System Direct Current Direction Finding Dual FoV (Field-of-View)

Directed/Directional IR Countermeasure

The bending of light beams away from each other, for example by a lens

Electronic Counter Countermeasure (capability to resist ECM)

Electronic Countermeasure Effective Focal Length

Explosively Formed Projectile(type of missile warhead)

Jane's Electro-Optic Systems

2006-2007

EMC EMD EM1 EO EO detector EOCCM EOCM EOD ERA Er:Glass ESM EW F (or f) number FAC F AC FCS r n D I

FFr

FIR FLIR FOM FoV FPA GaAs Ge

Gen (or GEN) 1, 2, 3 GPS H HE HEAT HEL HESH

HF

HMD HOE HUD HVM ICCD ICV IDCA

E D

IFF

IFV I1 or IZ

IIR,

12R InSb InGaAs INS IR IRCCD IRCCM IRCM IRFPA Electromagnetic Compatibility

Engineering and Manufacturing Development Electromagnetic Immunity

electrooptic(a1)

A component that detects radiation by the effect of light in generating an electrical signal

EO Counter Countermeasure (capability to resist EOCM)

EO Countermeasure Explosive Ordnance Disposal Explosive Reactive Armour Erbium:Glass (see Materials section) Electronic Support Measures Electronic Warfare

The ratio of the focal length of a lens to its diameter Forward Air Controller

Fast Attack Craft FireControl System

Fibre-Distributed Data Interface Fast Fourier Transform

Far Infra-Red (the 15 to 1,000 pm band)

Forward Looking infra-red (typically a fixeddirection narrow-FOV system, with a display for the user) Frequency Modulation

Fibre Optic (sometimes used in the form of a twister to invert an image, or as a taper to couple an image intensifier to a CCD camera)

Figure of Merit - a US I1 tube specification used to qualify exportability, calculated on resolution (line pairs per millimetre) x signal-to-noise ratio

Field-of-View

Focal Plane Array (as opposed to a scanned array) Gallium Arsenide (see Materials section) Germanium (see Materials section)

The generations of image intensifiers used in NVG. Earliest electrostatically focused Gen 1 tubes had low gain. Gen 2 introduced MCP for much higher gain; Gen 3 introduced improved 3-V (GaAs) photocathodes. A confusing variety of proprietary names are also used such as Supeffien and Gen 2 Super

Global Positioning System Horizontal (referring to FoV) High-Energy (warhead explosive) High-Energy Anti-Tank (ammunition) High-Energy Laser

High-Explosive Squash Head (ammunition) High-Frequency

Helmet-Mounted Display Holographic Optical Element Head-Up Display

High- (or Hyper) Velocity Missile

Intensified CCD (CCD TV camera with image intensifying stage)

Infantry Combat Vehicle

Integrated Detector/Cooler Assembly Improvised Explosive Device Interrogation Friend or Foe Infantry Fighting Vehicle Image intensifier(d)

Imaging

IR

(as distinct from earlier generation scanned IR systems)

Indium Antimonide (see Materials section) Indium Gallium Arsenide (see Materials section) Inertial Navigation System

infra-red infra-red CCD

IR

Counter Countermeasure (capability to resist IRCM) IR Countermeasure

(18)

right attitudelright approach/right alongside

(19)

(20)

GLOSSARY

Near Infrared Camera

National Imagery Interpretation Rating Scale (US) Near Infra-Red (the 0.7 to 1.4 pm band)

Non Line-of-Sight Night Vision Binocular Night Vision Goggle

Original Equipment Manufacturer Organic Light-Emitting Diode

Optical Parametric Oscillator (non-linear crystal. for example KTP. used for shifting laser wavelength) Overfly Top-Attack (anti-armour missile attack mode) Lead Selenide (see Materials section)

Personal Computer

Photoconductive (mode of operation of a photodetector) Photodiode Array

Prccision Guided Munition (often SAL guided) Positive-Intrinsic-Negative (type of semiconductor photodiode structure)

Passive Infra-Red

Proportional Navigation (guidance mode of a missile) Panoramic NVG (or WFoV NVG)

Plan Position Indicator (radar display) Pulse Repetition Frequency

Lead Scandium Tantalate (see Materials section) IRLS

IRST

IR Line Scan

IR Search and Track (differs from FLlR in that the FoV is mechanically steerable in the direction of choice, the primary destination of the image information is a computer rather than a display screen and autotracking functions are built in).

