Atoll 3.3.0 Technical Reference Guide.pdf

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Version 3.3.0

Technical Reference Guide

for Radio Networks

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Atoll 3.3.0 Technical Reference Guide for Radio Networks Release: AT330_TRR_E1 (March 2015)

Forsk

7 rue des Briquetiers 31700 Blagnac, France Tel: +33 562 747 210 Fax: +33 562 747 211

The software described in this document is provided under a licence agreement. The software may only be used or copied under the terms and conditions of the licence agreement. No part of the contents of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher.

The product or brand names mentioned in this document are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective registering parties.

The publisher has taken care in the preparation of this document, but makes no expressed or implied warranty of any kind and assumes no responsibility for errors or omissions. No liability is assumed for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising out of the use of the information contained herein.

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Atoll 3.3.0 Technical Reference Guide for Radio Networks

AT330_TRR_E1 Chapter : Introduction

3 Introduction

This Technical Reference Guide is aimed at radio network engineers with an advanced knowledge of Atoll and radio network planning. It provides detailed information about the inner workings and formulas that are implemented by Atoll.

About Atoll

Atoll is a 64-bit multi-technology wireless network design and optimisation platform. Atoll is open, scalable, flexible, and

supports wireless operators throughout the network life cycle, from initial design to densification and optimisation.

Atoll’s integration and automation features help operators smoothly automate planning and optimisation processes through

flexible scripting and SOA-based mechanisms. Atoll supports a wide range of implementation scenarios, from standalone to enterprise-wide server-based configurations using distributed and multi-threaded computing.

Atoll Microwave is a complete backhaul and microwave link planning solution based on the leading Atoll platform, which

includes a high performance GIS and advanced data and user management features. Atoll Microwave can share its site data-base with Atoll radio planning and optimisation modules, thus allowing easy data consistency management across the oper-ator organisation.

If you are interested in learning more about Atoll, please contact your Forsk representative to inquire about our training solu-tions.

About Forsk

Forsk is an independent company providing radio planning and optimisation software solutions to the wireless industry since 1987.

In 1997, Forsk released the first version of Atoll, its flagship radio planning software. Since then, Atoll has evolved to become a comprehensive radio planning and optimisation platform and, with more than 5000 installed licenses worldwide, has reached the leading position on the global market. Atoll combines engineering and automation functions that enable opera-tors to smoothly and gradually implement SON processes within their organisation.

Today, Forsk is a global supplier with over 300 customers in 100 countries and strategic partnerships with major players in the industry. Forsk distributes and supports Atoll directly from offices and technical support centres in France, USA, and China as well as through a worldwide network of distributors and partners.

Since the first release of Atoll, Forsk has been known for its capability to deliver tailored and turn-key radio planning and opti-misation environments based on Atoll.

To help operators streamline their radio planning and optimisation processes, Forsk provides a complete range of implemen-tation services, including integration with existing IT infrastructure, automation, as well as data migration, installation, and training services.

Getting Help

The online help system that is installed with Atoll is designed to give you quick access to the information you need to use the product effectively. It contains the same material as the Atoll 3.3.0 User Manual.

You can browse the online help from the Contents view, the Index view, or you can use the built-in Search feature. You can also download manuals from the Forsk web site.

Printing Help Topics

You can print individual topics or chapters from the online help. To print help topics or chapters:

1. In Atoll, click Help > Help Topics.

2. In the Contents tab, expand the table of contents.

3. Right-click the section or topic that you want to print and click Print. The Print Topics dialog box appears. 4. In the Print Topics dialog box, select what you want to print:

• If you want to print a single topic, select Print the selected topic.

• If you want to print an entire section, including all topics and sections in that section, select Print the selected

heading and all subtopics. 5. Click OK.

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About Atoll Documentation

The following PDF manuals are available for Atoll and Atoll Microwave and can be downloaded from the Forsk web site at:

http://www.forsk.com/support.

• Atoll 3.3.0 User Manual

• Atoll 3.3.0 Administrator Manual

• Atoll 3.3.0 Data Structure Reference Guide • Atoll 3.3.0 Technical Reference Guide • Atoll 3.3.0 Task Automation Guide • Atoll 3.3.0 Model Calibration Guide

To read PDF manuals, you can download Adobe Reader from the Adobe web site at:

http://get.adobe.com/reader/

Hardcopy manuals are also available. For more information, contact to your Forsk representative.

Contacting Technical Support

Forsk provides global technical support for its products and services. To contact the Forsk support team, visit the Forsk Support web site at:

http://www.forsk.com/support.

Alternatively, depending on your geographic location, contact one of the following support teams:

• Forsk Head Office

For regions other than North and Central America and China, contact the Forsk Head Office support team: • Tel.: +33 562 747 225

• Fax: +33 562 747 211 • Email: [email protected]

Opening Hours: Monday to Friday 9.00 am to 6.00 pm (GMT +1:00)

• Forsk US

For North and Central America, contact the Forsk US support team: • Tel.: 1-888-GO-ATOLL (1-888-462-8655)

• Fax: 1-312-674-4822

• Email: [email protected]

Opening Hours: Monday to Friday 8.00 am to 8.00 pm (Eastern Standard Time)

• Forsk China

For China, contact the Forsk China support team: • Tel: +86 20 8557 0016

• Fax: +86 20 8553 8285

• Email: [email protected]

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AT330_TRR_E1 Table of Contents

5 Introduction. . . .3

1 Antennas and Equipment . . . .25

1.1 Antenna Attenuation . . . 25

1.1.1 Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles. . . 25

1.1.2 Antenna Pattern 3D Interpolation . . . 26

1.1.3 Additional Electrical Downtilt Modelling . . . 27

1.2 Antenna Pattern Smoothing . . . 27

1.3 Power Received From Secondary Antennas . . . 29

1.4 Transmitter Radio Equipment . . . 30

1.4.1 GSM Documents. . . 30

1.4.2 UMTS, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX, and LTE Documents. . . 30

1.5 Repeaters and Remote Antennas . . . 32

1.5.1 UMTS, CDMA2000, TD-SCDMA, WiMAX, and LTE Documents. . . 32

1.5.1.1 Signal Level Calculation . . . 32

1.5.1.2 Total Gain Calculation. . . 34

1.5.1.3 Repeater Noise Figure . . . 36

1.5.1.4 Appendix: Carrier Power and Interference Calculation. . . 36

1.5.2 GSM Documents. . . 39

1.5.2.1 Signal Level Calculation . . . 39

1.5.2.2 EIRP Calculation . . . 40

1.5.3 Donor-side Parameter Calculations . . . 42

1.5.3.1 Azimuth . . . 42

1.5.3.2 Mechanical Downtilt. . . 42

1.6 Beamforming Smart Antenna Models . . . 43

1.6.1 Definitions and Formulas. . . 44

1.6.1.1 Definitions . . . 44

1.6.1.2 Downlink Beamforming . . . 44

1.6.1.3 Uplink Beamforming. . . 45

1.6.1.4 Uplink Beamforming and Interference Cancellation (MMSE). . . 45

1.6.2 Downlink Beamforming . . . 46

1.6.3 Uplink Beamforming . . . 48

1.6.4 Uplink Beamforming and Interference Cancellation (MMSE) . . . 49

1.7 Grid-of-Beams Smart Antenna Model . . . 51

1.8 Adaptive Beam Smart Antenna Model . . . 52

1.9 Statistical Smart Antenna Gain Model. . . 53

2 Radio Propagation . . . .57

2.1 Path Loss Calculation Prerequisites . . . 57

2.1.1 Ground Altitude Determination . . . 57

2.1.2 Clutter Determination . . . 59

2.1.2.1 Clutter Classes . . . 59

2.1.2.2 Clutter Heights . . . 59

2.1.3 Geographic Profile Extraction . . . 60

2.1.4 Resolution of the Extracted Profiles . . . 61

2.2 List of Default Propagation Models . . . 62

2.3 Okumura-Hata and Cost-Hata Propagation Models. . . 63

2.3.1 Hata Path Loss Formula . . . 63

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2.3.3 Calculations in Atoll . . . .64

