DBMS in Hindi
B c c F a l n a . c o m
0 9 7 9 9 4 - 5 5 5 0 5
Kuldeep Chand
This EBook is basically useful if you want to learn to develop
Professional Application Level Database, so that you can
understand the various theoratical processes related to Database Designing like Requirement Identification,
Database Normalization, Entity Relationship (ER) Diagram
Creation, Data Flow Diagram (DFD), etc…
This eBook is based on various kinds of Database Related Problems and then Identifying its Solutions, so that you can create a Database Schema on the basis of the requirement.
Relationship of a Relation Database is the main fundamental concept and in this eBook, I have tried my best to explain Various Relationship Concepts like One, One-to-Many and One-to-Many-to-One-to-Many with easy to understand Examples.
Database Normalization is another the most important
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
■■■
Kuldeep Chand
Betalab Computer Center
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
DBMS-RDBMS in Hindi
Copyright © 2009 by Kuldeep Chand
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Lead Editors: Kuldeep Chand
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DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
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DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
Table of Contents
Database Management System ... 8
Introduction ... 8
Problem – Doing Something ... 12
System – Interrelated Group of Units to Solve a Problem ... 13
Database Management System – DBMS ... 14
Requirement of Good Database Design ... 20
Effects of Poor Database Design ... 21
Unnecessary Duplicated Data and Data Consistency ... 22
Data Insertion Problems ... 24
Data Deletion Problems ... 26
Meaningful Identifiers ... 27
Entities and Data Relationships ... 28
Entities and Their Attributes ... 28
Entity Identifiers ... 29
Single-Valued and Multi-Valued Attributes ... 31
Identifying Problem Related Entities ... 34
Documenting Logical Data Relationships ... 35
Entities and Attributes for Music Store Application ... 37
Domains ... 38
Documenting Domains ... 38
Practical Domain Choices ... 38
Basic Data Relationships ... 42
One To One Relationships ... 43
One To Many Relationships ... 45
Many To Many Relationships ... 46
Weak Entities and Mandatory Relationships ... 47
Documenting Relationships ... 48
Dealing with Many To Many Relationships ... 52
Composite Entities ... 53
Relationships and Business Rules ... 57
Data Modeling and Data Flow ... 58
Schema ... 63
Tables ... 67
Primary Keys ... 68
Composite Keys ... 70
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
Referential Integrity ... 75
Views ... 76
Data Dictionary ... 78
Normalization ... 80
Translating an ER Diagram into Relations... 81
Normal Forms ... 82
First Normal Form ... 84
Second Normal Form ... 90
Third Normal Form ... 93
Boyce-Codd Normal Form ... 95
Forth Normal Form ... 97
Equi – Join ... 100
Database Structure and Performance Tuning ... 103
Indexing ... 104
Clustering ... 106
Partitioning ... 107
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
DBMS
DAtABASe
MAnAgeMeMnt
SySteM
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
Database Management System
blls igys fd ge Oracle dks le>sa] gesa lcls igys Database ds fofHkUu Concepts dks csgrj rjhds ls le>uk gksxk] rkfd ge ;s le> ldsa fd ,slh dkSulh leL;k, gSa] ftuds
Solution ds :i esa Oracle tSlk DBMS Software Develop fd;k x;k gSA rks lcls igys ge
Relational Database o Relational Database dks Design djus ds Process ds ckjs esa tkusaxsA
pwafd Relational Database Designing ,d cgqr gh tfVy izfØ;k gS vkSj ge Designing o
Implementation nksuksa dks nks vyx :iksa esa ns[k ldrs gSaA blfy, bl iqLrd dks Hkh geus nks Hkkxksa esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA igys Hkkx ds vUrxZr ge Relational Database Designing ls lacaf/kr fofHkUu ckrksa dks vPNh rjg ls le>us dh dksf”k”k djsaxs] tcfd nwljs Section esa ge ;s tkusaxs fd igys Section ds vk/kkj ij Designing fd, x, fdlh Database dks Oracle esa ds lkFk fdl rjg ls Implement fd;k tkrk gSA
pwafd Designing o Implementation nks ,dne vyx Subjects gksrs gq, Hkh ,d nwljs ls xgjkbZ ds lkFk vkil esa tqMs gq, gSa] blfy, bl iqLrd esa dbZ mnkgj.k o leku ckrsa vkidks ckj&ckj ns[kus o i<us dks fey ldrh gSaA geus dbZ mnkgj.kksa o rF;ksa dks ckj&ckj blfy,
Repeat fd;k gS] rkfd iqLrd ds Contents dk Flow cuk jgsA
Introduction
lH;rk dh “kq:vkr ls gh ekuo dks Information dh t:jr jgh gSA blhfy, og le;≤ ij lwpukvksa dks ,df=r djus o mu lwpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij lgh o mfpr fu.kZ; ysus ds u, o fodflr rjhds [kkstrk jgk gSA lwpuk dh vko”;drk o egRo ds dkj.k lcls igyk vkfo’dkj dkxt o dye dk gqvkA
tSls&tSls ekuo dk fodkl gksrk x;k oSls&oSls mlus u, “kgj] jkT; o ns”k cuk, vkSj mu ns”kksa ds chp O;kikj o okf.kT; ds dkj.k fofHkUu lEca/k cus vkSj vkt dsoy O;kikj o okf.kT; gh ugha cfYd thou dh yxHkx gj lwpuk dk Internet ds ek/;e ls bu ns”kksa ds chp vknku iznku gks jgk gSA d`f’k Øakfr o vkS/kksfxd Øakfr ds ckn vkt ge lwpuk Øakfr ds ;qx esa th jgs gSaA
igys lwpukvksa dks feV~Vh ds crZuksa ij fp=kRed :i esa o “kCnksa ds :i esa fy[kk tkrk FkkA fQj dkxt o dye ds fodkl ls bu ij fofHkUu lwpukvksa dks Store djds j[kk tkus yxk vkSj vkt ge bUgha lwpukvksa dks Computer ij Manage djrs gSaA
fofHkUu izdkj ds vkadMksa (Data) dk ladyu (Collection) djuk vkSj fQj mu vkadMksa dks fofHkUu izdkj ls oxhZd`r (Classify) djds mudk fo”ys’k.k (Analyze ) djuk rFkk mfpr le;
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
ij mfpr fu.kZ; ysus dh {kerk izkIr djuk] bl iwjh izfØ;k dks Computer dh Hkk’kk esa Data Processing djuk dgk tkrk gSA
vkt ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd Computer dk mi;ksx fofHkUu izdkj ds Business ls lEcaf/kr lwpukvksa dks Store, Manage o Process djus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA Business Hkys NksVk gks ;k cMk] Computer dh viuh dqN fo”ks’krkvksa ds dkj.k lHkh izdkj ds Businesses esa bUlkuksa ds lkFk&lkFk vc Computer dk vf/kdkf/kd iz;ksx fd;k tkus yxk gSA
tc ge Computer ij fdlh leL;k dk lek/kku izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa] rc ml leL;k dks gesa
Computer esa ,d Software Application ds :i esa Represent djuk gksrk gSA Computer
gesa”kk fdlh uk fdlh Software Application ds vk/kkj ij gh dke djrk gS vkSj ;fn fdlh leL;k dk lek/kku izkIr djus ds fy, Develop fd;k x;k Software Application iwjh rjg ls lgh gks] rks Computer dHkh Hkh xyr Result iznku ugha djrk gSA ;gh Computer dh lcls igyh o lcls cMh fo”ks’krk gS] fd og gesa”kk Software Application ds vk/kkj ij gh dke djrk gS] blfy, mlls izkIr gksus okyk Result dHkh Hkh xyr ugha gksrkA ;kuh Computer gesa”kk
Accurate Result Provide djrk gSA
ysfdu ;fn leL;k dk lek/kku izkIr djus ds fy, Develop fd, x, Software Application ds
Design esa dksbZ xMcM gks] rks Computer Lo;a ml xyrh dks idM dj lgh fu.kZ; ysus esa l{ke ugha gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa Computer xyr Result Hkh ns ldrk gS] ftlds ckjs esa gesa”kk
Software Application Develop djus okys Programmer dks lko/kku jguk gksrk gSA
Computer dh nwljh fo”ks’krk ;s gS fd Computer Calculations ls lEcaf/kr dke cgqr gh lQyrkiwoZd o rsth ls dj ldrk gS] ftUgsa djus esa bUlkuksa dks dkQh le; yxrk gS vkSj fo”ks’k lko/kkuh cjruh iMrh gSA Computer Calculation ls lEcaf/kr xyfr;ka dHkh Hkh ugha djrk gS] tc rd fd Computer ftl Software Application ds vk/kkj ij Calculation dj jgk gS] ml
Application dks gh xyr rjg dh Calculations dks Perform djus ds fy, Design uk fd;k x;k gksA
pwafd Computer Calculations dks Fastly o Accurately Perform djrk gS] blfy,
Computer ds dkj.k Business Man dks Calculation ds izfr fo”ks’k lko/kku jgus dh t:jr ugha jg tkrh gSA bl fLFkfr esa ,d Business Man vius O;kikj dks c<kus ls lEcaf/kr fu.kZ;ksa dks tYnh ls o vklkuh ls ys ldus esa l{ke gks tkrk gSA
Computer dh ,d rhljh fo”ks’krk ;s gS fd vke bUlkuksa dh rjg gh Computer Hkh lwpukvksa dks ;kn j[k ldrk gSA ysfdu pwafd bUlkuksa dh ,d deh ;s Hkh gS fd os ;fn fdlh Information dks yEcs le; rd mi;ksx esa uk ysa] rks os ckrksa dks Hkwy tkrs gSa] tcfd Computer ij Stored
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
Computer ij Stored lwpukvksa dks ,d Business Man lkyksa ckn Hkh T;ksa dk R;ksa izkIr dj ldrk gS] ftlls ,d Business Man dks bUlkuh xyfr;ksa ls gksus okyh ijs”kkfu;ksa dk Hkh lkeuk ugha djuk iMrk gSA ,slh gh vkSj Hkh cgqr lh fo”ks’krkvksa ds dkj.k gh vkt gj Business Man
