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(1)

Takeoff Speed Tables Instructions

1. Use only Optimum V

2

takeoff speeds from the specific

airport runway analysis page when utilizing Optimum

V

2

performance.

2. Use actual takeoff weight rounded DOWN to the

nearest 1,000 kg. increment for takeoff speed

deter-mination.

3. Make speed adjustments as instructed on the Takeoff

Speed Adjustments page.

Takeoff Speed Adjustments

"3 1. Make V1A/R density altitude adjustments from the

0 graph located on each page using the temperature

-j at which thrust will be set. Use the assumed

tem-.-, perature if making a reduced thrust takeoff (Flex

f Thrust).

D 2. Add 1 knot to all speeds when operating with

Ex--j tended Forward C.G..

3. V1 for takeoff is the lesser of the Speed Book V1 or

t the Performance Handbook MAX V1 for the

(2)

MINIMUM SPEEDS

A320-200 V2500-AI

V1

VR

V2

FLAPS 1

114

119

FLAPS 2

112

117

FLAPS 3

112

117

120

VMCG

VMCA

VMCA

5

•5

! ' Maneuvering and Landing Speeds

f ' 3 1. Use estimated landing weight rounded to the nearest

j,! 5 1,000 kg. increment for V

|s

/V

ref

determination.

2. Add 2 knots to all speeds for Extended Fwd C.G..

(forward of 25% MAC)

3. Minimum maneuvering speeds are based on a bank

") angle of 30° plus a 15° overshoot before cc

max

at an

5 altitude of 10,000 feet and are equivalent to V

ls

as

~ displayed on the PFD. They may be applied up to

FL200, but must be increased by 1 knot/2,000 feet

5 above 10,000. In smooth air at the appropriate

5 minimum maneuvering speed, a

max

will occur at

(3)

Holding Speeds

The Holding Speeds table provides the green dot

speeds, which are between minimum fuel speed and

minimum drag speed. These speeds are protected by

at

least a 1.3g

buffet

margin.

High Altitude Buffet Boundaries

The Buffet Boundaries tables provide the speeds at

which the

aircraft will experience high and low speed

buffet at

a 1,3

G-load. A

1.3

G-load is equivalent to a 39"

bank angle in

still

air

or

straight and

level

flight in

moder-ate turbulence.

HOLDING SPEEDS

ALL ENGINES

OPERATING

A320-200

ALTITUDE

FL390

FL370

FL350

FL300

FL250

FL200

15,000 FT

10,000 FT

5,000 FT

1,500 FT

HOLDING SP

Gross Wei

50

199

197

195

190

1«S

180

180

180

180

180

EEDS

52

203

201

199

194

189

184

184

184

184

184

AREB

54

208

206

204

199

194

189

189

189

189

189

ASED

57

212

210

208

203

198

193

193

193

193

193

ONTH

59

217

215

213

208

203

198

198

198

198

198

EGRE

ght (1,000 kg.)

61

222

220

218

213

208

203

203

203

203

203

EN DO

63

226

224

222

217

212

207

207

207

207

207

TSPE

66

229

227

222

217

212

212

212

212

212

;D.

68

233

231

226

221

216

216

216

216

216

/O

238

236

231

226

221

221

221

221

221

73

240

235

230

225

225

225

225

225

(4)

HIGH ALTITUDE

LOW AND HIGH SPEED BUFFET BOUNDARIES

1.3 G-LOAD (39 degree BANK ANGLE)

A320-200

D

WEIGHT

FL390

FL370

FL350

FL330

FL310

52,000

.660 - .820

201 -255

.624 - .820

198-267

.589 - .820

195 - 280

.556 - .820

192-292

.524 -.820

189-306

54,000

.676 - .820

206 - 255

.640 - .820

203 - 267

.605 - .820

201-280

.571 - .820

198 - 292

.538 - .820

195 - 306

57,000

.692 - .820

211 -255

.655 - .820

209 - 267

.620 - .820

206 - 280

.585 - .820

203-292

.553 - .820

200 - 306

59,000

.707 - .820

216-255

.670 - .820

214 - 267

.634 - .820

211 -280

.600 - .820

209-292

.567 - .820

205 - 306

61,000

.720 - .818

221 -254

.685 - .820

219-287

.648 -.820

216-280

.61 3 -.820

213-292

.580 - .820

210-306

MACH

KIAS

.