2.4 ITU 529-3 Propagation Model. . . .64

2.4.1 ITU 529-3 Path Loss Formula . . . .64

2.4.2 Corrections to the ITU 529-3 Path Loss Formula . . . .64

2.5 Standard Propagation Model (SPM). . . .65

2.5.1 SPM Path Loss Formula . . . .65

2.5.2.1 Visibility and Distance Between Transmitter and Receiver . . . .66

2.5.2.2 Effective Transmitter Antenna Height . . . .66

2.5.2.3 Effective Receiver Antenna Height . . . .69

2.5.2.4 Correction for Hilly Regions in Case of LOS . . . .70

2.5.2.5 Diffraction . . . .70

2.5.2.6 Losses due to Clutter. . . .70

2.5.2.7 Recommendations. . . .71

2.5.3 Automatic Calibration . . . .72

2.5.3.1 General Algorithm . . . .72

2.5.3.2 Sample Values for SPM Path Loss Formula Parameters. . . .73

2.5.4 Unmasked Path Loss Calculation . . . .74

2.6 WLL Propagation Model . . . .75

2.6.1 WLL Path Loss Formula. . . .75

2.7 ITU-R P.526-5 Propagation Model . . . .76

2.9 Erceg-Greenstein (SUI) Propagation Model. . . .78

2.9.1 SUI Terrain Types . . . .78

2.9.2 Erceg-Greenstein (SUI) Path Loss Formula . . . .79

2.10.1.1 Step 1: Determination of Graphs to be Used . . . .80

2.10.1.2 Step 2: Calculation of Maximum Field Strength . . . .81

2.10.1.3 Step 3: Determination of Transmitter Antenna Height . . . .81

2.10.1.4 Step 4: Interpolation/Extrapolation of Field Strength . . . .81

2.10.1.5 Step 5: Calculation of Correction Factors . . . .83

2.10.1.6 Step 6: Calculation of Path Loss . . . .84

2.11 Sakagami Extended Propagation Model . . . .84

2.12 Free Space Loss . . . .86

2.13 Diffraction . . . .86

2.13.1 Knife-edge Diffraction . . . .86

2.13.2 3 Knife-edge Deygout Method . . . .87

2.13.3 Epstein-Peterson Method . . . .89

2.13.4 Deygout Method with Correction . . . .89

2.13.5 Millington Method . . . .89

2.14 Shadow Fading Model . . . .90

2.14.1 Shadowing Margin Calculation . . . .95

2.14.1.1 Shadowing Margin Calculation in Predictions. . . .95

2.14.1.2 Shadowing Margin Calculation in Monte-Carlo Simulations . . . .97

2.14.2 Macro-Diversity Gains Calculation . . . .97

2.14.2.1 Uplink Macro-Diversity Gain Evaluation . . . .98

2.14.2.1.1 Shadowing Error PDF (n Signals). . . .98

2.14.2.1.2 Uplink Macro-Diversity Gain . . . 100

2.14.2.2 Downlink Macro-Diversity Gain Evaluation. . . 100

2.14.2.2.1 Shadowing Error PDF (n Signals). . . 100

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2.15 Path Loss Matrices. . . 103

2.15.1 Calculation Area Determination . . . 104

2.15.2 Validity of Path Loss Matrices . . . 104

2.15.3 Path Loss Tuning. . . 105

2.15.3.1 Transmitter Path Loss Tuning . . . 106

2.15.3.2 Repeater Path Loss Tuning. . . 107

2.16 File Formats . . . 107

2.16.1 Path Loss Matrix File Format. . . 107

2.16.1.1 Pathloss.dbf File Format. . . 107

2.16.1.2 Pathloss.dbf File Contents . . . 110

2.16.1.3 LOS File Format . . . 111

2.16.2 Path Loss Tuning File Format. . . 111

2.16.2.1 Pathloss.dbf File Format. . . 111

2.16.2.2 Pathloss.dbf File Contents . . . 111

2.16.2.3 PTS File Format . . . 111

2.16.3 Interference Matrix File Formats . . . 112

2.16.3.1 CLC Format (One Value per Line). . . 112

2.16.3.2 CLC File Format . . . 112

2.16.3.3 DCT File Format. . . 113

2.16.3.4 IM0 Format (One Histogram per Line) . . . 114

2.16.3.5 IM1 Format (One Value per Line, TX Name Repeated) . . . 115

2.16.3.6 IM2 Format (Co- and Adjacent-channel Probabilities) . . . 116

2.16.4 "Per Transmitter" Prediction File Format. . . 117

2.16.4.1 <per_transmitter_prediction>.dbf File Format . . . 118

2.16.4.2 <per_transmitter_prediction>.dbf File Contents . . . 118

2.16.5 Coverage Prediction Export and Reports . . . 118

2.16.5.1 Filtering Coverage Predictions at Export. . . 118

2.16.5.2 Smoothing Coverage Predictions at Export . . . 119

2.16.5.3 Examples of Prediction Export Filtering and Smoothing . . . 120

2.16.5.4 Coverage Prediction Reports Over Focus/Computation Zones. . . 121

3 GSM GPRS EDGE Networks . . . .125

3.1 Signal Level Calculation. . . 125

3.1.1 DL Signal Level . . . 125

3.1.2 UL Signal Level . . . 125

3.1.3 Point Analysis . . . 126

3.1.3.1 Profile Tab . . . 126

3.1.3.2 Reception Tab . . . 126

3.1.4 Signal Level-based DL Coverage Predictions . . . 126

3.1.4.1 DL Service Area Determination . . . 126

3.1.4.1.1 All Servers . . . 126

3.1.4.1.2 Best Signal Level and a Margin. . . 127

3.1.4.1.3 Second Best Signal Level and a Margin . . . 127

3.1.4.1.4 Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin . . . 127

3.1.4.1.5 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin. . . 128

3.1.4.1.6 HCS Servers and a Margin . . . 128

3.1.4.1.7 Highest Priority HCS Server and a Margin. . . 128

3.1.4.1.8 Best Idle Mode Reselection Criterion (C2) . . . 129

3.1.4.2 Coverage Display. . . 129

3.1.4.2.1 Coverage Resolution . . . 129

3.1.4.2.2 Display Types . . . 129

3.2 Interference-based DL Calculations . . . 131

3.2.1 DL Carrier-to-Interference Ratio Calculation . . . 131

3.2.3 Interference-based DL Coverage Predictions . . . 135

3.2.3.1 Service Area Determination. . . 135

3.2.3.2 Coverage Area Determination . . . 135

3.2.3.2.1 Interference Condition Satisfied by At Least One TRX . . . 135

3.2.3.2.2 Interference Condition Satisfied by The Worst TRX . . . 135

3.2.3.3 Coverage Display. . . 135

3.2.3.3.2 Display Types . . . 135

3.3 GPRS/EDGE Calculations . . . 136

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3.3.1.1 Calculations Based on C . . . 137

3.3.1.2 Calculations Based on C/I . . . 137

3.3.1.3 Calculations Based on C/(I+N) . . . 137

3.3.2 Coding Scheme Selection and Throughput Calculation With Ideal Link Adaptation. . . 138

3.3.2.1 Calculations Based on C . . . 138

3.3.2.2 Calculations Based on C/I . . . 138

3.3.3 Application Throughput Calculation . . . 139

3.3.4 BLER Calculation . . . 140

3.3.5 GPRS/EDGE Coverage Predictions . . . 140

3.3.5.1 Service Area Determination . . . 140

3.3.5.1.1 All Servers . . . 140

3.3.5.1.2 Best Signal Level and a Margin . . . 140

3.3.5.1.4 Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin. . . 141

3.3.5.1.5 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin . . . 141

3.3.5.1.7 Highest Priority HCS Server and a Margin . . . 142

3.3.5.1.8 Best Idle Mode Reselection Criterion (C2). . . 142

3.3.5.2 Coverage Display . . . 142

3.3.5.2.2 Display Types . . . 143

3.4 Codec Mode Selection and CQI Calculations . . . 145

3.4.1 Circuit Quality Indicator Calculations . . . 147

3.4.2 CQI Calculation Without Ideal Link Adaptation . . . 147

3.4.2.1 Calculations Based on C/N . . . 147

3.4.3 CQI Calculation With Ideal Link Adaptation . . . 148

3.4.3.1 Calculations Based on C/N . . . 148

3.4.4 Circuit Quality Indicators Coverage Predictions. . . 149

3.4.4.1.1 All Servers . . . 149

3.4.4.1.4 Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin. . . 150

3.4.4.1.5 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin . . . 150

3.4.4.1.7 Highest Priority HCS Server and a Margin . . . 151

3.4.4.2.2 Display Types . . . 151

3.5 UL Coverage Predictions . . . 152

3.5.1 DL Service Area Determination . . . 152

3.5.1.1 All Servers. . . 152

3.5.1.2 Best Signal Level and a Margin . . . 152

3.5.1.3 Second Best Signal Level and a Margin . . . 153

3.5.1.4 Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin . . . 153

3.5.1.5 Second Best Signal Level per HCS Layer and a Margin . . . 153

3.5.1.6 HCS Servers and a Margin. . . 154

3.5.1.7 Highest Priority HCS Server and a Margin . . . 154

3.5.1.8 Best Idle Mode Reselection Criterion (C2) . . . 155

3.5.2 Coverage by UL Signal Level. . . 155

3.5.2.1 Coverage Resolution . . . 155

3.5.2.2 Display Types . . . 155

3.5.2.2.1 UL Signal Level (in dBm, dBµV, dBµV/m) . . . 155

3.5.2.2.2 Best UL Signal Level (in dBm, dBµV, dBµV/m). . . 155

3.5.2.2.3 UL Total Losses (dB). . . 156

3.5.2.2.4 Minimum UL Total Losses (dB) . . . 156

3.5.3 Coverage by UL C/I . . . 156

3.5.3.1 Coverage Resolution . . . 156

3.5.3.2 UL C/I Evaluation . . . 156

3.5.3.3 Coverage Area Determination . . . 156

3.5.3.4 Display Types . . . 156

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3.5.3.4.2 Max C/I Level . . . 157