pkgs og NksVk Business dj jgk gks ;k cMk] Computer ij gh vius Business ls lEcaf/kr lwpukvksa dks Manage djrk gSA
gj Business Man Computer ij vius Business ls lEcaf/kr t:jh Data dks Maintain
djrk gS] rkfd og vius Business ls lEcaf/kr tkudkfj;ksa dks vPNh rjg ls o rsth ls izkIr dj lds o vius Business ls lEcaf/kr fu.kZ; ys ldsA
Data – Value or a Set of Values
vfl) rF; (Facts) vad (Figures) o lkaf[;dh (Statics) dk og lewg ftl ij izfØ;k
(Processing) djus ij ,d vFkZiw.kZ (Meaningful) lwpuk (Information) izkIr (Generate) gks]
Data dgykrk gSA Data eku ;k ekuksa dk ,d lewg (Value or a Set of Values) gksrk gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij (After Processing) ge fu.kZ; (Decision) ysrs gSaA
bls ,d mnkgj.k }kjk le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSaA la[;k,a (0 ls 9 rd) dqy nl gh gksrh gSaA ysfdu ;fn bUgsa ,d O;ofLFkr Øe esa j[k fn;k tk,] rks ,d lwpuk Generate gksrh gSA blfy, ;s la[;k,a Data gSaA
vaxzsth Hkk’kk esa Small o Capital Letters ds dqy 52 Characters gh gksrs gSa] ysfdu ;fn bUgsa ,d lqO;ofLFkr Øe esa j[kk tk,] rks gtkjksa iqLrdsa cu ldrh gSaA blfy, ;s Characters Data
gSaA
Computer esa ge bUgha nks :iksa esa okLrfod thou dh fofHkUu ckrksa dks Store djrs gSa vkSj mu ij Processing djds vko”;drkuqlkj Information Generate djrs gSaA tSls fdlh School
ds fofHkUu Students dh ;s tkudkjh j[kuh gks fd fdlh Class esa dkSu&dkSu ls Students gSa] mudk Serial Number D;k gS vkSj os fdl Address ij jgrs gSa] rks ;s lHkh rF; vfl) :i esa
Computer ds fy, Data gSa D;ksafd fdlh Student ds Serial Number dks 0 ls 9 ds dqN vadksa ds lewg ds :i esa Express fd;k tkrk gS vkSj Student dk uke o irk Characters ds ,d lqO;ofLFkr lewg ds :i esa Express fd;k tkrk gSA
tc 0 ls 9 rd ds dqN vadksa dks ,d lewg esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gS rc fdlh ,d Student
dk ,d Serial Number cu tkrk gS vkSj tc fofHkUu Characters dks ,d lewg esa O;ofLFkr fd;k tkrk gS] rc fdlh Student dk uke o Address cu tkrk gSA ;s uke o Address gh fdlh Student dh dqN Information iznku djrs gSaA
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
Processing – Generating Results
Data tSls fd v{kj] vad] lka[;dh Statics ;k fdlh fp= dks lqO;ofLFkr djuk ;k mudh
Calculation djuk] Processing dgykrk gSA fdlh Hkh Processing es fuEUk dke gksrs gSa%
Calculation fdlh eku dks tksMuk] ?kVkuk] xq.kk djuk] Hkkx nsuk vkfnA
Comparison dksbZ eku cMk] NksVk] “kwU;] Positive, Negative, cjkcj gS vkfnA
Decision Masking fdlh Condition ds vk/kkj ij fu.kZ; ysukA
Logic vko”;d ifj.kke dks izkIr djus ds fy, viuk;k tkus okyk Steps
dk ØeA
dsoy vadksa dh x.kuk djuk gh Processing ugha dgykrk gSA cfYd fdlh Hkh izdkj ds eku dks tSls fd fdlh Document esa ls xyfr;ksa dks [kkstus dh izfØ;k ;k dqN ukeksa ds lewg dks vkjksgh
(Ascending) ;k vojksgh (Descending) Øe esa O;ofLFkr djus dh izfØ;k dks Hkh
Processing gh dgrs gSaA
Computer esa Keyboard ls tks Hkh Data Input fd;k tkrk gS] ml Data dk rc rd dksbZ vFkZ ugha gksrk gS] tc rd fd Computer }kjk ml Data ij fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ Processing
uk dh tk,A
tSls mnkgj.k ds fy, Computer esa R, a, d, h, a ;s ikap v{kj vyx&vyx Input fd, tkrs gSaA blfy, ;s lHkh v{kj Row Data ds leku gSaA Computer bu ikapksa v{kjksa ij Processing
djds bUgsa ,d Øe esa O;ofLFkr dj nsrk gS vkSj gesa “Radha” uke iznku djrk gS tks fd ,d vFkZiw.kZ lwpuk (Information) gSA
Information – Processed Data
ftl Data ij Processing gks pqdh gksrh gS] mls Processed Data ;k Information dgrs gSaA nwljs “kCnksa esa dgsa rks fdlh Data ij Processing gksus ds ckn tks vFkZiw.kZ ifj.kke (Result)
izkIr gksrk gS] mls gh lwpuk (Information) dgrs gSaA ,d Processing ls Generate gksus okyh fdlh Information dks ge fdlh nwljh Processing esa fQj ls Data ds :i esa mi;ksx esa ysdj ubZ Information Generate dj ldrs gSa vkSj ;s Øe vkxs Hkh tkjh j[kk tk ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, R, a, m, K, i, l, l, e, d, R, a, v, a, n ;s Characters ge vyx&vyx Input
djrs gSaA Computer igys bu ij Processing djds Ram, Killed, o Ravan rhu “kCn cukrk gS] tks fd gekjs fy, rhu vyx lwpukvksa dks Represent djrk gSA D;ksafd Ram. Ravan o
Killed rhuksa gh “kCn vius vki esa ifjiw.kZ gSa] blfy, ;s rhuksa gh “kCn ,d izdkj dh lwpuk gSa tcfd ;fn “Ram Killed Ravan” fy[kk tk, rks bl okD; ds fy, ;s rhuksa gh “kCn ,d Data
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
ds leku gSa] tks Processing ds dkj.k vkil esa ,d O;ofLFkr Øe esa Arrange gksdj ,d lwpuk iznku djrs gSaA
lkjka”k esa dgsa rks Computer esa ge lHkh izdkj dh lwpukvksa dks Data ds vk/kkj ij Store djrs gSaA bu Data ij Processing djrs gSa] ftlls lwpuk,a Generate gksrh gSa vkSj bu lwpukvksa ds vk/kkj ij ge fu.kZ; ysrs gSaA Data okLro esa dksbZ vad] v{kj ;k fp= gks ldrk gSA Computer
esa bUgha vadksa] v{kjksa ;k fp=ksa dks ekuksa ds :i esa Manage fd;k tkrk gSA ;kuh Computer ds lUnHkZ esa Data okLro esa dksbZ eku ;k ekuksa dk ,d lewg gksrk gSA
What is a Computer
Computer ,d ,slhElectronic Machine gS] tks funsZ”kksa ds lewg ¼ftls Program dgrs gSa½ ds fu;a=.k esa Data ;k rF;ksa ij Processing djds Information Generate djrk gSA
Computer esa Data dks Accept djus vkSj ml Data ij Required Processing djus ds fy, fdlh Program dks Execute djus dh {kerk gksrh gSA ;s fdlh Data ij Mathematical
o Logical fØ;k,a djus esa l{ke gksrk gSA Computer esa Data dks Accept djus ds fy, Input Devices gksrh gS] tcfd Processed Data ;kuh Information dks izLrqr djus ds fy, Output Devices gksrh gSaA Data ij Processing dk dke ftl Device }kjk lEiUu gksrk gS] mls
Central Processing Unit ;k CPU dgrs gSaaA ;s ,d Microprocessor gksrk gS] ftls
Computer dk fnekx Hkh dgrs gSaaA fdlh Hkh Computer fuEufyf[kr {kerk,a gksrh gSa%
1 User }kjk Supplied Data dks Accept dj ldrk gSA
2 Input fd, x, Data dks Computer dh Memory esa Store djds Required ifj.kke izkIr djus ds fy, fdlh Instructions ds lewg ;kuh fdlh Program dks Execute dj ldrk gS] tks fd ml Input fd, x, Data ij Processing dj ldrk gSA
3 Data ij Mathematical o Logical fØ;kvksa (Operations) dks fØ;kfUor (Perform)
dj ldrk gSA
4 User dh vko”;drkuqlkj Output iznku dj ldrk gSA
Problem – Doing Something
Computer }kjk ge fdlh uk fdlh izdkj dh leL;k dk lek/kku izkIr djus ds fy, gh fofHkUu izdkj ds Programs fy[krs gSaA blfy, lcls igys gesa ;gh r; djuk gksxk fd vkf[kj ge
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
;fn fcYdqy gh ljy “kCnksa esa fdlh leL;k dks ifjHkkf’kr djsa] rks Computer ij ge ftl fdlh Hkh dke dks Perform djds fdlh izdkj dk dksbZ Result izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa] ge ml dke dks leL;k ds :i esa ns[k ldrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy, nks la[;kvksa dk ;ksx djuk] fdlh ifj.kke dks Computer ds Monitor ij
Display djuk] fdlh Hkh izdkj dh dksbZ Calculation ;k Comparison djuk vkfn bu lHkh dkeksa dks ge leL;k ds :i esa ns[k ldrs gSaA ;kuh ge tks dqN Hkh djuk pkgrs gSa] og lcdqN
Computer ds fy, ,d leL;k gh gSA
System – Interrelated Group of Units to Solve a Problem
Computer ,d System gksrk gSA tc fdlh ,d ;k ,d ls vf/kd leL;kvksa dks lqy>kus ;k fdlh y{; dks izkIr djus ds fy, dbZ Lora= bdkbZ;ka (Individual Units) feydj dke dj jgs gksrs gSa] rks mu bdkbZ;ksa ds lewg dks System dgk tkrk gSA
tSls dksbZ Hospital ,d System gksrk gS ftls Hospital System dgk tkrk gSA Doctors, Nurses, fpfdRlk ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu midj.k] Operation Theater, Patient vkfn fdlh
Hospital System dh fofHkUu bdkbZ;ka gSaA ;fn bu esa ls fdlh dh Hkh deh gks rks Hospital
v/kwjk gksrk gSA blh rjg ls Computer Hkh ,d System gS] ftlds fofHkUu vo;o tSls fd
Monitor, Mouse, Keyboard, CPU o leL;k dk lek/kku izkIr djus ls lEcaf/kr Application Software vkfn gksrs gSa vkSj ;s lHkh vkil esa feydj fdlh leL;k dk ,d mfpr lek/kku iznku djrs gSaA
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
DBMS
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
DBMS – The Fundamentals
Computer esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Data dks Store o Manage djus ds fy, dqN Standard rjhdksa dks mi;ksx esa yk;k tkrk gS] rkfd Computer }kjk fdlh Hkh le; Accurate o Up-To-Date Information dks izkIr fd;k tk ldsA ftu Standard rjhdksa dks mi;ksx esa ysdj fdlh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr Data dks Manage fd;k tkrk gS] mu rjhdksa ds lewg dks gh Database Management System dgk tkrk gSA
fdlh ,d lewg ls lEcaf/kr lwpukvksa dks de ls de txg esa Store djus o Manipulate djus dk lcls vPNk rjhdk ;gh gksrk gS fd ml “Group Of Information” dks ,d lkj.kh ds :i esa