3

HIGH

ALTITUDE

LOW AND

HIGH SPEED BUFFET BOUNDARIES

1.3 G-LOAD (39 degree

BANK

ANGLE)

A320-200

WEIGHT

FU390

FL.370

FL350

FL330

FU10

63,000

.735 -.811

226 - 252

.699 - .820

224 - 267

.662 - .820

221 - 280

.626 - .820

218 - 292

.593 - .820

215-306

66,000

.751 - .803

231 - 249

.711 -.820

228 - 267

.675 - .820

226-2BO

.639 - .820

223 - 292

.606 - .820

220 - 306

68,000

.776 - .783

240 - 242

.724 - .816

233-266

.688 - .820

231 - 280

.652 - .820

228 - 292

.61 8 -.820

225-306

70,000

.737 - .810

237-263

.701 - .820

235 - 280

.665 - .820

233 - 292

.630 - .820

230 - 306

73,000

.752 - .803

243 - 261

.712 - .820

239 - 280

.677 - .820

237 - 292

.641 - .820

234 - 306

MACH I

KIAS |

(5)

HIGH

ALTITUDE

LOW AND HIGH SPEED BUFFET

BOUNDARIES

1.3 Q-LOAD (39 degree BANK ANGLE)

A320-200

WEIGHT

FL290

FL280

FL270

FL260

FL250

52,000

.495

-

.820

186-319

.481

-

.820

185-326

.467

-

.820

183-333

.454

-

.820

182-340

.441

-

.820

180-347

54,000

.508

-

.820

191 - 319

.494

-

.820

190-326

.480

-

.820

189 - 333

.466

-

.820

187-340

.453

-

.820

186-347

57,000

.522

-

.820

197-319

.507

-

.820

195-326

.493

-

.820

194 - 333

.479

-

.820

192-340

.465

-

.820

191 - 347

59,000

.535

-

.820

202-319

.520

-

.820

200 - 326

.505

-

.820

199 - 333

.491

-

.820

197-340

.478

-

.820

196-347

61,000

.548

-

.820

207-319

.532

-

.820

205 - 326

.51 7 -.820

204 - 333

.503

-

.820

202 - 340

.489

-

.820

201 - 347

MACH

KIAS

HIGH ALTITUDE

LOW AND

HIGH

SPEED BUFFET BOUNDARIES

1.3 G-LOAD (39 degree BANK ANGLE)

A320-200

WEIGHT

FL290

FL280

FL270

FU60

FL250~

63.000

561

-.820

212-319

,545

-

.820

210 - 326

529 -

.820

J09 • 333

.515-.820

207 • 340

.501 -.820

206-347

,573

-

.820

217 • 319

.557

-

.820

215 - 326

.541

-

.820

214 - 333

526 -

.820

212 - 340

.512

-

.820

210-347

68,000

SBS -

.820

222-319

,569

-

.820

J20-326

.553

-

.820

219 - 333

,538

-

.820

217-340

.523

-

.820

215-347

70.000

.597

-

.820

227 - 319

.581

-

.820

225 - 326

.565

-

.820

223 - 333

[.549

-

.820

222 - 340

.534-.820

220 - 347

73,OQ9I

.609

-

.820

231-319

.592

-

.820

230 - 326

.576

-

.820

228-333

[.561

-

.820

226-340

J.54S-.820

225 - 347

MACH

KIAS

(6)

Maneuvering and Landing Speeds - continued

Before slowing to a maneuvering speed, determine if

1.4 g will provide sufficient margin. Moderate turbu-,

lence will produce aircraft loading of 1.3 g, therefore,

the maneuvering speeds would only be appropriate

in turbulent conditions if little or no turning

is

re-quired. Adding 15 knots to the maneuvering speeds

will increase the buffet margin to approximately 1.6 g

(52° bank).