3.5.3.4.3 Min C/I Level . . . 157

3.5.4 Coverage by UL Coding Schemes . . . 157

3.5.4.2 Coding Scheme Selection . . . 158

3.5.4.3 Throughput Calculation . . . 158

3.5.5 Coverage by UL Codec Modes. . . 158

3.5.5.2 Codec Mode Selection . . . 159

3.6 Traffic Analysis . . . 159

3.6.1 Traffic Distribution . . . 159

3.6.1.1 Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer) . . . 159

3.6.1.1.1 Circuit Switched Services . . . 159

3.6.1.1.2 Packet Switched Services . . . 159

3.6.1.2 Concentric Cells. . . 160

3.6.1.3 HCS Layers . . . 160

3.6.2 Calculation of the Traffic Demand per Subcell . . . 160

3.6.2.1 User Profile Traffic Maps . . . 160

3.6.2.1.1 Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer) . . . 160

3.6.2.1.2 Concentric Cells . . . 161

3.6.2.1.3 HCS Layers . . . 162

3.6.2.2 Sector Traffic Maps. . . 166

3.6.2.2.1 Normal Cells (Nonconcentric, No HCS Layer) . . . 166

3.6.2.2.2 Concentric Cells . . . 166

3.6.2.2.3 HCS Layers . . . 167

3.7 Network Dimensioning . . . 171

3.7.1 Dimensioning Models and Quality Graphs. . . 171

3.7.1.1 Circuit Switched Traffic. . . 171

3.7.1.2 Packet Switched Traffic . . . 172

3.7.1.2.1 Throughput . . . 172

3.7.1.2.2 Delay. . . 174

3.7.1.2.3 Blocking Probability. . . 175

3.7.2 Network Dimensioning Process . . . 176

3.7.2.1 Network Dimensioning Engine . . . 176

3.7.2.1.1 Inputs . . . 177

3.7.2.1.2 Outputs . . . 177

3.7.2.2 Network Dimensioning Steps. . . 177

3.7.2.2.1 Step 1: Timeslots Required for CS Traffic . . . 177

3.7.2.2.2 Step 2: TRXs Required for CS Traffic and Dedicated PS Timeslots . . . 178

3.7.2.2.3 Step 3: Effective CS Blocking, Effective CS Traffic Overflow and Served CS Traffic . . . 178

3.7.2.2.4 Step 4: TRXs to Add for PS Traffic . . . 178

3.7.2.2.5 Step 5: Served PS Traffic . . . 180

3.7.2.2.6 Step 6: Total Traffic Load . . . 180

3.8 Key Performance Indicators Calculation . . . 181

3.8.1 Circuit Switched Traffic . . . 181

3.8.1.1 Erlang B . . . 181

3.8.1.2 Erlang C . . . 181

3.8.1.3 Served Circuit Switched Traffic . . . 182

3.8.2 Packet Switched Traffic . . . 182

3.8.2.1 Case 1: Total Traffic Demand > Dedicated + Shared Timeslots. . . 182

3.8.2.1.1 Traffic Load . . . 182

3.8.2.1.2 Packet Switched Traffic Overflow . . . 182

3.8.2.1.3 Throughput Reduction Factor . . . 182

3.8.2.1.4 Delay. . . 182

3.8.2.1.5 Blocking Probability. . . 182

3.8.2.1.6 Served Packet Switched Traffic . . . 183

3.8.2.2 Case 2: Total Traffic Demand < Dedicated + Shared Timeslots. . . 183

3.8.2.2.1 Traffic Load . . . 183

3.8.2.2.2 Packet Switched Traffic Overflow . . . 183

3.8.2.2.3 Throughput Reduction Factor . . . 183

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3.8.2.2.5 Blocking Probability . . . 183

3.8.2.2.6 Served Packet Switched Traffic. . . 183

3.9 Simulations . . . 184

3.9.1 Radio Resource Management in GSM . . . 184

3.9.1.1 GSM Simulation Process . . . 184

3.9.1.2 Servers Selection . . . 187

3.9.1.3 Codec Mode Assignment and DL Power Control . . . 187

3.9.1.4 Coding Scheme Assignment, Throughput Evaluation and DL Power Control. . . 188

3.9.1.5 Subcell Traffic Loads Management . . . 189

3.9.1.6 Half-Rate Traffic Ratio Management . . . 189

3.9.1.7 DL Power Control Gain Management . . . 189

3.9.1.8 DTX DL Gain Management . . . 190

3.9.1.9 GSM Simulation Results . . . 190

3.10 Automatic Neighbour Allocation . . . 191

3.10.1 Neighbour Allocation for All Transmitters . . . 191

3.10.2 Neighbour Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter. . . 194

3.10.3 Neighbour Importance Calculation . . . 194

3.10.4 Appendix: Calculation of the Inter-Transmitter Distance . . . 195

3.11 AFP Appendices . . . 196

3.11.1 The AFP Cost Function . . . 196

3.11.1.1 Cost Function . . . 197

3.11.1.2 Cost Components . . . 198

3.11.1.2.1 Separation Violation Cost Component. . . 198

3.11.1.2.2 Interference Cost Component . . . 200

3.11.1.2.3 I_DIV, F_DIV and Other Advanced Cost Parameters. . . 201

3.11.2 The AFP Blocked Traffic Cost . . . 202

3.11.2.1 Calculation of New Traffic Loads Including Blocked Traffic Loads. . . 203

3.11.2.2 Recalculation of CS and PS From Traffic Loads . . . 204

3.11.2.3 Testing the Blocked Cost Using Traffic Analysis . . . 205

3.11.3 Interference. . . 205

3.11.3.1 Using Interferences . . . 205

3.11.3.2 Cumulative Density Function of C/I Levels . . . 205

3.11.3.3 Precise Definition . . . 206

3.11.3.4 Precise Interference Distribution Strategy . . . 206

3.11.3.4.1 Direct Availability of Precise Interference Distribution to the AFP . . . 206

3.11.3.4.2 Efficient Calculation and Storage of Interference Distribution . . . 206

3.11.3.4.3 Robustness of the IM. . . 206

3.11.3.5 Traffic Load and Interference Information Discrimination . . . 207

4 UMTS HSPA Networks . . . 211

4.1 General Prediction Studies . . . 211

4.1.1 Calculation Criteria . . . 211

4.1.2.1 Profile Tab . . . 211

4.1.2.2 Reception Tab . . . 212

4.1.3 Coverage Studies . . . 212

4.1.3.1.1 All Servers . . . 212

4.1.3.2 Coverage Display . . . 213 4.1.3.2.1 Plot Resolution . . . 213 4.1.3.2.2 Display Types . . . 213 4.2 Definitions. . . 214 4.2.1 Glossary . . . 214 4.2.2 Inputs . . . 215 4.2.3 Ec/I0 Calculation . . . 222 4.2.4 DL Eb/Nt Calculation. . . 223 4.2.5 UL Eb/Nt Calculation. . . 224 4.3 Simulations . . . 225

4.3.1 Generating a Realistic User Distribution. . . 225

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4.3.1.1.1 Circuit Switched Service (i) . . . 226