Define fd;k tk,A ,d lkj.kh fdlh ,d Group ls lEcaf/kr lwpukvksa dks de ls de txg esa o lcls csgrj rjhds Store djus dk lcls vPNk rjhdk gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd gesa fdlh School ds fofHkUu Students dh Information dks
Computer ij Manage djuk gks] rks ge ,d lkj.kh cukdj mlesa fofHkUu Students dh tkudkfj;ksa dks NksVs&NksVs VqdMksa ds :i esa fuEukuqlkj Store dj ldrs gSa%
//=================================================================
Sr_No Name Age Sex Class
123 Amit Sharma 15 Male 10
234 Rahul Varma 16 Male 10
121 Salini Bohra 15 Female 9
544 Silpa Roy 14 Female 8
534 Prince Mishra 13 Male 6
532 Devendra Bhati 14 Male 9
//================================================================
;fn ge bl lkj.kh esa Represent fd, x, lHkh Data dks ,d lkFk ,d Group ds :i esa ns[ksa] rks ge dg ldrs gSa fd ftl Student dk Serial Number 123 gS] mldk uke Amit Sharma
gS vkSj mldh mez 15 lky gSA lkFk gh og Class 10thesa i<rk gSA
blh rjg ls ge bl lkj.kh esa Represent fd, x, vU; Students dh Hkh fofHkUu izdkj dh tkudkfj;ksa dks izkIr dj ldrs gSaA Database Management System esa blh rjhds dks mi;ksx esa fy;k tkrk gS o leL;k ls lEcaf/kr bdkbZ dh ftu tkudkfj;ksa dks Computer }kjk Manage
djuk gksrk gS] mu tkudkfj;ksa dks NksVs&NksVs VqdMksa esa Divide djds] mUgsa Logical Tables esa
Data ds :i esa Store dj fy;k tkrk gSA
tc ge Computer }kjk fdlh leL;k dks Solve djuk pkgrs gSa] rc lcls igys gesa ml leL;k ls lEcaf/kr mu eq[; Entities dks Identify djuk gksrk gS] ftUgsa ge Computer ij Mange
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
Information dks Computer }kjk Manage djuk pkgrs gSa] rks bl leL;k ds fy, Student og
Entity gksrk gS] tks fd gekjh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr gksrk gSA
fdlh leL;k esa gesa”kk dsoy ,d gh Entity gks] ,slk dHkh Hkh t:jh ugha gksrk gSA fofHkUu izdkj dh ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa fdlh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr ,d ls T;knk izdkj ds Entities gks ldrs gSaA nqfu;ka dk dksbZ Hkh O;fDr] oLrq ;k ?kVuk fdlh fo”ks’k ifjfLFkfr esa ,d Entity ds :i esa Identify gks ldrk gSA
tc ,d Programmer fdlh Business ls lEcaf/kr Data dks Computer ij Manage djuk pkgrk gS] rc og ftl Organization ds fy, Application Develop dj jgk gksrk gS] ml
Organization ds vk/kkj ij ;s r; gksrk gS fd ml Application ls lEcaf/kr eq[; Entities
dkSu&dkSu ls gSaA
pwafd fofHkUu izdkj ds Organizations fofHkUu izdkj ds dke djrs gSa] blfy, fdlh ,d
Organization ds fy, tks O;fDr] oLrq ;k ?kVuk ,d Entity ds :i esa Represent gksrk gS] ogh O;fDr] oLrq ;k ?kVuk fdlh nwljs Organization ds fy, Hkh ,d eq[; Entity gks] ,slk t:jh ugha gksrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh School esa Teaching djokus okyk Teacher ml School ds Database Application ds fy, ,d Employee Entity gksrk gS] ysfdu tc ogh Teacher fdlh Bank esa viuk Account Open djokrk gS] rc ml Bank ds fy, ogh Teacher ,d Customer
Entity gks tkrk gSA
tc ge Computer esa fdlh Entity dks Represent djuk pkgrs gSa] rc gesa ml Entity dh mu
Characteristics dks Identify djuk gksrk gS] ftUgsa ge Computer ij Manage djuk pkgrs gSaA ;s Characteristics gh ml Entity dks Computer esa Represent djus ds ek/;e gksrs gSaA nqfu;ka ds gj Object dh viuh dqN fof”k’Vrk,a ;k yk{kf.kdrk,a (Characteristics) gksrh gSa] ftuds dkj.k ge ml Object dks fdlh nwljs Object ls vyx igpku ikrs gSaA pwafd fdlh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr Entity Hkh blh Real World dk dksbZ uk dksbZ Object gksrk gS] blfy, ml
Entity dh Hkh viuh dqN Special Characteristics gksrh gSa] ftuls ml Entity dks Identify
fd;k tk ldrk gSA Entity dh bu Characteristics dks lkekU;r;k Attributes dgk tkrk gS vkSj ;s Attributes gh os ek/;e gksrs gSa] ftuds }kjk ge leL;k ls lEcaf/kr Entity dks
Computer esa Represent djrs gSaA
fdlh Hkh Entity dk Attribute. Information dk og lcls NksVk fgLlk gksrk gS] ftls
Computer ij Store o Manage fd;k tkuk gksrk gSA bl Attribute dks lkekU;r;k Field dgk tkrk gSA bu Fields esa gesa”kk fdlh uk fdlh izdkj dk eku ;kuh Data Store fd;k tkrk gSA
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
fdlh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr fdlh ,d Entity ds ftu Attributes dks Computer ij Mange djuk gksrk gS] mlh leL;k esa mlh izdkj ds cgqr lkjs Entities ds fy, Hkh mUgha Attributes dks
Computer ij Manage djuk gksrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa leku Group ds <sj lkjs Entities leku
Attributes dks Share djrs gSa] ftUgsa Computer esa Field }kjk Represent fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh leku Field dks Share djus okys lHkh Entities ds Group dks Entity Set dgk tkrk gSA vc ge ,d mnkgj.k }kjk bl iwjh izfØ;k dks le>us dh dksf”k”k djrs gSaA ekuyks fd fdlh
School dk Principal mlds School esa i<us okys lHkh Students dh tkudkfj;ksa dks
Computer ij Maintain djuk pkgrk gS] rkfd tc Hkh mls fdlh Particular Student ls lEcaf/kr tkudkfj;ksa dh t:jr gks] og ml Student dk Serial Number ml Student Database Application Software Input djs vkSj Computer ml Student ls lEcaf/kr lHkh
Information dks Screen ij Display dj nsA
fdlh Hkh Database System Application dks Develop djus ls igys gesa lcls igys leL;k dks vPNh rjg ls Analyze djds ;s irk yxkuk gksrk gS fd vkf[kj ml System dh eq[; vko”;drk D;k gS vkSj ml vko”;drk dks iwjk djus ls lEcaf/kr dqy fdrus Entities gSa o os
Entities dkSu&dkSu ls gSa\ pwafd gekjh bl leL;k dks ;fn ge /;ku ls ns[ksa rks bl leL;k dh eq[; Requirement School ds Students dh Information gh gS vkSj leL;k ls lEcaf/kr eq[;
Entity Hkh Student gh gSA
leL;k ls lEcaf/kr Entity dk irk py tkus ds ckn gesa ;s irk yxkuk gksrk gS] fd ml Entity
ls lEcaf/kr fdu ckrksa dks Computer ij Maintain djuk gSA ;s ckrsa gh ml Entity dk
Attributes gksrs gSa] ftUgsa Fields ds :i esa Define fd;k tkrk gSA
pwafd gekjh bl leL;k esa eq[; Entity Student gS vkSj ,d Student ls lEcaf/kr os tkudkfj;ka ftudk mi;ksx ,d School esa fd;k tkrk gS] leL;k ls lEcaf/kr tkudkfj;ka gSaA fdlh Student
dh eq[;r% fuEu tkudkfj;ka gks ldrh gSa] ftUgsa ,d Computer ij Maintain djuk School ds
Principal ds fy, mi;ksxh gks ldrk gS%
//==================================================================
1 Student dk uke
2 Student ds firk dk uke
3 Student dk Address
4 Student dh City
5 Student dkftyk
6 Student dh Class
7 Student dh Date of Birth
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
10 Student dk Serial Number
//==================================================================
;s Description fdlh Hkh Student dh Information ds mu NksVs&NksVs VqdMksa (Attributes) dks
Represent djrs gSa] ftudh School ds Principal dks t:jr gks ldrh gSA bu Descriptions
ds vk/kkj ij gesa fuEukuqlkj fofHkUu Fields izkIr gks ldrs gSa%
//================================================================== 1 SerialNumber 2 Name 3 FName 4 Address 5 City 6 District 7 Class 8 DateOfBirth 9 DateOfAdmissiona 10 Age //==================================================================
;fn ge bu tkudkfj;ksa ds VqdMksa dks Combined :i esa ns[ksa] rks ;s lHkh Files vkil esa feydj fdlh ,d Student ls lEcaf/kr mu tkudkfj;ksa dks Represent djrs gSa] ftudh ,d School ds
Principal dks t:jr gks ldrh gSA ;s lHkh Fields gekjh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr Entity ds mu
Attributes dks Represent djrs gSa] ftUgsa Computer ij Store o Mange fd;k tkuk gSA ;fn ge bu Fields dks Title ds :i esa Specify djsa o buds uhps buesa Store fd, tkus okys ekuksa
(Data) dks Specify djsa] rks gesa fuEukuqlkj Format izkIr gks ldrk gS] tks fd ,d izdkj dh lkj.kh gS%
bu tkudkfj;ksa ds vykok Hkh Student dh fofHkUu izdkj dh vU; tkudkfj;ksa dks Hkh Store djds
Manage fd;k tk ldrk gSA ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd fofHkUu Students leku Attributes dks
Share dj jgs gSa] blfy, Students ds bl lewg dks Entity Set dgrs gSaA gekjs Entity Set esa dqy 6 Students gSaA bl lkj.kh dk gj Column fdlh Student ds fdlh ,d Attribute ds eku dks Represent dj jgk gSA
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
mnkgj.k ds fy, Name Column gj Student dk dsoy uke Specify djrk gS] blh rjg ls
DOB Column gj Student dk Date Of Birth Specify dj jgk gSA ;s fofHkUu Columns fdlh
Student Entity ds fofHkUu Attributes ;k Fields dks Specify dj jgs gSaA
bl lkj.kh ds vk/kkj ij ;fn ge SrNo 001 okys Student dh tkudkjh izkIr djuk pkgsa] rks gesa
Left To Right pyrs gq, bl Serial Number okys Student dk uke Rahul izkIr gksrk gS] ftlds firk dk uke Mohan Lal gS vkSj og Falna uke dh City esa jgrk gSA bl City dk
District Pali gS vkSj og Class 10th esa i<rk gSA Rahul dh Date Of Birth 10 Feb 1982 gS