4. Maneuvering speeds

are

equivalent to

V

ls

for each

flap setting. Therefore, maneuvering speeds can be

used as V,

8

for non-normal

landing flap

settings in

emergency

situations.

:i

)

J

3

3

3

3

I

48,000

F P S 1+F

TAKEOFF

FLAPS 3

119 VI/VR 117

124

V2

122

V1&VR

Additives

PRESS ALHFQ 10,000 8,000 6.000 4,000 2,000 0 OAT°C -SO 3 2 1 1 0 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 0 20 3 2 1 1 1 0 30 3 3 2 1 1 0 40 3 3 2 2 1 1 50 3 2 2 1 60 2

MANEUVERING / LANDING

0 168

1 135

1+F129

2 121

3 119

FULL'-HS

(7)

FLAPS 1+F

119

124

V1 &VR

Additives

49^000

TAKEOFF

V1/VR

V2

PRESS ALT (FT) 10,000 8,000 6,000 4.OOO 2,000

FLAPS

3

117

122

OAT°

-50 3 2 1 1 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 20 3 2 1 1 1 30 3 3 2 1 1 C 40 3 3 2 2 1 SO 3 J 2 60

MANEUVERING /LANDING ^>< J

0

17fl 4J 3

1 f V Ti • }

FLAPS 1+F TAKEOFF

50,000

1

136 *'|

119 VWR

1+F 130 2j ' 124

V2

2 122 $1

3

<4 fl<4 j\ •-} V I & V R

T V | ^n v

Additives

1 «. I /I ^

PRESS ALT (FT) 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000

FLAPS 3

117

122

OAT' -50 3 2 1 1 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 20 3 2 1 1 1 30 3 3 2 1 1 C 40 3 3 2 2 1 50 3 2 2 60

MANEUVERING / LANDING

0 172

1 138

1+F132

2 123

3 122

FULL-119

(8)

51,000

FLAPS 1+F

TAKEOFF

FLAPS 3

120 VI/VR 117

124

V2 122

V1 &VR

Additives

PRESS ALT (FT) 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 OAT'C -50 3 2 1 1 0 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 0 20

a

•i

1

1

1

0

i

3 3 2 1 1 0 , 3 2 2 1 1 | 3 2 2 1 •'"'. 2

MANEUVERING / LANDING

-0 173 I

1 139 I

1+F133 I

2 124 *

3 123 «

FuLL-120 I;

> 52,000

^ PLAINS 1+F TAKEOFF

^ 122 Vl/VR

>

126

v:

f

*m

A V1 & VR

t? Additives

^

PRESS ALT (FT) 10,000 8,000 6JJOO 4,000 2,000

FLAPS 3

117

2 122

OAT' -50 3 2 1 1 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 20 3 2 1 1 1 30 3 3 2 1 1

c

40 3 3 2 2 1 50 3 2 ? 60

MAN

0

1

1

2

••«

UANKUVEBINQ / LANDING

MANEUVERING / LANDING

175

141

1+F135

126

125

FULL~121

(9)

53.000

FLAPS 1+F TAKEOFF FLAPS 3

123 VI/VR 117

127 V2 122

V 1 & V R

Additives

PRESS ALT (FT} 10JXK) 4,000 0 -50 3 g 1 0 OAT'C 10 3 2 1 0 20 3 2 1 0 30 3 3 1 0 40 3 3 2 i 2 1

fin

2

MANEUVERING/ LANDING

0 177

1 142

1+F136

2 127

3 126

FULL 123

i "AMBiix/ERINO / LANDING

*

4

1

4

*! 3

54,000

FLAPS 1+F TAKEOFF

124

128

V1 &VR

Additives

V1/VR

ALT (FT)

'i'o'iwo

6,000 , ZjpOP...

V

-•iO 3 ii 1 1 0

2

10 3 2 1 1 0 C 3 2 1 1 1

FLAPS 3

117

122

AT 3 3 2 1 1 C 3 3 ? ? 1 3 ? 2

MANEUVERING / LANDING

0

179

1 143

1+F 137

2

129

3

127

•M • A

(10)

-55,000

126

130

V1 &VR

Additives

V

PRESS ALTJFT) 10,000 8,000 6,000

•yroo

2,000 0

1/VR

V2

OAT -50 10 20 30 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 3 1 1 0 0

1

)

c

1

1

i

0 2 1 1 0

FLAPS

117

122

c

40 50 60 3 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 ?