4.3.1.1.2 Packet Switched Service (j). . . 226

4.3.1.2 Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps . . . 229

4.3.1.2.1 Throughputs in Uplink and Downlink . . . 229

4.3.1.2.2 Total Number of Users (All Activity Statuses) . . . 230

4.3.1.2.3 Number of Users per Activity Status . . . 231

4.3.2 Power Control Simulation . . . 231

4.3.2.1 Algorithm Initialization . . . 232

4.3.2.2 R99 Part of the Algorithm . . . 233

4.3.2.3 HSDPA Part of the Algorithm . . . 238

4.3.2.3.1 HSDPA Power Allocation. . . 238

4.3.2.3.2 Number of HS-SCCH Channels and Maximum Number of HSDPA Bearer Users . . . 238

4.3.2.3.3 HSDPA Bearer Allocation Process . . . 239

4.3.2.3.4 Fast Link Adaptation Modelling . . . 242

4.3.2.3.5 MIMO Modelling . . . 252

4.3.2.3.6 Scheduling Algorithms . . . 253

4.3.2.3.7 Dual-Cell HSDPA . . . 255

4.3.2.4 HSUPA Part of the Algorithm . . . 258

4.3.2.4.1 Admission Control . . . 259

4.3.2.4.2 HSUPA Bearer Allocation Process . . . 261

4.3.2.4.3 Noise Rise Scheduling . . . 263

4.3.2.4.4 Radio Resource Control . . . 267

4.3.2.5 Convergence Criteria . . . 267

4.3.3 Results . . . 267

4.3.3.1 R99 Related Results . . . 267

4.3.3.2 HSPA Related Results . . . 269

4.3.3.2.1 Statistics Tab . . . 269

4.3.3.2.2 Mobiles Tab . . . 270

4.3.3.2.3 Cells Tab . . . 273

4.3.3.2.4 Sites Tab . . . 275

4.3.4 Appendices . . . 276

4.3.4.1 Admission Control in the R99 Part . . . 276

4.3.4.2 Resources Management. . . 276

4.3.4.2.1 OVSF Codes Management . . . 276

4.3.4.2.2 Channel Elements Management . . . 278

4.3.4.2.3 Iub Backhaul Throughput . . . 278

4.3.4.3 Downlink Load Factor Calculation . . . 279

4.3.4.3.1 Downlink Load Factor per Cell . . . 279

4.3.4.3.2 Downlink Load Factor per Mobile . . . 281

4.3.4.4 Uplink Load Factor Due to One User . . . 281

4.3.4.5 Inter-carrier Power Sharing Modelling . . . 283

4.3.4.6 Best Serving Cell Determination in Monte Carlo Simulations - Old Method . . . 283

4.4 UMTS HSPA Prediction Studies . . . 284

4.4.1 Best Serving Cell and Active Set Determination . . . 284

4.4.2 Point Analysis - AS Analysis Tab . . . 285

4.4.2.1 Bar Graph and Pilot Sub-Menu . . . 285

4.4.2.2 Downlink R99 Sub-Menu . . . 288

4.4.2.3 Uplink R99 Sub-Menu. . . 291

4.4.2.4 HSDPA Sub-Menu . . . 294

4.4.2.5 HSUPA Sub-Menu . . . 297

4.4.3.1 Pilot Quality Analysis . . . 299

4.4.3.1.1 Prediction Study Inputs. . . 299

4.4.3.1.2 Study Display Options . . . 299

4.4.3.2 Downlink Service Area Analysis . . . 300

4.4.3.3 Uplink Service Area Analysis . . . 302

4.4.3.4 Downlink Total Noise Analysis . . . 303

4.4.3.4.1 Study Inputs. . . 304

4.4.3.4.2 Display Options . . . 304

4.4.3.5 HSDPA Prediction Study . . . 304

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4.4.3.6 HSUPA Prediction Study . . . 309

4.4.3.6.1 Prediction Study Inputs . . . 309

4.4.3.6.2 Calculation Options . . . 310

4.4.3.6.3 Display Options . . . 310

4.5.2 Neighbour Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter. . . 316

4.5.3 Importance Calculation . . . 316

4.5.3.1 Importance of Intra-carrier Neighbours . . . 316

4.5.3.2 Importance of Inter-carrier Neighbours . . . 318

4.5.4 Appendices . . . 319

4.5.4.1 Calculation of the Inter-Transmitter Distance . . . 319

4.6 Primary Scrambling Code Allocation . . . 319

4.6.1 Automatic Allocation Description . . . 320

4.6.1.1 Options and Constraints . . . 320

4.6.1.2 Allocation Process . . . 321

4.6.1.2.1 Single Carrier Network . . . 321

4.6.1.2.2 Multi-Carrier Network . . . 322 4.6.1.3 Priority Determination . . . 323 4.6.1.3.1 Cell Priority . . . 323 4.6.1.3.2 Transmitter Priority . . . 325 4.6.1.3.3 Site Priority. . . 325 4.6.2 Allocation Examples . . . 326

4.6.2.1 Allocation Strategies and Use a Maximum of Codes . . . 326

4.6.2.1.1 Strategy: Clustered . . . 326

4.6.2.1.2 Strategy: Distributed . . . 327

4.6.2.1.3 Strategy: ‘One Cluster per Site . . . 328

4.6.2.1.4 Strategy: ‘Distributed per Site . . . 328

4.6.2.2 Allocate Carriers Identically . . . 329

4.7 Automatic GSM-UMTS Neighbour Allocation . . . 329

4.7.1 Overview . . . 329

4.7.2.1 Algorithm Based on Distance . . . 330

4.7.2.2 Algorithm Based on Coverage Overlapping . . . 331

4.7.2.3 Appendices. . . 333

4.7.2.3.1 Delete Existing Neighbours Option . . . 333

5 CDMA2000 Networks . . . 337

5.1 General Prediction Studies . . . 337

5.1.1 Calculation Criteria . . . 337

5.1.2.1 Profile Tab . . . 338

5.1.2.2 Reception Tab . . . 338

5.1.3.1.1 All Servers . . . 338

5.1.3.2.1 Plot Resolution . . . 339

5.1.3.2.2 Display Types . . . 339

5.2 Definitions and Formulas. . . 340

5.2.1 Parameters Used for CDMA2000 1xRTT Modelling . . . 340

5.2.1.1 Inputs . . . 340

5.2.1.2 Ec/I0 Calculation . . . 345

5.2.1.3 DL Eb/Nt Calculation . . . 346

5.2.1.4 UL Eb/Nt Calculation . . . 347

5.2.1.5 Simulation Results . . . 348

5.2.2 Parameters Used for CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Modelling . . . 350

5.2.2.1 Inputs . . . 350

5.2.2.2 Ec/I0 and Ec/Nt Calculations. . . 354

5.2.2.3 UL Eb/Nt Calculation . . . 355

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5.3 Active Set Management . . . 358

5.4 Simulations. . . 358

5.4.1 Generating a Realistic User Distribution . . . 359

5.4.1.1 Number of Users, User Activity Status and User Throughput. . . 359

5.4.1.1.1 Simulations Based on User Profile Traffic Maps. . . 359

5.4.1.1.2 Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps . . . 362

5.4.1.2 Transition Flags for 1xEV-DO Rev.0 User Throughputs . . . 367

5.4.1.3 User Geographical Position . . . 368

5.4.2 Network Regulation Mechanism . . . 368

5.4.2.1 CDMA2000 1xRTT Power Control Simulation Algorithm. . . 368

5.4.2.1.1 Algorithm Initialization . . . 368

5.4.2.1.2 Presentation of the Algorithm . . . 369

5.4.2.1.3 Convergence Criterion . . . 376

5.4.2.2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO Power/Data Rate Control Simulation Algorithm . . . 377

5.4.2.2.1 Algorithm Initialization . . . 377

5.4.2.2.2 Presentation of the Algorithm . . . 377

5.4.2.2.3 Convergence Criterion . . . 385

5.4.3 Appendices . . . 386

5.4.3.1 Admission Control. . . 386

5.4.3.2 Resources Management. . . 386

5.4.3.2.1 Walsh Code Management . . . 386

5.4.3.2.2 Channel Element Management . . . 387

5.4.3.3 Downlink Load Factor Calculation . . . 388

5.4.3.3.1 Downlink Load Factor per Cell . . . 388

5.4.3.3.2 Downlink Load Factor per Mobile . . . 389

5.4.3.4 Best Server Determination in Monte Carlo Simulations - Old Method . . . 389

5.4.3.5 Radio Bearer Allocation Algorithm for Multi-carrier EVDO Rev.B - Old Method. . . 392

5.5 CDMA2000 Prediction Studies . . . 392

5.5.1 Point Analysis: The AS Analysis Tab . . . 392

5.5.1.1 Bar Graph and Pilot Sub-Menu . . . 392

5.5.1.2 Downlink Sub-Menu . . . 395 5.5.1.2.1 CDMA2000 1xRTT . . . 395 5.5.1.2.2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO . . . 400 5.5.1.3 Uplink Sub-Menu . . . 402 5.5.1.3.1 CDMA2000 1xRTT . . . 402 5.5.1.3.2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO . . . 406 5.5.2 Coverage Studies . . . 412