vkSj mlus bl School esa 15 July 1987 dks Admission fy;k gSA ;kuh ge bl lkj.kh ds vk/kkj ij dg ldrs gSa fd bl lkj.kh ds lHkh Fields vkil esa Logically Related gSa] blh dkj.k ls lHkh Fields vkil esa feydj fdlh ,d Student ls lEcaf/kr lHkh tkudkfj;ka iznku dj jgs gSaA
tc cgqr lkjs Fields tks fd vkil esa Logically Related gksa] feydj fdlh ,d Entity ls
Related fofHkUu izdkj dh tkudkfj;ka Provide djrs gSa] rks Logically Related Fields ds bl
Group dks ,d Record dgk tkrk gSA ;kuh ;fn ge fiNyh lkj.kh ds vk/kkj ij dgssa rks bl lkj.kh dk gj Row ,d Unique Student ds Record dks Specify dj jgk gSA fdlh Record
dks Database Management System dh Hkk’kk esa Tuple dgk tkrk gSA
tc fdlh leL;k esa ,d ls vf/kd Entities Involved gksrs gSa] rc mu lHkh Entities ds
Attributes dks blh izdkj ls izkIr fd;k tkrk gS vkSj blh izdkj ls ,d Table }kjk gj Entity
dks Represent fd;k tkrk gSA
lkjka”k esa dgsa rks ge dg ldrs gSa fd fdlh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu Entities dh ftu fo”ks’krkvksa dks Computer esa Store djuk gksrk gS] mu fo”ks’krkvksa dks Entity dk Attribute dgk tkrk gS] ftls Database Management System dh Hkk’kk esa Field dgk tkrk gSA fdlh Entity
ds Attributes (Data Fields) dk og lewg tks fd vkil esa Logically Related gksrs gSa] fdlh ,d Entity ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu lwpukvksa dks Specify djrs gSaA bu Logically Related Fields ds lewg dks Record dgk tkrk gS] tks fdlh Entity ds mu Data dks Specify djrk gS] ftUgsa
Computer ij Store o Manage fd;k x;k gksrk gSA
tc ,d gh izdkj ds cgqr lkjs Entities ;kuh Entity Set ds Data dks Computer ij Store o
Manage fd;k tkrk gS] rc bl Entity Set ds lewg dks Table ;k Entity ;k Database Mange System dh Hkk’kk esa Relation gks tkrk gSA ;kuh ljy “kCnksa esa dgsa rks Fields ds lewg dks Record dgrs gSaA Records ds lewg dks Table dgrs gSa vkSj Tables ds lewg dks
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
Requirement of Good Database Design
vkt ftrus Hkh Businesses Database System ij fuHkZj gSa] ;kuh vius Business ls lEcaf/kr tkudkfj;ksa dks Computer }kjk Manage djrs gSa] os lHkh Accurate o Up-To-Date Information izkIr djus ds fy, gh Computer dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA ftrus Hkh Business Corporations Computer ij vius Business ls lEcaf/kr Data dks Maintain djrs gSa] mu lHkh dks dHkh uk dHkh fdlh uk fdlh :i esa vius Data ds Report dh t:jr gksrh gS] ftlds vk/kkj ij ml Business dks Operate djus okyk Authorizer vius O;olk; ls lEcaf/kr t:jh fu.kZ; ysrk gSA
blfy, ;s t:jh gks tkrk gS fd fdlh Hkh Database esa Store fd, tkus okys Data Accurate, Complete o bl rjg ls Well Organized gksus pkfg,] rkfd tc Hkh fdlh izdkj ds
Information dh t:jr gks vkSj ftl Format esa Information dh t:jr gks] ml Information
ls lEcaf/kr Data dks mlh Format esa Fastly o Accurately izkIr fd;k tk ldsA
fdlh Hkh Database System dks Develop djrs le; lcls vk/kkjHkwr rF; ds :i esa blh ckr dk /;ku j[kk tkuk gksrk gS] fd Develop fd;k tkus okyk Application pkgs Local Area Network ij Use fd;k tkuk gks ;k fdlh Web Site ls Data dks Access fd;k tkuk gks] nksuksa gh fLFkfr;ksa esa Database ls izkIr gksus okyk Data Accurate o Fast gksuk pkfg,A ;kuh
Database pkgs NksVk gks ;k cMk] ;fn ge ,d Database System dks fcuk fdlh ijs”kkuh ds yEcs le; rd ds fy, mi;ksxh cukuk pkgrs gSa] rks gesa Database dks cgqr gh lko/kkuhiwoZd vPNs rjhds ls Design djuk t:jh gksrk gSA
;fn Database dk Design detksj gks] rks pkgs ftruk Hkh vPNk Program Develop dj fy;k tk,] ml Database System ls iSnk gksus okyh ijs”kkfu;ksa ls cpk ugha tk ldrk gSA fdlh
Database Management System ls lEcaf/kr Application esa ftruh Hkh ijs”kkfu;ka iSnk gksrh gSa] muesa ls T;knkrj ijs”kkfu;ksa dk dkj.k Database dk [kjkc Design gh gksrk gSA
tc fdlh Database System Application dks Develop djrs le; Database ds Design ij lko/kkuhiwoZd T;knk /;ku ugha fn;k tkrk gS] rc Hkfo’; esa ml Application ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu izdkj dh ijs”kkfu;ksa dk lkeuk djuk iMrk gSA
vPNs Database Design dk eryc ;s gS fd ge Database System dks Develop djrs le; i;kZIr le; ysa o lko/kkuhiwoZd Database dks bl rjg ls Design djsa] tks fd Hkfo’; esa de ls de ijs”kkuh iSnk dj ldsA
bl izdkj dk Database Design djrs le; gesa bl ckr ij Focus j[kuk gksrk gS] fd ge ftl Organization ls lEcaf/kr Database System Develop dj jgs gSa] ml Organization esa fofHkUu izdkj ds dkeksa dks fdl izdkj ls iwjk fd;k tkrk gSA
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
;fn Organization ftl rjhds ls dke djrk gS] ml rjhds ls Organization dks Hkfo’; esa fdlh rjg dh ijs”kkuh dk lkeuk ugha djuk iMrk gS] rks fuf”pr :i ls ml Organization ds dke djus ds rjhds ds vk/kkj ij Develop fd;k x;k Database System Hkh Hkfo’; esa fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ ijs”kkuh iSnk ugha djsxkA
Effects of Poor Database Design
,d Database dk Design fdl izdkj ls fdlh Database System Application esa ,d cgqr gh egRoiw.kZ Roll vnka djrk gS] bl ckr dks ge ,d lkekU; ls Business Example }kjk gh le> ldrs gSaA ge tks Business Example ys jgs gSa] mlesa ,d cgqr gh Poor Design dks
Use fd;k x;k gS vkSj blh Poor Design ds dkj.k fofHkUu izdkj dh ijs”kkfu;ka Generate gksrh gSa] ftUgsa ,d&,d djds le>k;k x;k gSA
bl Business Example dks geus “Music Store” uke fn;k gSA bl Business esa ,d Music Store fofHkUu Titles ds CDs o DVDs dh Selling dk dke djrk gSA ;s Music Store Mail ls vkus okys Orders ds vk/kkj ij Titles Selling dk dke djrk gSA bl Business Example esa tc Hkh dksbZ Customer fdlh Single Item dks Purchase djus ds fy, Order nsrk gS] Music Store dk ,d Employee fuEu Form dks Fill djds Customer ds Order dks Computer ij
Data ds :i esa Store ;k Record dj ysrk gSA
pwafd ge ;s eku jgs gSa fd Music Store ij vkus okys Orders Mail }kjk vkrs gSa] blfy, ,d gh
City ls dbZ Customers Orders vk ldrs gSaA bl Music Store Software esa gj Customer
dks Uniquely Identify djus ds fy, ,d Unique Number Assign fd;k x;k gSA gj
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
Number ds lkFk mlds uke ds igys rhu Character dks Use fd;k tkrk gS vkSj uke ds ckn rhu Digit dk ,d Sequence Number Specify fd;k tkrk gSA
;kuh ;fn Krishna uke dk dksbZ Customer fdlh Item ds fy, bl Music Store ij dksbZ
Order nsrk gS vkSj og Customer 123456 Pincode Number okys “kgj esa jgrk gS] rks ml
Customer dks Identify djus ds fy, cuus okyk Customer Code 123456KRI001 gksxkA
Sequence Number bl ckr dh iqf’V djrk gS fd ,d gh “kgj esa jgus okys ,d gh uke ds nks
Customer dks Hkh Music Store }kjk Uniquely Identify fd;k tk ldrk gSA
tc Music Store esa Titles Distributor ls dksbZ u;k Title vkrk gS] rks Music Store dk ,d
Employee mu lHkh Customers dks Search djrk gS] ftUgksaus ml Title ds fy, igys ls gh
Order ns j[kk FkkA fQj og Employee mu Customers dh Computer esa Stored Order Data ds vk/kkj ,d List Create djrk gS vkSj Form ij fLFkr “Item shipped?” Check Box
esa ,d ‘X’ Place dj nsrk gS] tks bl ckr dk Signal gksrk gS fd igys ls vk, gq, Order dks iwjk dj fn;k x;k gSA
igyh utj esa ns[kus ij Music Store dk ;s Management dkQh lkQ lqFkjk o ljy yxrk gSA FkksMs le; rd ;s Software dke Hkh Bhd rjg ls djrk gSA ysfdu ,d&nks lky ckn bl
Software ls Serious Problems iSnk gksus yxrh gSaA
Unnecessary Duplicated Data and Data Consistency
Music Store Database esa cgqr lkjk Data ckj&ckj vuko”;d :i ls Duplicated Form esa
Input djuk iMrk gS vkSj ,d gh izdkj ds Data dks ckj&ckj fdlh Database esa Store djus ls fofHkUu izdkj dh leL;k,a iSnk gksrh gSa] ftlls Database dks Manage djuk dfBu gks tkrk gSA fdlh Database esa ,d gh izdkj ds Data dks ckj&ckj Store djus dh izfØ;k dks
Data Redundancy dgk tkrk gSA
tc Hkh dksbZ Customer Music Store ij dksbZ Title Order djrk gS] mijksDr Form esa ml
Customer ds Order dks Record dj fy;k tkrk gSA fdl Customer us dkSulk Order Place fd;k gS] bl ckr dh tkudkjh j[kus ds fy, Order nsus okys Customer dk uke]
Address o Phone Number Hkh Order dh Information ds lkFk gh Database esa Store dj fy;k tkrk gSA
vc pwafd ,d gh Customer ,d ls T;knk ckj Order dj ldrk gS] blfy, dksbZ ,d gh
Customer ftruh ckj Hkh fdlh Title ds fy, Music Store ij Order nsrk gS] gj ckj ml
Customer ds uke] Address o Phone Number dks Form ij Fill djds Order dh
Information ds lkFk Database esa Store dj fy;k tkrk gSA ftlls ml Customer dh
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
tc gekjs Database esa bl rjg ls Duplicated Form esa Data Store gks jgs gksrs gSa] rc gesa bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk t:jh gks tkrk gS fd Duplication Form esa Store gksus okys lHkh
Data gj ckj leku :i esa gh Database esa Store gksaA