3

f

>

MANEUVERING / LANDING £ •£

0

<4

Of\ if*

3 ~ — -j

56.000

• Oil -| PLAP81+F TAKEOFF FLAPS 3

1 145 * I 127 V1/VR 117

1+F138**131 V2 122

2

4

<%fi

4 3 •

.HI -k

pnESS OAT

",

c

' %^%r <g?

ALT

ff

T

) "

50 10

"*°

30 4fl 50 60

3

4 <rtrt -%

V 1 & V R la

°°°

28 ^ Additives

.

. **>

FULL 1 25 *

8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 2 1 1 0 0 2 1 t 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 3 2 1 1 0 3 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 2 MANF

MAN

0

1

1

2

3

Fi

I UANPIIVERING/ LANDING

MANEUVERING / LANDING

182

146

1+F139

131

130

FuLL-126

(11)

57,000

FLAPS 1 + F T A K E O F F FLAPS 3

129 VI/VR 118

132

124

V 1 & V R Additives PRESS ALTJFTl 10.000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 -bU 3 2 1 1 0 0 10

a

2 1 1 0 0 OAT'C 20 3 2 1 1 1 0 30

s

3 2

1

1

o

40 3 3 2 2 1 1 50 3 2 h 2 1 60 ? MANEUVERING/LANDING J*!

0 184 !

FLAPS 1+F

58,000

TAKEOFF FLAPS 3

1 148 «j I 130 VI/VR 120

1+F 140 « j ? 133 va 125

2 132:

3 131 ;

FULL 127

» vi & vn

J Additives PRESS ALT (FT) 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 OAT°C -50 3 2 1 1 0 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 0 20

a

2 1 1 1 0 30 3 3 2 1 1 0 40 3 3 2 2 1 1 50 3 2 2 1 60 2 MANEUVERING / LANDING

0 185

1 149

1+F141

2 134

3

132

FuLL-128

(12)

59,000

FLAPS 1+F TAKEOFF

FLAPS 3

132 VWR 121

135

va

126

V1 & V R

Additives

PRESS ALT (FT) 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 OAT'C -50 3 2 1 i 0 0 Jjj 3 2 1 1 0 0 20

::

2

1

i

1

0 30 § 3 2 1 1 0 ^0 3 3 2 2 1 1 SO) 60 3 2 2 1 2

MANEUVERING/LANDING f

0 187*

1

151

c

1+F143

I

2 135 £

3 133 f

FULL-! 29

60,

000

3J FLAPS 1+F TAKEOFF "

| 133 VI/VR

1

136

V2

*>

«i V1 4 VR

» Additives

) I

PRESS ALT fFTl 8,000 6,000 4.000 2,000 0 OAT -50 2 1 1 0 0 10 V

1

1

o

0

m

1

1

1

0 HO ft 1 II

FLAPS 3

122

127

c

ft

ri

1

3 2 1 •>

MAN

0

1

1

2

3

F,

MANEUVERING / LANDING

188

152

1+F144

136

135

FULL 130

(13)

61

,000

FLAPS 1+F TAKEOFF

134

V1/VR

137

V1 & VR

Additives

PRESS ALT (FT) 10.000 8.000 6,000 4,000 2,000

v:

I

FLAPS 3

123

OAT° -50 3 Z 1 1 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 20 3 2 1 1 1 30 3 3 2 1 1

128

c

40 3 3 2 2 1 50 3 2 2 60

MANEUVERING / LANDING JM

0 190 «

1 153 c

1+F145 |

2 137 «

3 136 i

FuLL-131 n

62,000

FLAPS 1+F

TAKEOFF

FLAPS 3

>

>

3

,.,«*l

If

j

136 VWR 125

138

V2 129

V1S.VR

Additives

PRESS ALT (FT) 10.000 8,000 9,000 4.000 2.000 0 OAT'C -50 3 2 1 1 0 0 1U 3 2 1 1 0 0 20 3 2 1 1 1 0 30 3 3 2 1 1 0 40| 50 3 3 2 2 1 1 3 2 2 1 60 2