5.5.2.1 Pilot Quality Analysis . . . 412

5.5.2.2 Downlink Service Area Analysis . . . 413

5.5.2.2.1 CDMA2000 1xRTT . . . 413

5.5.2.2.2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO . . . 415

5.5.2.3 Uplink Service Area Analysis . . . 417

5.5.2.3.1 CDMA2000 1xRTT . . . 417

5.5.2.3.2 CDMA2000 1xEV-DO . . . 419

5.5.2.4 Downlink Total Noise Analysis . . . 422

5.5.2.4.1 Analysis on the Best Carrier . . . 422

5.5.2.4.2 Analysis on a Specific Carrier . . . 423

5.6.1 Neighbour Allocation for all Transmitters . . . 424

5.6.2 Neighbour Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter . . . 427

5.6.3.1 Importance of Intra-carrier Neighbours . . . 428

5.6.3.2 Importance of Inter-carrier Neighbours . . . 429

5.6.4 Appendices . . . 430

5.6.4.1 Calculation of the Inter-Transmitter Distance . . . 430

5.7 PN Offset Allocation . . . 430

5.7.1.1 Options and Constraints. . . 431

5.7.1.2 Allocation Process. . . 432

5.7.1.2.2 Multi-Carrier Network . . . 433

5.7.1.2.3 Difference between Adjacent and Distributed PN-Clusters . . . 433

5.7.1.3 Priority Determination . . . 433

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5.7.1.3.2 Transmitter Priority . . . 435

5.7.1.3.3 Site Priority. . . 436

5.7.2 Allocation Examples . . . 436

5.7.2.1 Strategy: PN Offset per Cell . . . 436

5.7.2.2 Strategy: Adjacent PN-Clusters Per Site . . . 437

5.7.2.3 Strategy: ‘Distributed PN-Clusters Per Site . . . 437

5.8 Automatic GSM-CDMA Neighbour Allocation . . . 438

5.8.1 Overview . . . 438

5.8.2.1 Algorithm Based on Distance . . . 438

5.8.2.3 Delete Existing Neighbours Option . . . 441

6 LTE Networks . . . 445

6.1 Definitions. . . 445

6.2 Calculation Quick Reference . . . 450

6.2.1 Downlink Transmission Powers Calculation . . . 450

6.2.2 Co- and Adjacent Channel Overlaps Calculation . . . 453

6.2.3 Signal Level Calculation (DL) . . . 453

6.2.4 Noise Calculation (DL) . . . 455

6.2.5 Interference Calculation (DL) . . . 456

6.2.6 C/N Calculation (DL) . . . 460

6.2.7 C/(I+N) Calculation (DL) . . . 460

6.2.8 Signal Level Calculation (UL) . . . 462

6.2.9 Noise Calculation (UL) . . . 462

6.2.10 Interference Calculation (UL). . . 462

6.2.11 Noise Rise Calculation (UL) . . . 463

6.2.12 C/N Calculation (UL) . . . 463

6.2.13 C/(I+N) Calculation (UL) . . . 463

6.2.14 Calculation of Downlink Cell Resources . . . 464

6.2.15 Calculation of Uplink Cell Resources . . . 465

6.2.16 Calculation of Downlink UE Capacity . . . 465

6.2.17 Calculation of Uplink UE Capacity . . . 465

6.2.18 Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, Allocated Bandwidth Throughput, and Per-user Throughput Calculation . . . 466

6.2.19 Scheduling and Radio Resource Management. . . 467

6.2.20 User Throughput Calculation . . . 469

6.3 Available Calculations . . . 470 6.3.1 Point Analysis . . . 470 6.3.1.1 Profile View . . . 470 6.3.1.2 Reception View . . . 470 6.3.1.3 Interference View . . . 470 6.3.1.4 Details View . . . 470 6.3.2 Coverage Predictions . . . 471

6.3.2.1 Downlink Signal Level Coverage Predictions. . . 471

6.3.2.2 Effective Signal Analysis Coverage Predictions . . . 472

6.3.2.3 C/(I+N)-based Coverage Predictions . . . 473

6.3.2.4 Cell Identifier Collision Zones Coverage Prediction . . . 475

6.3.3 Calculations on Subscriber Lists. . . 476

6.3.4 Monte Carlo Simulations . . . 476

6.3.4.1 User Distribution . . . 476

6.3.4.1.1 Simulations Based on User Profile Traffic Maps and Subscriber Lists . . . 476

6.3.4.1.2 Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps. . . 478

6.3.4.2 Simulation Process . . . 479

6.4 Calculation Details . . . 485

6.4.1 Downlink Transmission Power Calculation. . . 485

6.4.2.1 Conversion From Channel Numbers to Start and End Frequencies . . . 494

6.4.2.2 Co-Channel Overlap Calculation. . . 495

6.4.2.3 Adjacent Channel Overlap Calculation . . . 496

6.4.2.4 Total Overlap Ratio Calculation . . . 496

6.4.3 Subframe Pattern Collision Calculation . . . 497

6.4.3.1 Subframe Pattern Normalisation . . . 497

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6.4.3.3 Calculation of Subframe Collision Probabilities . . . 499

6.4.4 Signal Level and Signal Quality Calculations . . . 501

6.4.4.1 Signal Level Calculation (DL) . . . 501

6.4.4.2 Noise Calculation (DL). . . 505

6.4.4.3 Interference Calculation (DL) . . . 505

6.4.4.4 C/N Calculation (DL) . . . 516

6.4.4.5 C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (DL) . . . 518

6.4.4.6 Signal Level Calculation (UL) . . . 523

6.4.4.7 Noise Calculation (UL) . . . 525

6.4.4.8 Interference Calculation (UL). . . 525

6.4.4.8.1 Interfering Signal Level Calculation (UL) . . . 526

6.4.4.8.2 Noise Rise Calculation (UL). . . 528

6.4.4.9 C/N Calculation (UL) . . . 529

6.4.4.10 C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (UL) . . . 532

6.4.5 Best Server Determination . . . 535

6.4.6 Throughput Calculation . . . 538

6.4.6.1 Calculation of Total Cell Resources . . . 538

6.4.6.1.1 Calculation of Downlink Cell Resources . . . 538

6.4.6.1.2 Calculation of Uplink Cell Resources . . . 543

6.4.6.2 Calculation UE Capacities . . . 545

6.4.6.2.1 Calculation of Downlink UE Capacity. . . 545

6.4.6.2.2 Calculation of Uplink UE Capacity . . . 546

6.4.6.3 Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, Allocated Bandwidth Throughput, and Per-user Throughput Calculation . . . 547

6.4.7 Scheduling and Radio Resource Management . . . 552

6.4.7.1 Scheduling and Radio Resource Allocation. . . 552

6.4.7.2 User Throughput Calculation . . . 561

6.5 Automatic Planning Algorithms . . . 563

6.5.1 Automatic Neighbour Planning. . . 563

6.5.2 Automatic Inter-technology Neighbour Planning . . . 567

6.5.3 Automatic Frequency Planning Using the AFP. . . 570

6.5.3.1 Constraint and Relationship Weights . . . 570

6.5.3.2 Cost Calculation. . . 571

6.5.3.3 AFP Algorithm . . . 571

6.5.4 Automatic Physical Cell ID Planning Using the AFP . . . 572

6.5.4.3 AFP Algorithm . . . 576

6.5.5 Automatic PRACH RSI Planning Using the AFP . . . 576

6.5.5.3 AFP Algorithm . . . 578

6.5.6 Appendices . . . 578

6.5.6.1 Interference Matrix Calculation. . . 578

6.5.6.2 Distance Importance Calculation. . . 579

7 3GPP Multi-RAT Networks . . . .583

7.1 Definitions . . . 583

7.2 Multi-RAT Monte Carlo Simulations . . . 583

7.2.1 User Distribution . . . 583

7.2.2 Simulation Process . . . 585

7.3 Multi-RAT Coverage Predictions . . . 585

8 3GPP2 Multi-RAT Networks . . . .589

8.2 Multi-RAT Monte Carlo Simulations . . . 589

8.2.1 User Distribution . . . 589

8.2.2 Simulation Process . . . 590

8.3 Multi-RAT Coverage Predictions . . . 591

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9.1 Definitions and Formulas. . . 595