nwljs “kCnksa esa dgsa] rks fdlh Customer }kjk fn, tkus okys gj Order dks Music Store Application esa Store djrs le; gesa bl ckr dk /;ku j[kuk t:jh gksrk gS fd ml
Customer ds gj Order esa mldk uke] Address o Phone Number ,d tSls gh Store
fd, tk,A
blh rjg ls ,d Single Title ds fy, ftrus Hkh Order Place fd, tkrs gSa] mu lHkh Orders
esa Title dks ,d Hkh Character ds gsj&Qsj ds fcuk ,d tSlk Type djuk t:jh gksrk gSA blh iwjh izfØ;k ds dkj.k Input fd;k tkus okyk Duplicated Data Consistent (fo”oluh;) gks tkrk gSA
tSls&tSls Database dk Data c<rk tkrk gS] bl izdkj dh Constancy dks Maintain djuk dkQh eqf”dy gks tkrk gSA T;knkrj Business Oriented Database Software Case Sensitive gksrs gSa] ftuesa Uppercase Letters o Lowercase Letters vyx&vyx Behave
djrs gSaA
ge ;s eku ldrs gSa fd Music Store Form esa Order dh Entry djus okyk dksbZ Hkh Operator
bruk Perfect Typist ugha gks ldrk] tks gesa”kk bl ckr dks /;ku j[k lds fd mlus fdl
Customer ds uke o irs esa dkSulk Character Capital Letter esa fy[kk Fkk vkSj dkSulk
Character Small Letters esaA
bl fLFkfr esa fdlh ,d gh Customer ds Orders dh Entry djrs le; ;fn ,d Hkh
Character ds Typing dk Difference gks x;k] rks Database Software ,d gh Customer
ds nks vyx Unique Record Create dj ldrk gSA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd “Rahul” o “Rohit” uke ds nks Customers “UMI 10” uke ds
Title dh DVD dk Order Music Store ij Place djrs gSaA Typist tc bu nksuksa Orders dks
Music Store Application ds Form }kjk Database esa Store djrk gS] rc og “Rahul” dk
Order Specify djrs le; Title ds LFkku ij “UMI 10” Character Combination dk iz;ksx djrk gS] tcfd “Rohit” dk Order Specify djrs le; Title ds LFkku ij “UMI10” Character Combination dk iz;ksx djrk gSA
vc ekuyks fd Music Store dks mu Customers dh tkudkjh izkIr djus dh t:jr iMrh gS] ftUgksaus “UMI 10” uke ds Album dk Order fn;k gSA Music Store Software ls bl ckr dh
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
gS] rks Application }kjk Generate gksus okyh Pending Orders dh List esa “Rahul” dk
Order Display ugha gksxk vkSj ;fn Typist “UMI 10” Character Combination dk iz;ksx djrk gS] rks “Rohit” dk Order Display ugha gksxkA
bl fLFkfr esa ge le> ldrs gSa fd “Rahul” o “Rohit” nksuksa esa ls fdlh ,d ds Pending Order dh gh tkudkjh ;s Music Store Application ns ldrk gSA ftlls fdlh uk fdlh
Customer ds Order dh Request rks v/kwjh gh jgsxhA
gekjs Current “Music Store” Application esa bl ckr dks Ensure djus dh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gS fd Database esa Data Hkys gh Duplicated Form esa Store gksa] ysfdu Duplicated Data
Hkh Consisted Form ;kuh fo”oluh; :i ls Database esa Enter gksaxs vkSj mijksDr izdkj dh leL;k,a Generate ugha gksaxhA bl izdkj dh leL;kvksa dks Solve djus ds fy, nks rjhds mi;ksx esa fy, tk ldrs gSa%
igyk rjhdk ;s gS fd Data Duplication dks ftruk gks lds mruk jksdk tk,A bl Solution ds ckjs esa ge vkxs vkSj vPNh rjg ls le>saxsA ysfdu ;gka ;s tku ysuk t:jh gksxk fd fdlh Hkh
Database Application esa Data dh Redundancy ;kuh Duplication dks iwjh rjg ls
Eliminate djuk uk rks lEHko gS vkSj uk gh bldh t:jr gksrh gSA ;kuh gj Database esa FkksMk cgqr Data Duplication rks gksrk gh gS] tks fd fdlh Hkh Database dks Bhd ls Manage
djus ds fy, t:jh Hkh gksrk gSA
nwljk rjhdk ;s gS fd tc Hkh fdlh Order dh Entry Database esa gks] rks dksbZ ,slk rjhdk gksuk pkfg,] tks ;s Verify dj lds fd tc Data Duplicate Form esa Enter gks] rc Data
gesa”kk ,d gh izdkj ls Database esa Store gksA
,d Well Design Database esa bu nksuksa Solutions dks Use fd;k tkrk gSA Duplication ls iSnk gksus okyh nwljh leL;k ;s gS fd ,d gh Information dks ckj&ckj Store djus ls
Database dh Size c< tkrh gS] D;ksafd ,d gh izdkj ds Data, Store gksus ds fy, Memory
esa ckj&ckj Storage Space ysrs gSaSA
ysfdu pwafd vkt Disk Space mruh egaxh ugha gS] ftruh igys gqvk djrh Fkh] blfy, vkt
Storage Space dh cpr ds fy, Redundant Data dks Eliminate djuk mruk cMk dkj.k ugha gS] ftruk Database dks ljyrk ls Maintain djukA
Data Insertion Problems
Music Store tSls ftrus Hkh Database gksrs gSa] tSls fd Publication vkfn] buesa ftrus Hkh
Titles gksrs gSa] mudh ,d List curh gS] ftlds }kjk ;s irk pyrk gS fd ml Music Store ;k
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
Title dh CD/DVD Market esa vkus okyh gksrh gS] bu Music Store ij ml u, Title dks vius
Catalog esa Add djuk gksrk gSA
Bhd blh rjg ls fdlh Publication esa tc Hkh dksbZ ubZ Book Publish gksrh gS] ml
Publication dks Hkh vius Catalog dks Update djuk iMrk gSA ,slk blfy, fd;k tkrk gS rkfd Music Store ;k Book Store ds Customers bl u, Title dks Advance esa Order dj ldsaA
Catalog ,d ,slh List gksrh gS] ftlesa dksbZ Music Store ;k Publication vius Items dh
List dks Store djrk gS] rkfd og vius Customers dks bl ckr dh tkudkjh ns lds fd mlds ikl dkSu&dkSu ls Title ds Item miyC/k gSaA
pwafd ge ftl Music Store Application dks mnkgj.k ds :i esa mi;ksx esa ys jgs gSa] mlesa fofHkUu Titles ds Catalog dks Maintain djus dh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gS] blfy, tc Hkh Market
esa fdlh u, Title ds vkus dh lwpuk feyrh gS] bl Music Store esa ,d Employee Lo;a vius
Catalog dks Update djrk gS vkSj vius Titles ds Updated Booklet dks vius gj
Customer dks Hkst nsrk gS] rkfd mudk Customer ;s r; dj lds fd mls dkSu&dkSu ls Title Order djus gSaA bl Catalog Booklet esa cgqr lkjs Pages gks ldrs gSa vkSj gj Page dks
Music Store dk dksbZ Employee Lo;a “Copy Paste” dh izfØ;k }kjk rS;kj djrk gSA vc ekuyks fd ge ;s pkgrs gSa fd ;s Catalog Booklet Database ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a gh rS;kj gks tk,A pwafd fofHkUu izdkj ds Titles Database esa Stored gksrs gSa] blfy, ge Catalog Booklet dks Database ds vk/kkj ij rS;kj dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu fQj Hkh ge Current Database ds vk/kkj ij ;s dke ugha dj ldrs gSaaA blds nks dkj.k gSa%
fdlh Hkh Catalog esa fdlh Hkh Title ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu izdkj dh Additional tkudkfj;ka gksrh gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh Title ds Singer, Music Director, Financer vkfn dh tkudkfj;ka gks ldrh gSa vkSj Title ls lEcaf/kr dqN Extra Description gks ldrh gSaA
pwafd gekjs Music Store Database esa bu tkudkfj;ksa dks Store djus dh O;oLFkk ugha gS] blfy, bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds :i esa ge gekjs Music Store ds Database dks Modify
djds mlesa u, Fields Create dj ldrs gSaA ysfdu ;s rjhdk Hkh iwjh rjg ls Catalog Create
djus esa l{ke ugha gks ldrkA D;ksafd ,d gh Title dks cgqr lkjs Customers Order dj ldrs gSaA
bl fLFkfr esa gj Order ds lkFk Title dh fofHkUu Descriptions dks Computer esa Store djus ls Data dh Redundancy c< tk,xh vkSj ;fn dsoy ,d gh Customer ds Order esa fdlh
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
,d ukeqefdu dke gSA
nwljh leL;k ;s gS fd gekjs Music Store Application ds Database Management System
esa ,slh dksbZ O;oLFkk ugha gS] ftlls fdlh Title dks Advance esa gh Database esa Enter fd;k tk ldsA tc rd dksbZ Customer ml u, Title dk Order Place ugha djrk gS] rc rd ml
Title dks Database esa Store ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj tc rd Title Database esa Store
ugha gksxk] rc rd Updated Catalog Booklet Create ugha fd;k tk ldrkA
lkFk gh Customer rc rd ml Title dk Order Place ugha dj ldrk tc rd fd mls
Updated Catalog Booklet izkIr uk gks] D;ksafd mls u, Title dh tkudkjh Updated Catalog Booklet ls gh izkIr gksrh gSA bl leL;k dks Database Management dh Hkk’kk esa
“Insertion Anomaly” dgk tkrk gSA
Data Deletion Problems
gekjs bl Music Store Database Program ls tc fdlh Data dks Delete fd;k tkrk gS] rc Hkh dqN leL;k,a lkeus vkrh gSaA ekuyks fd ,d Customer dsoy ,d Item dk Order nsrk gSA Order dks Process djus ds ckn ;kuh Order dh Entry Music Store ds Form }kjk
Database esa dj nsus ds ckn irk pyrk gS fd ml Item dks Manufacture djus okys
Manufacturer us ml Item dks Create djuk cUn dj fn;k gSA bl fLFkfr esa Music Store
vius fdlh Hkh Customer dks og Item ugha Hkst ldrk] ftlus bl Out Of Stock Item ds fy, Order fd;k gSA
vc pwafd Orders dh Entry Database esa igys gksrh gS] blfy, mu lHkh Customers ds
Order dh List esa ls bl Item dk Reference Database ls Delete djuk gksxk] ftUgksaus ml
Particular Item ds fy, Order fd;k gS] tks fd vc Available ugha gSA
pwafd ftu yksxksa us cgqr lkjs Items Order fd, gSa] muds Order dh List esa ls dsoy bl
Unavailable Item ds Reference dks Delete djuk gksxk] tcfd ftu yksxksa us dsoy blh
Item dk Order fd;k Fkk] Database ls muds Order dh List esa ls bl Item dk