MANEUVERING / LANDING

0 192

1

155

1+F147

2

139

3 137

FuLL-133

(14)

63,000

FLAPS 1+F

TAKEOFF

FLAPS 3

137 VI/VR 126

139 V2 130

V 1 & V R

Additives

PRESS ALT (FTJ 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 OAT°C -50

a

2 1 1 0 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 0 20 3 2 1 1 1 0 301 40 3 3 2 1 1 0 3 3 2 2 1 1 50 | SO 3 2 2 1 2

MANEUVERING / LANDING

0 194

1

157

1+F148

2 140

3 138

FULL 134

64,000

FLAPS 1+F

TAKEOFF

FLAPS 3

-•

>

138 VI/VR 127

140 va 131

V1 & VR

Additives

PRESS ALT (FT) 10,000 B.OOO 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 OAT'C -60 3 2 1 1 0 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 0 20 3 2 1 1 1 0 , | 3 2 1 1 0

w

: 3 2 2 1 1 50 3 2 2 1 | 2

MANEUVERING / LANDING

0 195

1 158

1+F149

2

141

3 139

FuLL-135

(15)

65,000

FLAPS 1+F

TAKEOFF

FLAPS 3

140 VI/VR 128

141 va 132

V1 &VR

Additives

PRESS ALT (FT) 10,000 8,000 6.000 4.000 2,000 0 OAT'C -50 3 2 1 1 0 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 0 20 ! 2 1 1 1 0 3 3 2 1 1 0 40 3 2 2 1 1 50 3 2 2 1 ' ' .?

MANEUVERING / LANDING

0 196

1 159

1+F150

2 142

3 140

FULL 136

a

n

66,000

PCJIPI 't+F TAKEOFF

;ii4i

:

: 1 43

V1 & VR

Additives

^1

V1/VR

V2

PRESS ALT (FTf 10,006 3,000 6,000 4,000 2,000

FLAPS 3

130

133

OAT° -50 3 2 1 1 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 20 3 2 1 1 1 30 3 3

a

1

1

c

40 3 3 2 2 1 50 3 2 2 60 .,.-... «-«-M n 0_* ! A M n 1 Kin

MANEUVERING / LANDING

0 198

1 161

1+F151

2 143

3 142

FULL 137

(16)

67,000

FLAPS 1+F TAKEOFF FLAPS 3

142 VI/VR 131

144 V2 134

V1 & V R

Additives

ALT (FT} 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 I _ -SO J i> 1 1 0 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 0

m

3 2 1 1 1 0 30 •A 3 V 1 1 (1 40 3 3 ? 2 1 •in i |<M|CM|*-| 60 ?

MANEUVERING /LANDING f- 4 £% Q

0

1 OO r * . °°

I yy * ^ IOPH+F TAKEOFF hLAHbJ

,000

1 162 c | 144 VI/VR 132

1+F 152

I

I 145 va 135

2 144^ !

.4 1 ZIO 4f * * Addltlvss

^ c

!

>

FuLL-138/^ ^

ALT (FT) 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2.000 0 -•in H i> 1 1 0

(1

10 3 V 1 1 0

II

30 3 V 1 1 1 0 30 3

a

2

1

1

0

40

~T

'i

*

1

1

so

~3~ 'i *1 BO 2

MANt

0

1

1

2

3

F

MANEUVERING / LANDING

200

163

1+F153

145

143

FULL 1 39

•• «••.•_ •

(17)

69,000

~™^

145 VWR 133 1

136 1+F154 I

145

146

201 <

164 c

V 1 & V R

Additives

•i

144 i\

»

i

70.000

FLAPS 1+F

TAKEOFF

FLAPS 3

146 vi/vR 134

147 va 137

V I * V H

Addlllv**

MANEUVERING / LANDING

0 203

1 165

1+F155

2 146

3 145

FULL'-141

(18)

71 ,000

FLAPS 1+F TAKEOFF

147 V1/VR

148 va

VI & VR

Additives

FLAPS 3

135

139

PRESS ALT (FT) 10,000 SjOOO 6,000 4,000 2,000

OAT°

-50 3 2 1 1 0 10

'

i

1

i

0 20 • > 2 1 1 1 30 3 3 2 1 1

c

|

1

a

2 2

1

50 3 Z 2 .•.-.