9.1.1 Inputs . . . 595

9.1.2 P-CCPCH Eb/Nt and C/I Calculation. . . 600

9.1.3 DwPCH C/I Calculation . . . 600

9.1.4 DL TCH Eb/Nt and C/I Calculation . . . 601

9.1.5 UL TCH Eb/Nt and C/I Calculation . . . 601

9.1.6 Interference Calculation. . . 602

9.1.7 HSDPA Dynamic Power Calculations . . . 602

9.2 Signal Level Based Calculations. . . 602

9.2.1.1 Profile Tab . . . 603

9.2.1.2 Reception Tab . . . 603

9.2.2 RSCP Based Coverage Predictions . . . 603

9.2.2.1 Calculation Criteria . . . 603

9.2.2.2 P-CCPCH RSCP Coverage Prediction. . . 604

9.2.2.2.1 Coverage Condition . . . 604

9.2.2.2.2 Coverage Display . . . 604

9.2.2.3 Best Server P-CCPCH Coverage Prediction . . . 605

9.2.2.4 P-CCPCH Pollution Analysis Coverage Prediction . . . 605

9.2.2.5 DwPCH RSCP Coverage Prediction . . . 605

9.2.2.6 UpPCH RSCP Coverage Prediction . . . 606

9.2.2.7 Baton Handover Coverage Prediction . . . 607

9.2.2.8 Scrambling Code Interference Analysis . . . 607

9.3 Monte Carlo Simulations . . . 608

9.3.1 Generating a Realistic User Distribution. . . 608

9.3.1.1 Simulations Based on User Profile Traffic Maps . . . 608

9.3.1.1.1 Circuit Switched Service (i) . . . 609

9.3.1.1.2 Packet Switched Service (j) . . . 609

9.3.1.2 Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps . . . 612

9.3.1.2.1 Throughputs in Uplink and Downlink. . . 612

9.3.1.2.2 Total Number of Users (All Activity Statuses) . . . 613

9.3.1.2.3 Number of Users per Activity Status . . . 613

9.3.2 Power Control Simulation . . . 613

9.3.2.1 Algorithm Initialisation . . . 614

9.3.2.2 R99 Part of the Algorithm . . . 614

9.3.2.2.1 Determination of Mi’s Best Server (SBS(Mi)) . . . 614

9.3.2.2.2 Dynamic Channel Allocation . . . 615

9.3.2.2.3 Uplink Power Control . . . 617

9.3.2.2.4 Downlink Power Control . . . 619

9.3.2.2.5 Uplink Signals Update . . . 621

9.3.2.2.6 Downlink Signals Update. . . 621

9.3.2.2.7 Control of Radio Resource Limits (Downlink Traffic Power and Uplink Load) . . . 621

9.3.2.3 HSDPA Part of the Algorithm . . . 622

9.3.2.3.1 HSDPA Power Allocation . . . 622

9.3.2.3.2 Connection Status and Number of HSDPA Users . . . 624

9.3.2.3.3 HSDPA Admission Control . . . 624

9.3.2.3.4 HSDPA Dynamic Channel Allocation . . . 625

9.3.2.3.5 Ressource Unit Saturation . . . 625

9.3.2.4 Convergence Criteria. . . 625

9.4 TD-SCDMA Prediction Studies. . . 626

9.4.1 P-CCPCH Reception Analysis (Eb/Nt) or (C/I) . . . 626

9.4.2 DwPCH Reception Analysis (C/I) . . . 628

9.4.3 Downlink TCH RSCP Coverage . . . 629

9.4.4 Uplink TCH RSCP Coverage. . . 630

9.4.5 Downlink Total Noise . . . 631

9.4.6 Downlink Service Area Analysis (Eb/Nt) or (C/I). . . 631

9.4.7 Uplink Service Area Analysis (Eb/Nt) or (C/I) . . . 633

9.4.8 Effective Service Area Analysis (Eb/Nt) or (C/I) . . . 635

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17

9.4.10 UpPCH Interference . . . 637

9.4.11 HSDPA Predictions . . . 637

9.5 Smart Antenna Modelling. . . 638

9.5.1 Modelling in Simulations . . . 639

9.5.1.1 Grid of Beams Modelling . . . 639

9.5.1.2 Adaptive Beam Modelling . . . 640

9.5.1.3 Statistical Modelling . . . 641

9.5.1.4 Beamforming Smart Antenna Models. . . 641

9.5.1.5 3rd Party Smart Antenna Modelling . . . 642

9.5.2 Construction of the Geographic Distributions . . . 642

9.5.3 Modelling in Coverage Predictions . . . 643

9.5.4 HSDPA Quality and Throughput Analysis . . . 644

9.5.4.1 Fast Link Adaptation Modelling . . . 644

9.5.4.1.1 CQI Based on P-CCPCH Quality . . . 644

9.5.4.1.2 CQI Based on HS-PDSCH Quality . . . 648

9.5.4.2 Coverage Prediction Display Options . . . 649

9.5.4.2.1 Colour per CQI . . . 649

9.5.4.2.2 Colour per Peak Throughput . . . 650

9.5.4.2.3 Colour per HS-PDSCH Ec/Nt . . . 650

9.6 N-Frequency Mode and Carrier Allocation . . . 650

9.6.1 Automatic Carrier Allocation. . . 650

9.7 Neighbour Allocation . . . 651

9.7.2 Neighbour Allocation for a Group of Transmitters or One Transmitter . . . 655

9.7.4 Appendix: Calculation of the Inter-Transmitter Distance . . . 656

9.8 Scrambling Code Allocation . . . 656

9.8.1.1 Allocation Constraints and Options. . . 657

9.8.1.2 Allocation Strategies. . . 658

9.8.1.3 Allocation Process. . . 658

9.8.1.3.2 Multi-Carrier Network . . . 659

9.8.1.4 Priority Determination . . . 660

9.8.1.4.1 Cell Priority . . . 660

9.8.1.4.2 Transmitter Priority. . . 662

9.8.1.4.3 Site Priority . . . 663

9.8.2 Scrambling Code Allocation Example . . . 663

9.8.2.1 Single Carrier Network . . . 663

9.8.2.1.1 Strategy: Clustered . . . 664

9.8.2.1.2 Strategy: Distributed per Cell . . . 664

9.8.2.1.3 Strategy: One SYNC_DL Code per Site . . . 665

9.8.2.1.4 Strategy: Distributed per Site. . . 665

9.8.2.2 Multi Carrier Network . . . 665

9.9 Automatic GSM/TD-SCDMA Neighbour Allocation . . . 666

9.9.1.1 Algorithm Based on Distance. . . 667

9.9.1.3 Appendices . . . 669

9.9.1.3.1 Delete Existing Neighbours Option . . . 669

10 WiMAX BWA Networks . . . .673

10.2 Calculation Quick Reference. . . 678

10.2.2 Preamble Signal Level Calculation . . . 679

10.2.3 Preamble Noise Calculation . . . 679

10.2.4 Preamble Interference Calculation. . . 679

10.2.5 Preamble C/N Calculation . . . 679

10.2.6 Preamble C/(I+N) Calculation . . . 680

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10.2.8 Traffic and Pilot Noise Calculation (DL). . . 680

10.2.9 Traffic and Pilot Interference Calculation (DL) . . . 681

10.2.10 Traffic and Pilot C/N Calculation (DL) . . . 682

10.2.11 Traffic and Pilot C/(I+N) Calculation (DL) . . . 682

10.2.12 Traffic Signal Level Calculation (UL) . . . 683

10.2.13 Traffic Noise Calculation (UL). . . 683

10.2.14 Traffic Interference Calculation (UL) . . . 683

10.2.15 Traffic C/N Calculation (UL) . . . 684

10.2.16 Traffic C/(I+N) Calculation (UL) . . . 684

10.2.17 Calculation of Total Cell Resources . . . 684

10.2.18 Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, Allocated Bandwidth Throughput, and Per-user Throughput Calculation . . . 685

10.3 Available Calculations . . . 690 10.3.1 Point Analysis . . . 690 10.3.1.1 Profile View . . . 690 10.3.1.2 Reception View . . . 690 10.3.1.3 Interference View . . . 690 10.3.1.4 Details View . . . 690 10.3.2 Coverage Predictions . . . 691