Reference Delete djus ij muds Order esa dksbZ Item ugha cpsxk] ftls ml Customer dks Hkstk tk ldsA bl fLFkfr esa ,sls Customers dk Order Hkh Delete dj fn;k tk,xkA
vc pwafd fofHkUu Customers dh Information Hkh muds Order ds lkFk gh Database esa
Store gksrh gS] blfy, ;fn fdlh Customer us ml Unavailable Item ds fy, Music Store
dks First Time Order fn;k gks] rks tc ml Customer dk Order Delete gksxk] ml Order
ds lkFk gh ml Customer dh Information Hkh Delete gks tk,xhA
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
ldsxk vkSj Music Store dk ml Customer ls Link gh VwV tk,xk] D;ksafd ml Customer
dk Address mlds Un-Fulfilled Order ds lkFk gh Delete gks pqdk gSA Database dh bl
Problem dks Database dh Hkk’kk esa “Deletion Anomaly” dgrs gSaA
Meaningful Identifiers
gekjs Database esa ,d vkSj cMh leL;k gS tks fd Customer dks Uniquely Identify djus ds fy, Create fd, tkus okys Customer Number dh gSA bl Database esa fdlh Hkh
Customer dks Uniquely Identify djus ds fy, ,d fo”ks’k rjhds dks Use fd;k x;k gS] ftlesa ml Customer ds uke o City ds Pincode Number dks Use fd;k tkrk gSA
vc ekuyks fd ,d Customer ftl City esa jgrk gS] ml City dks NksMdj fdlh nwljs “kgj esa pyk tkrk gSA bl fLFkfr esa mlh Customer dks Identify djus ds fy, fQj ls ,d u;k
Customer Number Create fd;k tk,xk] tks fd ml nwljh City ls lEcaf/kr gksxkA ftlls gekjs bl Database esa ,d gh Customer ds nks ID gks tk,axs tks ,d gh Customer dks
Refer djsaxsA
ekuyks fd ,d Customer Music Store ij ,d Order Place djrk gS vkSj mlds ckn og viuh City Change dj ysrk gSA vc ;fn og Customer viuh City Change dj ysus ds ckn ;s tkuuk pkgrk gS fd mlds fdrus Order Music Store ij Pending gSa] ftlds Items
dks Music Store us ml Customer dks Serve ugha fd;k gSA ml Customer ds Pending Orders dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, Music Store dk og Operator tks fd Music Store Software dks Operate djrk gS] ml Customer ls mldk Customer Number iwNsxk] rkfd og ml Customer Number okys Customer dh dqy Transactions dh List izkIr dj ldsA pwafd Customer vc nwljs “kgj esa jgrk gS] blfy, mldk Customer Number Change gks x;k gSA bl fLFkfr esa og vius Current Customer Number dh tkudkjh ml Operator dks nsxkA ftldk eryc ;s gS fd bl “kgj esa vkus ls igys mlus Music Store ij ftrus Hkh
Order Place fd, gSa] mudh tkudkjh mls mlds Current Customer Number }kjk izkIr ugha gksxh] D;ksafd os Orders mlus vius iqjkus “kgj ls fn, Fks vkSj ml “kgj esa jgus ds dkj.k mldk
Customer Number nwljk FkkA bl fLFkfr esa og Customer ;s eku ldrk gS fd mldk
Order Music Store dks izkIr ugha gqvkA blfy, og Customer mlh Order dks fQj ls
Music Store ij Place dj nsxkA
bl fLFkfr esa ,d gh Customer ds ,d gh Order dh nks Entry Music Store Database esa gks tk,xh vkSj tc mu nksuksa Orders dks Music Store }kjk iwjk fd;k tk,xk] rc ,d gh
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
og Customer fQj ls Music Store dks Return dj nsxk vkSj Music Store dks
Transportation Charges Lo;a ogua djus gksaxsA
Entities and Data Relationships
Database og LFkku gksrk gS] ftlesa Data dks uk dsoy Store fd;k tkrk gS] cfYd mu Store
gksus okys Data ds chp dh vkilh Relationship dh Information dks Hkh Store fd;k tkrk gSA Database ds Concept dk eq[; vk/kkj ;s gS fd fdlh leL;k ls lEcaf/kr tkudkfj;ksa dks pkgs cgqr lkjs User Access dj jgs gksa ;k fQj pkgs ,d User Access dj jgk gks] User dks bl ckr dh fpUrk djus dh t:jr ugha gskrh gS fd leL;k ls lEcaf/kr fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Computer esa fdl izdkj ls Store gks jgs gSaA User vius Database ls fofHkUu izdkj ds
Data dks dsoy mudh Relationship ds vk/kkj ij Access djds fofHkUu izdkj dh Database Related Information Generate djrk gSA
gkykafd User vius Data dks Logically Access djrk gS tcfd Data okLro esa Physically Store gksrs gSaA blfy, User o Database ds chp ds vkilh Conversation dks ,d nwljs
Form esa Translate djds ,d nwljs dks Available djokus dk dke ,d Software djrk gS] ftls Database Management System Software (DBMS) dgk tkrk gSA
ge ftl Formal Way dks Use djds fofHkUu izdkj ds Data Relationship fdlh DBMS Software dks Express djrs gSa] ml Formal rjhds dks Data Model dgk tkrk gSA ge ftl
Relational Data Model dks bl iqLrd esa i<saxs] og dsoy ,d Formal Structure gh gksrk gSA blls igys fd ge fdlh Database dks Design djsa] gesa Store fd, tkus okys fofHkUu izdkj ds Data ds chp dh vkilh Relationships dks Identify djuk gksrk gSA lkekU;r;k fofHkUu izdkj ds DBMS Softwares dsoy ,d gh Data Model dks Support djrs gSaA blfy, tc ge fdlh DBMS Software dks Choose dj jgs gksrs gSa] rc ge okLro esa vius Data Model dks Hkh Choose dj jgs gksrs gSaA
Entities and Their Attributes
og pht ftldh tkudkfj;ksa dks ge Data ds :i esa fdlh Database esa Store djrs gSa]
Entity dgykrk gSA gekjs Music Store Application ds lEca/k esa Customer ,d izdkj dk
Entity gS D;ksafd ge Customer ls Related Data dks Database esa Store djrs gSaA Entity
gesa”kk dksbZ Physical oLrq gh gks] ,slk t:jh ugha gksrk gSA
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
Related gksA mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh Bank dk Account Hkh ,d Entity gks ldrk gS] D;ksafd og ,d Physical Person ls gh lEcaf/kr gksrk gSA
gj Entity ds dqN Data gksrs gSa] tks ml Entity dks Describe djrs gSaA Entity ds bu Data
dks Entity dk Attribute dgk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, gekjs Music Store Application ds lEca/k esa ,d Customer dks mlds Customer Number, First Name, Last Name, Street, City, State, Pincode o Phone Number }kjk Describe fd;k tkrk gSA blfy, ;s lHkh
Data Customer Entity ds Attributes gSaA
tc ge fdlh Database esa fdlh Entity dks Represent dj jgs gksrs gSa] rc okLro esa ge fdlh Entity ds dsoy Attributes dks gh Computer esa Store dj jgs gksrs gSaA Attributes dk gjsd Group tks fd fdlh ,d Single Real World Entity ds ,d mnkgj.k dks Describe
djrk gS] ogh Attributes dk Group ml Entity ds nqfu;ka fd fdlh Hkh vU; Instance dks
Represent dj ldrk gSA
;kuh tks Attributes fdlh Rahul uke ds Customer dks Represent dj ldrs gSa] os gh
Attributes Rohit uke ds fdlh nwljs Customer dks Hkh Represent dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, Students Entity dh fuEu lkj.kh esa pkj Student Instance gSa vkSj lHkh Instance leku
Attributes dks Share dj jgs gSaA
//================================================================== SrNo Name FName Add Dist. Class DOB DOA //================================================================== 001 Rahul Mohan Lal Falna Pali 10 10-02-1982 15-7-1987 002 Rohit Sohan Lal Bali Pali 09 11-12-1983 05-7-1987 003 Krishna Gopal Desuri Pali 08 20-03-1981 10-7-1987 004 Madhav Ram Lal Falna Pali 10 30-2-1982 01-7-1987 //==================================================================
;fn gekjs bl Database esa 2000 Students gksrs] rks bl lkj.kh }kjk 2000 Students Attributes ds Collections gksrsA
Entity Identifiers
fdlh Entity dks Describe djus okys fofHkUu Data dks Database esa Store djus dk eq[;
Purpose ;gh gS fd bUgsa ckn esa fdlh Information dks Retrieve djus ds fy, Use fd;k tk,xkA
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
bldk eryc ;s gqvk fd gesa fdlh uk fdlh rjhds ls fdlh ,d Entity dks fdlh nwljs Entity
ls vyx Represent djuk gksxk rkfd ge bl ckr ds fy, Ensure gks ldsa] fd ge ftl
Entity ds Data dks izkIr djuk pkgrs gSa] gesa mlh Entity ds Data izkIr gksaxsA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ekuyks fd Music Store ds Database esa Krishna uke ds nks Customers
gSaA vc ;fn Krishna uke ds Customer ds Order dh tkudkjh izkIr djus ds fy, Music Store esa Searching dh tk,] rks Music Store Application fdl Krishna ds Data Return
djsxk\ pwafd nksuksa Customers ds uke leku gSa] blfy, Music Store Application nksuksa gh
Customers ds Orders dh List dks Display djsxkA
D;ksafd gekjs bl Application esa ,slk dksbZ rjhdk Use ugha fd;k x;k gS] ftlls Music Store Application okafNr Customer ds Orders dh gh List Display djsA bl fLFkfr esa Music Store }kjk Return fd;k tkus okyk Resultant Output Inaccurate gksxkA
Music Store Application esa bl leL;k ds lek/kku ds :i esa gj Customer dks ,d Unique Customer Number iznku fd;k x;k gS vkSj tc Hkh fdlh Customer ds Orders dh tkudkjh izkIr djuh gksrh gS] rc ml Customer ds uke ds LFkku ij mlds Customer Number dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA Entities ds Groups esa ls fdlh Particular Entity dks Identify djus dk ;s ,d cgqr gh Common rjhdk gS] D;ksafd fdlh Hkh Database esa nks Customers dks ,d gh
Customer Number iznku ugha fd;k tkrk gSA