MANEUVERING/LANDING *,V,

0 205 *

1 167

I

1+F 157 *

2 148 £

3 146 <?

FuuL-142

72,000

FLIPS 1+F TAKEOFF riMr*

-148 vi/vR

136

149_V2__139_

V1*VB

AddlllvM

*

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Jm.

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1 "»

1

1

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1)

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1

1

1

0 A T "

:*i

a

1

1

0 0 40 3 __ 1 SO

_

z.

1

60

~!T

MAN

0

1

1

2

3

F

MANEUVERING / LANDING

206

168

1+F158

148

147

FuLt-143

ULL-IHO

(19)

73,000

FLAPS 1+F TAKEOFF

FLAPS 3

149 VI/VR 137

150 V2 140

V1 &VR

Additives

PRESS

ALT

(FT;

id'.ooo

8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 OAT'C -50 3 2 1 1 0 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 0 20 3 2 1 1 1 0 30 3 3 2 1 1 0 40 3 3 2 2 1 1 80 3 2 2 1 60 2

MANEUVERING / LANDING

0 207

1 169

1+F159

2

3

149

148

FULL'-!

44

c

74,000

FLAPS 1+F TAKEOFF

150 V1/VR

151 V2

V1 & VR AHrilHuntt PRESS ALT (FT> 10.000 8,000 6,000 4JXJO 2.000 i

FLAPS 3

138

141

OAT'C -50 3 2 1 1 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 20 3 2 1 1 1 30 3 3 2 1 1 40 3 3 2 2 1 SO 3 2 2 60

MANEUVERING / LANDING

0 208

1

170

1+F160

2

150

3

149

FULL"-! 45

(20)

75,000

FLAPS

TAKEOFF

FLAPS 3

151 VI/VR 139

152 V2 142

V1 &VR

Additives

PRESS ALTIFTJ 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 OAT°C -50 3 2 1 1 0 0 10 3 2 1 1 0 0 20 3 2 1 1 1 0 30 3 3 2 1 1 0 40 3 3 2 2 1 1 50 3 2 2 1 60 2

MANEUVERING / LANDING

0 210

1 171

1+F161

2 152

3

150

FULL-I46

X

f

.

(

76,000

FLAPS 1+F

TAKEOFF

FLAPS 3

153 vi/vn

140

154

V2

144

vi a VR

Additives

PRESS ALT (FT) 10,000 6,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 QAT-C -50 3 2 1 1 0 0 tg 3 2 1 1 0 0 20 3 2 1 1 1 0 30 3 3 2 1 1 0 ( 3 3 2 2 1 1 50 3 2 2 1 60 2

MANEUVERING / LANDING

0 212

1 173

1+F162

2 153

3 152

FULL-! 48

(21)

77,000

FLAPS 1+F

TAKEOFF

FLAPS 3

153 V1/VR 141

154

V2

144

V1 &VR

Additives

PRESS ALT (FTJ 10,000 8,000 6,000 4,000 2,000 0 OAT'C -50 , 2 1 1 0 0 :,i 3 2 1 1 0 0 . : " 2 1 1 1 0 30 3 3 2 1 1 0 40 3 3 2 2 1 1 50 3 2 2 1 60 2

MANEUVERING / LANDING

0 212

1 174

1+F162

2 153

3

152

FULL-I 48

f«*»

V1/VR

V2

V1 & VH

PRESS

ALT (FT) 10.000 M.OOO 6.000 4 000 2,000 0 -50

n

?

1

i

n

n

10 M V 1

1

0

LJL

c

70 u

1

1 1

n

AT" 30 3 2 1 1 0

;

40 3 3 'i •^ 1 1 60 3 2 2 1 bO

Li-MANEUVERING / UWUinw

n

\t . — . —

1

1+F__

2

-

-r

FULL

References

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