10.3.2.1 Preamble Signal Level Coverage Predictions. . . 691

10.3.2.2 Effective Signal Analysis Coverage Predictions . . . 692

10.3.2.4 Cell Identifier Collision Zones Coverage Prediction . . . 695

10.3.3 Calculations on Subscriber Lists. . . 695

10.3.4.1 User Distribution . . . 696

10.3.4.1.2 Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps. . . 698

10.4.1.2 Co-Channel Overlap Calculation. . . 704

10.4.1.3 Adjacent Channel Overlap Calculation . . . 705

10.4.1.4 FDD – TDD Overlap Ratio Calculation . . . 705

10.4.2 Preamble Signal Level and Quality Calculations. . . 707

10.4.2.1 Preamble Signal Level Calculation . . . 707

10.4.2.2 Preamble Noise Calculation . . . 708

10.4.2.3 Preamble Interference Calculation . . . 710

10.4.2.4 Preamble C/N Calculation. . . 712

10.4.2.5 Preamble C/(I+N) Calculation . . . 712

10.4.3 Best Server Determination. . . 713

10.4.4 Service Area Calculation. . . 714

10.4.5 Permutation Zone Selection . . . 714

10.4.6 Traffic and Pilot Signal Level and Quality Calculations . . . 715

10.4.6.1 Traffic and Pilot Signal Level Calculation (DL) . . . 715

10.4.6.2 Traffic and Pilot Noise Calculation (DL) . . . 717

10.4.6.3 Traffic and Pilot Interference Calculation (DL) . . . 718

10.4.6.3.1 Traffic and Pilot Interference Signal Levels Calculation (DL) . . . 718

10.4.6.3.2 Effective Traffic and Pilot Interference Calculation (DL) . . . 722

10.4.6.4 Traffic and Pilot C/N Calculation (DL) . . . 726

10.4.6.5 Traffic and Pilot C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (DL) . . . 727

10.4.6.6 Traffic Signal Level Calculation (UL) . . . 729

10.4.6.7 Traffic Noise Calculation (UL) . . . 730

10.4.6.8 Traffic Interference Calculation (UL) . . . 731

10.4.6.8.1 Traffic Interference Signal Levels Calculation (UL) . . . 731

10.4.6.8.2 Noise Rise Calculation (UL) . . . 733

10.4.6.9 Traffic C/N Calculation (UL) . . . 734

10.4.6.10 Traffic C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (UL) . . . 737

10.4.7.1.1 Calculation of Sampling Frequency . . . 740

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19

10.4.7.1.3 Calculation of Total Cell Resources - TDD Networks . . . 741

10.4.7.1.4 Calculation of Total Cell Resources - FDD Networks . . . 742

10.4.7.2 Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, Allocated Bandwidth Throughput, and Per-User Throughput Calculation . . . 743

10.4.8.1 Scheduling and Radio Resource Allocation. . . 748

10.5.1 Automatic Neighbour Planning. . . 759

10.5.3 Automatic Frequency Planning Using the AFP. . . 765

10.5.3.3 AFP Algorithm . . . 767

10.5.4 Automatic Preamble Index Planning Using the AFP . . . 767

10.5.4.3 AFP Algorithm . . . 771

10.5.5 Automatic Zone PermBase Planning Using the AFP . . . 771

10.5.5.3 AFP Algorithm . . . 774

10.5.6 Appendices . . . 774

10.5.6.1 Interference Matrix Calculation. . . 774

10.5.6.2 Distance Importance Calculation. . . 774

11 Wi-Fi Networks . . . .779

11.2 Calculation Quick Reference. . . 782

11.2.2 Signal Level Calculation (DL) . . . 783

11.2.3 Noise Calculation (DL) . . . 783

11.2.4 Interference Calculation (DL) . . . 783

11.2.5 C/N Calculation (DL). . . 784

11.2.6 C/(I+N) Calculation (DL) . . . 784

11.2.7 Signal Level Calculation (UL) . . . 784

11.2.8 Noise Calculation (UL) . . . 784

11.2.9 Interference Calculation (UL) . . . 784

11.2.10 C/N Calculation (UL). . . 785

11.2.11 C/(I+N) Calculation (UL) . . . 785

11.2.12 Calculation of Total Cell Resources. . . 785

11.2.13 Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, and Per-user Throughput Calculation . . . 786

11.3 Available Calculations . . . 789 11.3.1 Point Analysis . . . 789 11.3.1.1 Profile View . . . 789 11.3.1.2 Reception View . . . 789 11.3.1.3 Interference View . . . 789 11.3.2 Coverage Predictions . . . 789

11.3.2.1 Signal Level Coverage Predictions . . . 789

11.3.2.2 Effective Signal Analysis Coverage Predictions. . . 791

11.3.3 Calculations on Subscriber Lists . . . 793

11.3.4.1 User Distribution. . . 793

11.3.4.1.2 Simulations Based on Sector Traffic Maps . . . 795

11.4.1.2 Co-Channel Overlap Calculation . . . 800

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11.4.2 Signal Level and Quality Calculations . . . 803

11.4.2.1 Signal Level Calculation (DL) . . . 803

11.4.2.2 Noise Calculation (DL) . . . 804

11.4.2.3 Interference Calculation (DL) . . . 804

11.4.2.4 C/N Calculation (DL) . . . 806

11.4.2.5 C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (DL). . . 807

11.4.2.6 Signal Level Calculation (UL) . . . 809

11.4.2.7 Noise Calculation (UL) . . . 810

11.4.2.8 Interference Calculation (UL) . . . 810

11.4.2.8.1 Interference Signal Levels Calculation (UL) . . . 811

11.4.2.8.2 Noise Rise Calculation (UL) . . . 811

11.4.2.9 C/N Calculation (UL) . . . 812

11.4.2.10 C/(I+N) and Bearer Calculation (UL). . . 813

11.4.3 Best Server Determination. . . 815

11.4.4 Service Area Calculation. . . 815

11.4.5.2 Channel Throughput, Cell Capacity, and Per-user Throughput Calculation . . . 817

11.4.6.1 Scheduling and Radio Resource Allocation . . . 820

11.5.1 Automatic Neighbour Planning . . . 825

11.5.3 Automatic Frequency Planning Using the AFP . . . 831

11.5.3.2 Cost Calculation . . . 832

11.5.3.3 AFP Algorithm . . . 833

11.5.4 Appendices . . . 833

11.5.4.1 Interference Matrix Calculation . . . 833

11.5.4.2 Distance Importance Calculation . . . 834

12 ACP Module . . . 839

12.1 Objectives . . . 839

12.1.1 Quality Objective . . . 839

12.1.1.1 Definition and Evaluation . . . 839

12.1.1.2 Progressive Thresholds . . . 840

12.1.1.3 Target Filtering. . . 841

12.1.2 Quality Indicators in the ACP . . . 841

12.1.2.1 GSM Quality Indicators . . . 841

12.1.2.2 UMTS Quality Indicators . . . 841

12.1.2.3 CDMA2000 Quality Indicators . . . 841

12.1.2.4 LTE Quality Indicators . . . 842

12.1.2.5 WiMAX Quality Indicators. . . 842

12.1.2.6 Quality Indicator Parameters and Reference Maps . . . 842

12.1.2.7 Advanced Objective Configuration . . . 843

12.1.2.8 Cost Objective . . . 843

12.1.3 Atoll and ACP Prediction Matching . . . 843

12.2 Quality Predictions and the Antenna Masking Method . . . 844

12.2.1 Optimised Method . . . 844

12.2.2 Antenna Masking Modes for Non-Native Propagation Models . . . 844

12.2.2.1 Basic Method . . . 844

12.2.2.2 Improved Method . . . 845

12.2.2.3 Antenna Correction Method . . . 845

12.2.2.4 Full Path Loss Method. . . 845

12.2.3 CrossWave Propagation Model . . . 846

12.2.4 Antenna Masking and Repeaters, Remote Antennas, and Secondary Antennas . . . 846

12.3 Configuration . . . 846

12.3.1 Configuring an Optimisation Setup . . . 846

12.3.1.1 Antenna Setup . . . 846

12.3.1.2 Additional Electrical Tilt (AEDT) . . . 847

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21

12.4 Multi-RAT and Co-planning Support . . . 848

12.4.1 Multi-RAT and Co-planning Modes. . . 848

12.4.2 Technology Layer Definition . . . 849

12.5 Optimisation Methodology. . . 849

12.5.1 Search Algorithm . . . 849

12.5.2 Tuning Algorithm . . . 850

12.5.3 Sorting Algorithm . . . 851

12.5.4 Global Score Function . . . 851

12.5.4.1 Search Algorithm. . . 851

12.5.4.2 Tuning Algorithm . . . 852

12.5.5 Weighting . . . 852

12.5.6 Controlling the Optimisation. . . 852

12.5.7 Implementation Plan . . . 853

12.5.8 Memory Usage and Optimisation Resolution . . . 854

12.5.9 Internal Data Management and Performance. . . 854

12.5.9.1 Memory Usage . . . 854

12.5.9.2 Disk Space Usage . . . 855

12.6 Load Balancing Objective . . . 855

12.6.1 Principle Used in ACP . . . 855

12.6.2 Optimisation Principle . . . 855

12.6.2.1 Traffic Capture for Load Balancing . . . 855

12.6.2.2 Cell Capacity Load Calculation . . . 856

12.6.2.3 Load Balancing Score Function . . . 856

12.6.2.4 Load Quality Index . . . 857

12.6.2.5 Captured Traffic Ratio. . . 857

12.6.2.6 Introduction of Load Balancing as a Quality Indicator. . . 858

12.6.3 Quality Figures Used for Graphs and Statistics Results. . . 858

12.6.3.1 Load Balance . . . 859

12.6.3.2 Average Load. . . 859

12.6.4 Optimisation Results . . . 859

12.6.4.1 Load Balancing Tab . . . 859

12.6.4.2 Graphs . . . 860

12.6.5 Impact on the Global Score Function . . . 861

12.7 EMF Exposure . . . 861

12.7.1 Concepts of ACP EMF Exposure . . . 862

12.7.1.1 Propagation Classes . . . 862

12.7.1.2 Terrain Profile . . . 862

12.7.1.3 Distribution of Evaluation Points . . . 862

12.7.1.4 The Contribution of Transmitter Power to EMF Exposure . . . 863

12.7.1.5 Worst-case Mode . . . 863

12.7.2 General Workflow . . . 863

12.7.3 EMF Exposure Calculation . . . 863

12.8 Shadowing Margin and Indoor Coverage . . . 865

12.9 Multi-Storey Optimisation . . . 865

12.9.1 Path Loss Calculation and Data Caching. . . 865

12.9.2 Pixel Weighting. . . 865

12.9.3 Results . . . 865

12.9.4 Notes . . . 866

12.9.5 Concepts of ACP EMF Exposure . . . 866

12.9.5.1 Propagation Classes . . . 866

12.9.5.2 Terrain Profile . . . 867

12.9.5.3 Distribution of Evaluation Points . . . 867

12.9.5.4 The Contribution of Transmitter Power to EMF Exposure . . . 867

12.9.5.5 Worst-case Mode . . . 867

12.9.6 General Workflow . . . 867

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Chapter 1

Antennas and

Equipment

This chapter covers the following topics: • "Antenna Attenuation" on page 25 • "Antenna Pattern Smoothing" on page 27