Particular Entity Instance dks Identify djus ds fy, ge ,d nwljk rjhdk Hkh Use dj ldrs gSa] ftlesa fdlh Customer ds First Name o Last Name dks mlds Telephone Number ds lkFk ifjHkkf’kr dj ldrs gSaA fdlh Entity ds bu Attributes ds Combination }kjk Hkh
Customer dks Uniquely Identify fd;k tk ldrk gSA
ysfdu bl rjhds esa Hkh nks leL;k,a gSaA igyh ;s fd tc Identifier cMk o Tricky gksrk gS] rc blds fdlh Hkh fgLls dks Database esa Enter djrs le; Mistakes gks ldrh gSaA nwljh leL;k ;s gS fd fdlh Hkh Customer dk Phone Number Change gks ldrk gS] ftlls ml
Customer dk Identifier Hkh Change djuk gksxk vkSj bl fLFkfr esa ,d gh Customer ds nks
Identifier gks tk,axs rFkk ,d gh Customer ds nks Identifier gksus dh fLFkfr esa iSnk gksus okyh leL;kvksa ds ckjs esa ge igys gh i< pqds gSaA
dqN Entities tSls fd Invoices vkfn gesa”kk Natural Identifiers ls Represent gksrs gSa] ftls
Invoice Number dgk tkrk gSA bl Invoice esa Invoice Number dk dksbZ fo”ks’k vFkZ ugha gksrk gS] ysfdu fQj Hkh bl Invoice Number }kjk fdlh Hkh Invoice dks Uniquely Identify
fd;k tkrk gSA Bhd blh rjg ls ge fdlh Hkh Entity dks Uniquely Identify djus ds fy, ,d
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
mnkgj.k ds fy, fdlh Customer dks Identify djus ds fy, gesa mlds fdlh Attribute ;k
Attribute ds Combination dks Use djus dh t:jr ugha gSA ge fdlh Customer dks ,d
Meaningless Number }kjk Hkh Identify dj ldrs gSa vkSj tc ge ,slk djrs gSa] rc
Customer pkgs dgha Hkh jgs] mlds fdlh Hkh Attribute esa pkgs tks Changes vk,] ml
Customer dk Identifier Change ugha gksrk vkSj fdlh Customer dk Identifier Change
gksus dh fLFkfr esa iSnk gksus okyh ijs”kkfu;ka Hkh Generate ugha gksrh gSA
ge ftruh ckj Hkh fdlh Entity ds ,d Instance dks Database esa Store djrs gSa] ge ;gh pkgrs gSa fd DBMS bl ckr dks Ensure djs fd gj u, Instance dk ,d Unique Identifier
gksxkA ;s Concept Database Constraint dk ,d mnkgj.k gSA
Constraint ,d ,slk fu;e ;k Rule gksrk gS] ftls Database Follow djrk gSA Database esa fofHkUu izdkj ds Constraints dks ykxw dj nsus ij Database mu Constraints ;k fu;eksa dk ikyu djrk gS] ftlls Database esa Data ds Accurately o Consistently Store gksus dh
Guarantee gks tkrh gSA
Single-Valued and Multi-Valued Attributes
pwafd ge ,d Relational Database Design dj jgs gSa] blfy, gekjs Data Model esa gj
Attribute Single-Valued gksuk t:jh gksrk gSA bldk eryc ;s gqvk fd fdlh Entity ds fdlh
Instance ds gj Attribute esa dsoy ,d gh eku (Data) dks Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, dksbZ Customer Entity vius fdlh Hkh Instance dks dsoy ,d Telephone Number Store djus dh lqfo/kk nsrk gSA ;kuh ge fdlh Hkh Customer dk dsoy ,d gh
Telephone Number Customer Table esa Store dj ldrs gSaA
ysfdu fdlh Customer ds ikl ,d ls T;knk Telephone gks ldrs gSaA ;fn ,d Customer
ds ikl ,d ls T;knk Phone gSa vkSj og mu lHkh Numbers dks Database esa Include
djokuk pkgrk gS] rks Customer Entity ;kuh Customer Table esa fdlh ,d Telephone Attribute File esa ,d ls T;knk Telephone Numbers dks Store ugha fd;k tk ldrk gSA bl fLFkfr dks Customer Entity Handle ugha dj ldrk gSA
gkykafd fdlh Database dk Entity-Relationship Model Database dks Represent djus okys Formal ;k Logical Data Model ls vyx ;k Independent gksrk gS] fQj Hkh ge Data
ds Entity-Relationship Model dks Data ds Logical Model ds vk/kkj ij gh Develop djrs gSaA
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
pwafd ge Logical Model esa fdlh Attribute esa Multi-Valued eku dks Store ugha djrs gSa] blhfy, ge Entity-Relationship Create djrs le; Hkh fdlh Single Attribute Field esa ,d ls T;knk Data ;k ekuksa dks Store ugha djrs gSaA
,d ls T;knk Phone Numbers dh mifLFkfr Customer ds Table ;k Customer Entity ds
Phone Number Attribute dks ,d Multi-Valued Attribute ds :i esa ifjHkkf’kr dj nsrk gSA D;ksafd fdlh Relational Database esa fdlh Hkh Attribute Multi-Valued ugha gksrk gS] blfy, gesa bu Multivalued Attributes dks ,d u;k Entity Create djds Handle djuk gksrk gS vkSj fofHkUu Multi-Valued ekuksa dks ml u, Entity esa Hold djuk gksrk gSA
,d ls T;knk Phone Number gksus dh fLFkfr esa ge Phone Number uke dk ,d Entity Create dj ldrs gSaA bl Entity ds gj Instance esa ,d Attribute ml Customer Number
dk gksxk] ftldk Phone Number Store fd;k tkuk gS vkSj nwljk Attribute ml Customer
ds Phone Numbers dk gksxkA
;fn fdlh Customer ds pkj Phone Numbers gksa] rks bl Entity esa ml Customer ds pkj
Instance gksaxs] ftuesa Customer Number rks leku gksxk ysfdu Phone Numbers
vyx&vyx gksaxsA bl Concept dks ge fuEukuqlkj Represent dj ldrs gSa] tgka igyk
Entity ,d Customer Entity gS ftlesa pkj Customer Instance gSa tcfd nwljk Entity ,d
Phone Number Entity gS] ftlesa gj Customer ds ,d ls T;knk Phone Numbers mlds
Customer Number ds lkFk Stored gSaA
Customer Entity
//================================================================== CustID FName LName City Dist. State
//================================================================== 001 Rahul Sharma Falna Pali Rajasthan 002 Rohit Verma Bali Pali Rajasthan 003 Krishna Gopal Beawer Ajmer Rajasthan 004 Madhav Singh Bhyender Thana Maharastra //================================================================== Telephone Entity //================================================================== CustID PhoneNumber //================================================================== 001 9896589360 001 02934223366 001 02934223654 002 02938222333
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
003 02937236598 003 9979455505 004 9357268933
//==================================================================
Telephone Number Entity esa Telephone Numbers dks Entity Identifier ds :i esa Use
fd;k tk ldrk gSA blls Database esa fdlh izdkj dh dksbZ ijs”kkuh iSnk ugha gksrh gSA D;ksafd bl Entity esa ge dsoy Phone Numbers dks gh Store dj jgs gSa vkSj ,d Phone Number
vius vki esa Unique gksrk gSA tks Phone Number fdlh Customer Number 001 ds ikl gS ogh Phone Number fdlh Customer Number 003 ds ikl ugha gks ldrkA
Multi-Valued Attributes ds lkFk leL;k ;s gksrh gS fd ;fn ge fdlh Entity esa Multi-Valued Attributes dks Store djuk pkgsa] rks gesa gj Value ds fy, ,d u;k Field Create djuk gksxkA ;fn ge u, Fields Create dj Hkh ysrs gSa] rc Hkh ;s dHkh Hkh fuf”pr ugha fd;k tk ldrk fd gesa dqy fdrus u, Fields Create djus pkfg,A D;ksafd fdlh Customer ds ikl fdrus Phone Numbers gks ldrs gSa] ge bl ckr dks dHkh Hkh fuf”pr ugha dj ldrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ge gekjs Database esa fdlh Customer ds vf/kdre 4 Phone Numbers Store dj ldus dh lqfo/kk izkIr djus ds fy, fuEukuqlkj Entity dks Design djrs gSa%
Customer Entity
//==================================================================
CustID FName LName ... Phone01 Phone02 Phone03 Phone04
//================================================================== 001 Rahul Sharma ... 223355 445566 442255 002 Rohit Verma ... 121245 235689 214565 568996 003 Krishna Gopal ... 556688 004 Madhav Singh ... 558899 445566 //==================================================================
bl Entity Representation esa ge ns[k ldrs gSa fd dsoy Customer Number 002 gh ,slk
Customer gS] ftlds ikl pkj Phone gSa vkSj dsoy blh Customer }kjk Phone Numbers
ds fy, Reserve fd, x, Storage Space dk mi;ksx fd;k tk jgk gSA “ks’k Customers ds ikl pwafd pkj Phone ugha gSa] blfy, muds bu Attributes }kjk Reserve fd, x, Space
dk dksbZ mi;ksx ugha gks jgk gSA
;fn ge ;s eku ysa fd Customer Number 001 ,d vkSj Phone ys ysrk gS] rks ml ikapos
Phone Number dks Store djus ds fy, Entity ds Database Representation dks ;kuh
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
Database ds Structure dks Change djuk Hkh lEHko ugha gksrk gS] D;ksafd ,slk djus ij
Database ds lkFk Connected Front-End Forms dks Hkh iwjh rjg ls Change djuk iMrk gSA ;kuh ge bl rjhds dks rks fdlh Hkh rjg ls Apply ugha dj ldrs gSaA
tcfd ge le> ldrs gSa fd T;knkrj yksxksa ds ikl ,d ;k nks gh Phone gksrs gSa] bl fLFkfr esa ;fn ge bl rjhds dks Use djrs Hkh gSa] rc Hkh T;knkrj Customers ds ikl dsoy ,d ;k nks
Phone gh gksus dh otg ls bu Attributes ds fy, Reserved Space dk dksbZ mi;ksx ugha gksrk vkSj T;knkrj Space fcuk eryc ds gh Reserved jgrk gSA
,slk djus ij Database dh Size Hkh c< tkrh gS] ftlls Database ij Searching Operations Hkh dkQh le; ysrk gSA ;kuh fdlh ,d Entity esa gh mlds fdlh Multi-Valued
eku dks Store djus ds fy, ge mlh Entity dks Use ugha dj ldrs gSaA ;fn ge ,slk djrs gSa] rks ge fofHkUu izdkj dh ubZ leL;kvksa esa Qal tkrs gSaA
gkykafd Theoretically ;s lEHko gS fd ge ,d ,slk Database Create dj ldrs gSa] tks fdlh ,d Attribute esa cgqr lkjs Data Store dj ldrk gS] ysfdu Practically bl izdkj ds