NIC NIIRS NIR NLOS NVB N V G OEM OLED OPO Intelligence. Surveillance and Reconnaissance

Intelligence, Surveillance. Targeting, Acquisition and ISR

ISTAR

Reconnaissance

Joule Thomson (cooler for IR detector). A cooling

technique which uses the expansion of High-pressure OTA PbSe PC PC PDA PCM PIN gas. By forcing the gas, usually nitrogen or argon,

through a narrow nozzle, the gas expands and absorbs heat causing its surroundings to cool

Kinetic Energy (of a munition or weapon)

Potassium Titanate Phosphate (see Materials section) Local Area Network

An instrument for weapon delivery applications, the laser illuminates the target with a coded signal. The attacking missile launched from a platform which can be some distance from the designator. has a laser sensor which detects the reflected code signal from the target and provides the homing signal to guide the missile to the target

An instrument to measure the range of a target I.ight Armoured Vehicle

Liquid Crystal Display Light Emitting Diode

Lithium Fluoride (see Materials section) Lithium Niobate (see Materials section) Lithium Tantalate (see Materials section) Low-Level Air Defence System Low-Light Level TV

Lock-On After Launch Lock-On Before Launch

Long Range Oblique Photographic Line-of-Sight

Liquid Phase Epitaxy (method of manufacturing IR detectors)

Laser Rangefinder Line Replaceable Unit Laser Spot Tracker Laser Target Designator

Long-Wave Infra-Red (the 8 to 12 pm band - sometimes stretching to 15 pm)

Laser Warning ReceiverISystem Man-Portable Air Defence System

Molecular Beam Epitaxy. The deposition of one or more KE KTP LAN Laser designator PIR PN PNVG PPI PRF PST PV QWIP RAM Raman effect Laser range-finder LAV LCD LED LiF LiNbO, LiTaO, LL ADS LLTV, LLLTV LOAL LOBL LOROP LoS LPE

Photovoltaic (mode of operation of a photodetector) Quantum Well Infra-red Photodetector

Radar-Absorbing Material

When light is scattered through a transparent material. part of the light is scattered in all directions. The frequency of much of the scattered light is identical to the frequency of the incident beam. A part of the scattered light has frequencies different from the frequency of the incident beam by values related to thc emission or absorption energies of the atoms or molecules of the scattering material. This part is called Raman scattering. If the frequency v of the incident light is varied. then the frequencies of the Raman scattered photons maintain constant frequency differences from

v

Radar Cross Section Radar Frequency

Rolled Homogeneous Armour Root Mean Square

Region of Interest (within an optical window) Read-Out Integrated Circuit

Remotely Piloted Vehicle (see also UAV) Radar Warning Receiver

Semi-Automatic CLOS (guidance mode of a mi\sile) Semi-Active Laser (missile guidance using laser designation)

Surface-to-Air Missile Synthetic Aperture Radar

System Design and Development (equivalent to EMD) Sensor Fused Weapon

Single Lens Reflex (camera) Self-Propelled

Signal Processing In The Element (a proprietary technique performing on-chip signal integration in a scanned IR detector)

Standard Positioning Service (relating to GPS) Shop Replaceable Unit

Submarine (ballistic missile, nuclear powered)

Submarine (land-attack, special forces. nuclear powered) Diesel-electric powered submarine

Single-Shot Kill Probability Submarine (attack, nuclear powered) Short-Wave Infra-Red (the 1.4 to 3 ptn band) Tactical Ballistic Missile

Time Delay and Integration

Transporter-Erector-Launcher (for TBM)

A cooling technique which exploits the 'Peltier Effect' by which current flowing across a junction between two dissimilar materials causing one material to heat while the other cools

Thermal ImagerIImaging

Thermal Imaging Common Module Thermal Imaging System Time of Flight

Television

TV Lines (a measure of iniage resolution) Travelling Wave Tube

Unmanned Aerial Vchiclc Ultra-High Frequency Universal Transverse Mercator

Ultra-violet (wavelengths shorter than 400 nm) RCS RF RHA RMS ROI ROIC RPV RWR SACLOS SAL LRF LRU LST LTD LWlR LWRLWS MANPADS MBE

pure materials onto a single crystal wafer, one layer of atoms at a time, under ultra-high vacuum, forming a perfect crystal.

Main Battle Tank

Manual CLOS (guidance mode of a missile) Mine Countermeasures (ship)

Microchannel Plate

Mercury Cadmium Telluride (HgCdTe) - see, also, CMT and the Materials section

Mid-Life Update ManNachine Interface

Metal Organic Vapour Phase Deposition (method of manufacturing IR detectors)

Minimum Resolvable Temperature Difference (a subjective measure of the thermal contrast sensitivity of an IR system including its display, usually quoted in "C

SAM SAR SDD SFW SLR SP SPRITE MBT MCLOS MCM MCP MCT MLU MMI MOVPE MRTD (or MRT) SPS SRU SSBN SSGN SSK SSKP SSN SWIR TBM TDI TEL Thermo-electric cooling or K at a given image resolution expressed in Iplmrad).

Mean Time Between Failures Moving Target indication Mean Time To Repair

Mid-Wave Infra-Red (the 3 to 5 pm band - sometimes stretching to 8 pm)

Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Neodymium:Glass (see Materials section) Neodymium:Potassium Gadolinium Tungstate (see Materials section)

Neodymium:Yttrium Aluminium Garnet (see Materials MTBF MTI MTTR MWlR NBC Nd:Class Nd:KGW TI TICM TIS ToF TV TVL TWT UAV UHF UTM

uv

section) NDI NEI

NETD (or NET)

Non-Developmental Item Noise Equivalent lrradiance

Noise Equivalent Temperature Difference (differs from MRTD, in that it is a measure of contrast sensitivity defined as equivalent to the electronic noise level of the receivcr)

Narrow Field-of-View (for system having more than one FoV)

Naval Gunfire Support NFoV

NGS