• "Power Received From Secondary Antennas" on page 29 • "Transmitter Radio Equipment" on page 30

• "Repeaters and Remote Antennas" on page 32 • "Beamforming Smart Antenna Models" on page 43 • "Grid-of-Beams Smart Antenna Model" on page 51 • "Adaptive Beam Smart Antenna Model" on page 52 • "Statistical Smart Antenna Gain Model" on page 53

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AT330_TRR_E1 Chapter 1: Antennas and Equipment

25 1 Antennas and Equipment

1.1 Antenna Attenuation

To determine the transmitter antenna attenuation, Atoll calculates the accurate azimuth and tilt angles and performs 3D interpolation of the horizontal and vertical patterns.

1.1.1 Calculation of Azimuth and Tilt Angles

From the direction of the transmitter antenna and the receiver position relative to the transmitter, Atoll determines the receiver position relative to the direction of the transmitter antenna (i.e. the direction of the transmitter-receiver path in the transmitter antenna coordinate system).

aTx and eTx are respectively the transmitter (Tx) antenna azimuth and tilt in the coordinate system .

a_Rx and e_Rx are respectively the azimuth and tilt of the receiver (Rx) in the coordinate system .

d is the distance between the transmitter (Tx) and the receiver (Rx).

In the coordinate system , the receiver coordinates are:

(1)

Let az and el respectively be the azimuth and tilt of the receiver in the transmitter antenna coordinate system . These angles describe the direction of the transmitter-receiver path in the transmitter antenna coordinate system. Therefore, the receiver coordinates in are:

(2)

According to the figure above, we have the following relations:

(3)

and

Figure 1.1: Azimuth and Tilt Computation

S0x y z   S₀x y z   S₀x y z   x_Rx y_Rx zRx e_Rx   cos sina_Rxd e_Rx   cos cosa_Rxd eRx   sin – d = STxx'' y'' z''   S_Txx'' y'' z''   x''Rx y''_Rx z''_Rx el   cos sin az d el   cos cos az d el   sin – d = x' y' z' a_Tx   cos –sina_Tx 0 a_Tx   sin cosa_Tx 0 0 0 1 x y z  =

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(4)

Therefore, the relation between the system and the transmitter antenna system is:

(5)

We get,

(6)

Then, substituting the receiver coordinates in the system S₀ from Eq. (1) and the receiver coordinates in the system S_Tx from Eq. (2) in Eq. (6) leads to a system where two solutions are possible:

1st solution: If , then and 2nd solution: If , then

and

If , then

1.1.2 Antenna Pattern 3D Interpolation

The direction of transmitter-receiver path in the transmitter antenna coordinate system is given by angle values az and el.

Atoll considers these values to determine transmitter antenna attenuations in horizontal and vertical patterns.

It reads the following:

• H(az) the attenuation in the horizontal pattern for the calculated azimuth angle az H(a0) the attenuation in the horizontal pattern for the electrical azimuth angle a0

• V(el) the attenuation V(el) in the vertical pattern for the calculated tilt angle el

Then it calculates the antenna total attenuation, :

if |el| ≠ 90°

Else: = V(el)

Atoll assumes that the horizontal and vertical patterns are cross-sections of a 3D pattern. In other words, the description of

the antenna pattern must satisfy the following:

H(0)=V(0) and H()=V()

If the electrical tilt is e₀, the horizontal pattern is a conical section with an elevation of e₀ degrees off the horizontal plane. If the electrical azimuth is a₀, the vertical pattern is a plane section with a rotation a₀ degrees from the vertical plane. In this case, the description of the antenna pattern must satisfy the following conditions:

H(a₀)=V(e₀) and H(180+a₀)=V(180-e₀) x'' y'' z'' 1 0 0 0 coseTx –sineTx 0 sine_Tx cose_Tx x' y' z'  = S₀x y z   S_Txx'' y'' z''   x'' y'' z'' 1 0 0 0 coseTx –sineTx 0 sine_Tx cose_Tx aTx   cos –sinaTx0 aTx   sin cosaTx 0 0 0 1  x_y z  = x'' y'' z'' a_Tx   cos –sina_Tx 0 e_Tx  

cos sina_Tx cose_Txcosa_Tx –sine_Tx eTx

 

sin sinaTx sineTxcosaTx coseTx

x y z  = a_Rx = a_Tx az = 0 el = e_Rx–e_Tx a_Rxa_Tx az 1 e_Tx   cos aRx–aTx   tan --- sineTxtaneRx aRx–aTx   sin ---+ ---atan = el sin az –sineTx aRx–aTx   tan --- coseTxtaneRx aRx–aTx   sin ---+        atan = az   sin sina_Rx–a_Tx0 az = az+180 LantTxaz el  L_antTxaz el  H az  180– az a– 0 180 ---H a  V el₀ –   az a– 0 180 ---H 180 +a₀ V 180 el–  –  + – = L_antTxaz el 

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AT330_TRR_E1 Chapter 1: Antennas and Equipment

27

If the constraints listed above are satisfied, this implies that:

• Interpolated horizontal and vertical patterns respectively fit in with the entered horizontal and vertical patterns, even in case of electrical tilt, and

• The contribution of both front and back parts of the vertical pattern are taken into account. Otherwise, only the second point is guaranteed.

1.1.3 Additional Electrical Downtilt Modelling

The additional electrical downtilt, AEDT, also referred to as remote electrical downtilt or REDT, introduces a conical transformation of the 3D antenna pattern in the vertical axis. In order to take it into account, the vertical pattern is transformed as follows:

when when

Where, the angle values are in degrees.

The vertical pattern transformation is represented below. The left picture shows the initial vertical pattern when there is no electrical downtilt and the right one shows the vertical pattern transformation due to an electrical downtilt of 10°.

Then, Atoll proceeds as explained in the previous section. It determines the antenna attenuation in the transformed vertical pattern for the calculated tilt angle (V(el)) and applies the 3D interpolation formula in order to calculate the antenna total attenuation, .

1.2 Antenna Pattern Smoothing

Empirical propagation models, like the Standard Propagation Model (SPM), require antenna pattern smoothing in the vertical plane to simulate the effects of reflections and diffractions. Signal level predictions can be improved by smoothing the high-attenuation points of the vertical pattern. You can smooth vertical as well as horizontal antenna patterns in Atoll.

The antenna pattern smoothing algorithm in Atoll first determines the peaks and nulls in the pattern within the smoothing angle (ASmoothing) defined by the user. Peaks (P) are the lowest attenuation angles and nulls (N) are the highest attenuation

angles in the pattern. Then, it determines the nulls to be smoothed (NSmoothing) and their corresponding angles according to

the defined Peak-to-Null Deviation (DPeak-to-Null). DPeak-to-Null is the minimum difference of attenuation in dBs between two

peaks and a null between them. Finally, Atoll smoothes the pattern between 0 and the smoothing angle (ASmoothing) by

applying the smoothing factor (FSmoothing) defined by the user.

Let’s take an example of an antenna pattern to be smoothed, as shown in Figure 1.3 on page 28. Let D_Peak-to-Null be 10 dB,

A_Smoothing = 90 degrees, and F_Smoothing = 0.5.

• This interpolation is performed in dBs. • Angle values in formulas are stated in degrees. • This interpolation is not used with 3D antenna patterns.

Figure 1.2: Vertical Pattern Transformation due to Electrical Downtilt V x  = V x AEDT –  x[–90, ]90

V x  = V x +AEDT x[ ,90 270]