Database dks Implement djuk dkQh eqf”dy gksrk gSA
lkFk gh ;fn fdlh Database ds ,d gh Field esa ,d ls T;knk Data ;k ekuksa dks Store fd;k tkrk gS] rks ml Database esa Searching Operation dsoy Sequential Form esa gh gks ldrk gS] tks fd lcls Slowest Searching Process gksrk gSA
tcfd ;fn ,d Field esa dsoy ,d gh Single Value ;k Data dks Store fd;k tkrk gS] rks ge ml Database ij Binary Searching dh Process dks Apply dj ldrs gSa] tks fd ,d cgqr gh Fast Searching Process gksrk gSA
,d lkekU; fu;e ds :i esa ge tc Hkh dHkh fdlh Multi-valued Attribute dks Face dj jgs gksrs gSa] rks og Attribute bl ckr dk ladsr gksrk gS fd gesa Entity esa vkSj u, Fields Created
djus iM ldrs gSaA blfy, Same Attribute ds Multiple Values dks Handle djus dk lcls ljy rjhdk ;gh gS fd ge ,d u;k Entity Create djsa vkSj Same Attribute ds mu lHkh
Values dks ,d Instance dh rjg ml Entity esa Store djsaA
Identifying Problem Related Entities
ftu leL;k ls lEcaf/kr okLrfod Entity dks Identify djuk dbZ ckj dkQh Confusing gksrk gSA ;fn ge gekjs Music Store ds gh mnkgj.k ds vk/kkj ij le>sa] rks D;k ge Music Store
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
D;ksafd Music Store rks mu Entities dk ,d iwjk Collection gS] ftUgsa Music Store Handle
djrk gSA Entity rks okLro esa Music Store ds os Items gSa] ftUgsa Database }kjk Manage
djuk gSA
bl ckr dks Bhd ls le>us ds fy, ge ,d mnkgj.k ysrs gSaA ekuyks fd ge Music Store dks gh ,d Entity ds :i esa Identify dj ysrs gSaA vc bl Entity dks Represent djus ds fy, gesa blds fofHkUu Attributes dk irk djuk gksxk tks fd Music Store ds Items Numbers, Item Titles, Item In Stock, Retail Price vkfn gksaxsA
ysfdu pwafd ge iwjs Music Store dks gh ,d Single Entity ds :i esa Describe dj jgs gSa] blfy, gesa blds gj Attribute esa Multiple Values dks Store djuk gksxk vkSj tSlk fd geus igys crk;k fd fdlh Hkh Relational Database esa dksbZ Hkh Attribute Multi-Valued ugha gks ldrk] blfy, ge Music Store dks ,d Single Entity ds :i esa Identify ugha dj ldrs gSa] cfYd gesa bls Entities ds ,d Collection ds :i esa Identify djuk gksrk gSA
,d vkSj mnkgj.k ns[krs gSa] ekuyks fd dksbZ Doctor vius lHkh Patient dh Medical History
dks Maintain djrk gSA fdlh Music Store ds Inventory Program dh rjg gh Medical History Hkh ,d rjg dk ,d ls T;knk Entities dk Collection gSA ,d Medical History Appointments o mu Appointments ds nkSjku gksus okyh ?kVukvksa }kjk curk gSA
blfy, ;s History okLro esa Appointment Entities o Medical Treatment Entities ds
Instances dk Collection gS] uk fd Lo;a ,d Entity gSA “History” rks og Output gS ftls ,d Database Application mlds Entities ds Instances (Records) ds Collection ds :i esa Generate djrk gSA
Documenting Logical Data Relationships
Entity-Relationship Diagram gesa ,d ,slk rjhdk Provide djrk gS] ftldk iz;kssx djds ge fdlh Entity dks mls Describe djus okys Attributes ds lkFk Logically Represent dj ldrs gSaA ER Diagrams ds dbZ rjhds izpfyr gSa] ysfdu nks rjhdksa dks lcls T;knk Use fd;k tkrk gSA
igyk rjhdk Dr. Peter P. S. Chen us Develop fd;k FkkA blfy, bl Data Modeling Diagram dks ER Chen uke fn;k x;k gSA nwljk rjhdk James Martin o Clive Finkelstein
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
ge bu esa ls ftu Hkh rjhds dks Use djds vius Database dk Entity Relationship Data Model Diagram cuk ldrs gSaA nksuksa gh rjhdksa esa ftu Entity dks ,d Rectangle }kjk
Represent fd;k tkrk gS vkSj gj Entity dk uke mlds Rectangle ds vUnj fy[kk tkrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ge Customer Entity dks ER Diagram esa fuEukuqlkj Represent dj ldrs gSa%
Customer
Original Chen ds ER Diagram Model esa Entities ds lkFk muds Attributes dks Show
djus dh dksbZ lqfo/kk ugha FkhA fQj Hkh yksxksa us Chen ds bl ER Model dks FkksMk lk Modify
djds fuEukuqlkj Entity ds Attributes dks Hkh Entity ds lkFk Include dj fy;k gSA
Entity ds Identifier Attribute ds uke ds igys ,d Asterisk ( * ) yxkdj Identifier Attribute dks Represent fd;k tkrk gSA Information Engineering Model esa Entity dks mlds Attributes ds lkFk esa fuEukuqlkj fp= }kjk Represent fd;k tkrk gS%
Customer
*CustID FName LName Telephone
pwafd] Information Engineering Model dks de Space esa T;knk vPNs rjhds ls cuk;k tk ldrk gS] blfy, ge bl iqLrd esa T;knkrj blh Model ds Symbols dks Use djsaxsA gkykafd t:jr gksus ij Chen ds ER Model dks Hkh Use fd;k tk,xkA
Customer
FName LName
Telephone *CustID
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
Entities and Attributes for Music Store Application
gekjs Music Store Database ds Order Entry Form ls gh gesa mu eq[; Entities dk irk py tkrk gS] ftUgsa gesa Music Store Database esa Manage djuk gSA
gkykafd tc ge Database Design Process dks vkxs c<krs gSa] rc Database Design esa vU; Additional Entities dh Hkh t:jr iMrh gSA gekjs Music Store Database ls lEcaf/kr eq[;&eq[; Entities Customer, Order, Distributor, Actor, Producer o Item gSa vkSj bu
Entities ls lEcaf/kr os Attributes ftUgsa Database esa Store djuk gSa] mUgsa fuEukuqlkj
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
Domains
gj Attribute dk ,d Domain gksrk gS] tks ;s Express djrk gS fd Particular ftu
Attribute esa fdl rjg ds eku Store gks ldsaxsA ,d Domain cgqr NksVk Hkh gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k ds fy, ftu Population ls lEcaf/kr Database esa Male/Female dks Represent
djus ds fy, Gender Attribute esa dsoy M/F Character dks gh Store djus dh t:jr gksrh gSA tcfd ftu Customer dk uke Store djus ds fy, Name Attribute esa cgqr lkjs
Characters dks Store djuk iMrk gSA
,d Database Management System (DBMS) ,d Domain Constraint ds Through ,d
Domain Enforce djrk gSA mlds ckn tc Hkh Database esa dksbZ Data ;k eku Store fd;k tkrk gS] og DBMS Software ml Domain Constraint ds vk/kkj ij ;s r; djrk gS fd
Database esa tkus okyk eku mlh Domain dk gS ftlds fy, mls Domain Constraint }kjk
Set fd;k x;k gS vFkok ughaA
mnkgj.k ds fy, ;fn ftu Customer dh Birth Date dks Store djus ds fy, Database esa
DOB Attribute dks Date/Time Domain Constraint ls dks Set fd;k x;k gS] rks DBMS Software ml Attribute esa dsoy mlh Data dks Store djsxk tks Date/Time Format dk gksxkA
“ks’k ftu Hkh vU; Domain (Data Type) ds Data dks og DBMS Software Database esa
Store ugha djus nsxk ;gka rd fd tc ge Date/Time Domain Constraint dks ftu
Attribute ds lkFk Set djrs gSa] rc ge ml Attribute esa 30 February tSlh ftu xyr Date
dks Hkh Store ugha dj ldrs gSaA
Documenting Domains
ER Diagram dk tks Common Format Use fd;k tkrk gS] mlesa Domain dks Specify
djus dh dksbZ lqfo/kk ugha gksrh gS] cfYd ml Diagram ls ,d Document Associated jgrk gS] ftls Data Dictionary dgrs gSaA Data Dictionary ds ckjs esa ge vkxs foLrkj ls i<ssaxsA ge
Chen ds ER Model esa gj Attribute ds uhps ml Attribute ds Domain dks Specify dj ldrs gSaA
Practical Domain Choices
Music Store ds Entities ds Attributes ds fy, ftu Domains dks Choose fd;k tkrk gS] os Theoretically mu DBMS Softwares ls Independent gksus pkfg,] ftUgsa ge Music Store Database dks Develop djus ds fy, Use djsaxsA
DBMS-RDBMS in HinDi
fQj Hkh T;knkrj Relational DBMS viuh Query Language ds :i esa SQL dk iz;ksx djrs gSa] ftlesa ftu Attribute dks fuEu Domain Assign fd, tk ldrs gSa%
CHAR
;s ,d Fixed-Length Domain gksrk gSA bl Domain dks ftu Attribute ds lkFk
Associate djus ij ge ml Attribute esa vf/kdre 256 Characters Store dj ldrs gSaA
VARCHAR
;s ,d Variable-Length Domain gksrk gSA bl Domain dks ftu Attribute ds lkFk
Associate djus ij ge ml Attribute esa Variable Length ds vf/kdre 256
Characters Store dj ldrs gSaA
INT
tc gesa ftu Attribute esa Integer eku Store djuk gksrk gS] rc ge ml Attribute ds lkFk bl Domain dks Associate djrs gSaA
DECIMAL and NUMERIC
tc gesa ftu Attribute esa nleyo okys eku dks Store djuk gksrk gS] rc ge ml
Attribute ds lkFk bl Domain dks Associate djrs gSaA tc ge ,d Real Number Domain dks ftu Attribute ds lkFk Associated djrs gSa] rc gesa ;s Hkh Specify djuk gksrk gS fd ge nleyo ds ckn ds vadksa lfgr fdrus vadksa rd dk eku Store djuk pkgrs gSa vkSj nleyo ds ckn dqy fdrus vadksa rd dk eku Store djuk pkgrs gSaA
mnkgj.k ds fy, Currency Values dks gesa”kk nleyo ds ckn nks la[;kvksa rd Specify
djuk gksrk gS] blfy, ;fn ge Currency dks Computer esa Store djus ds fy, ftu
Attribute ds lkFk bl Domain dks Associate djuk pkgsa] rks ge DECIMAL (6, 2) Statement }kjk ;s dke dj ldrs gSa] tgka dqy 6 vadksa rd ds Currency eku dks ftu
Attribute esa Store fd;k tk ldrk gS tcfd ml eku esa nleyo ds ckn nks la[;kvksa rd dks Store fd;k tk ldrk gSA
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