NON
NON
-
-
PIPELINE TRANSPORT OF
PIPELINE TRANSPORT OF
NATURAL GAS
NATURAL GAS
Jón Steinar Gudmundsson
TPG4140 NATURGASS
NTNU
September 16, 2010
Associated
Associated
Gas Problem
Gas Problem
World-wide, oil fields cannot be developed
unless the associated gas problem can be
solved (”stranded oil”)
The term ”stranded gas” is used in situations
where the oil/gas field is remote or located in
deep water
The term ”marginal gas” is used in situations
where the oil/gas field is too small to justify a
gas pipeline
Associated
Associated
Gas Solutions
Gas Solutions
Gas-to-Flare (burning)
Gas-to-Well (injection)
Gas-to-Liquid (LNG, MOH etc.)
Gas-to-Wire (electricity)
Gas-to-Tank (CNG)
Non
Non
-
-
Pipeline
Pipeline
Technologies
Technologies
CNG
Compressed Natural Gas
GTL
Gas-to-Liquid (incl. MOH)
GTW
Gas-to-Wire (DC and AC)
LNG
Liqufied Natural Gas
CAPACITY
CAPACITY
-
-
DISTANCE DIAGRAM
DISTANCE DIAGRAM
Gudmundsson and Mork (2001)
Gudmundsson and Mork (2001)
0,1 1,0 10,0 100 1000 10000 Distance (km) C a p a c ity (B C M /y e a r) PIPE LNG CNG, GTW, NGH GTL ALL
Quick Chemistry Lesson
Quick Chemistry Lesson
Methanol
CH
4+ H
2O (steam)
CO + 3H
2CO + 2H
2 CH
3OH
Ammonia
CH
4+ H
2O (steam)
CO
2+ H
23H
2+ N
2 2NH
3
Urea
2NH
3+ CO
2 CO(NH
2)
2+ H
2O
Size
Size
and Technology
and Technology
Hove et al. (1999) Hove et al. (1999)
0.38 TCF
1.6 MSm3/d
NGH
0.54 TCF
2500 MTPD
MOH
1.36 TCF
20,000 bbl/d
Syncrude
2.75 TCF
3 MTPY
LNG
Field
Size
Nominal Plant
Capacity
Non-Pipeline
Technology
Norwegian
Norwegian
Fields and Plants
Fields and Plants
20 BCM/year
4.3 BCM/year
400 BCM
(=14.1 TCF)190 BCM
(=6.7 TCF) 1 Sm3 = 35.314 ft3Ormen Lange
Hammerfest LNG*
Plant Size
(gas prod.)
Reserves
(gas, LPG, cond.)
Field Name
* Feed flow 6.9 BCM/year, Products 6.0 BCM/year,
Natural Gas Resources
Natural Gas Resources
BP (2001) and Hove et al. (1999)
BP (2001) and Hove et al. (1999)
World reserves 150 TCM (=5295 TCF)
38% in FSU, 35% Middle East, 9% OECD
and 18% other regions
80% new gas fields less than 0.25 TCF
(=7 BCM) in size
Assuming 20 years, gives delivery
Natural Gas
Natural Gas
Monetisation
Monetisation
Routes
Routes
5 TCF
5 TCF
field
field
size
size
, 600
, 600
MMscfd
MMscfd
(=6.2
(=6.2
BCM/year
BCM/year
)
)
Klein
Klein NagervoortNagervoort (2000)(2000)
0.1% 3 MTPA 3,000 MTPA GTL 4% 4 MTPA 100 MTPA LNG 20% 6 MTPA 30 MTPA (corrected) MOH Plant % Global Demand Plant Size Global Demand Non-Pipeline Technology
Shell
Shell
Middle
Middle
Distillate
Distillate
Synthesis
Synthesis
Process
Process
Klein
FPSO
FPSO
Overview of Alternatives
Overview of Alternatives
FPSO
FPSO
+
+
Methanol
Methanol
FPSO +
FPSO +
Methanol
Methanol
Stabilisation/ Distillation Methanol Synthesis Choke Manifold Separation Desulphur-isation TCR reforming Steam Produced water
treatment Crude Oil Storage tanks Methanol Storage tanks
To shuttle Tanker Oil Water Gas Gas Crude oil Water Discharge
Process, Marine CNG
Process, Marine CNG
Discharge - $5%
Load - $10%
54 bar 27 oC compress refrigerate 200 bar 10 oC 200 bar 5 oC 10 ba r -30 oC expand scavenge heat 15.5 knots 47 bar 5 oCSail - $85%
Pipe, CNG and LNG, 400
Pipe, CNG and LNG, 400
MMscfd
MMscfd
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 Distance, Kilometers T a ri ff, $ /m m B tu LNG One Train CNG Achievable Tech Ship 1 Ship 3 Ship 2 Ship 1Compression & Marine
Ship 2
Ship 10
Continental Shelf Pipeline
Pipe vs. CNG
Pipe vs. CNG
0.00 0.50 1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 4.50 0 2 4 6 8 10 12DCQ bcmy
T
a
ri
ff, $
/m
m
B
tu
$55,000 per dia.inch.mi, 900 miles
No intermediate compressor stations
Standard CNG Carriers (Cons)
4
30" pipeline
5
Hydrate
Hydrate
E
E
quilibrium
quilibrium
C
C
urve
urve
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200 0 5 10 15 20 25 Temperature [°C] P ressu re [b ar ] Natural gas Methane 180 Sm3 of gas 1 m3 of hydrate
Chain LN G N G H D ifference
Production 1220 (51% ) 792 (44% ) 428 (35% )
Carriers 750 (32% ) 704 (39% ) 46 (6% )
R egasification 400 (17% ) 317 (17% ) 83 (21% )
Total 2370 (100% ) 1813 (100% ) 557 (24% )
Capital cost of NGH and LNG chains for 400
Capital cost of NGH and LNG chains for 400 MMscf/dMMscf/d production and production and transport over 3500 nautical miles. Million US dollars mid
PIPE, GTL, LNG, NGH
PIPE, GTL, LNG, NGH
Capex
NGH Slurry on FPSO
NGH Slurry on FPSO
NGH Slurry on FPSO
Process Flow Diagram
NGH on FPSO
NGH on FPSO
Transport Cost vs. Distance
Transport Cost vs. Distance
Hove et al. (1999)
CONCLUSIONS
1. There is a need for non-pipeline technologies that can capture stranded gas and transport to market. NGH technology is being developed for this purpose and is increasingly recognised as an attractive alternative.
Several groups are developing NGH technology world-wide, including NTNU in Norway.
2. LNG technology is recognised as the technology of choice for
large-volume, long-distance transport of natural gas. However, about 80% of the natural gas resources yet to be developed world-wide are too small for state-of-the-art LNG technology and about one-half of these (40% of total) are stranded.
3. The cost of transporting stranded gas to market using non-pipeline technologies has been estimated in the range 1.5 to 3.0 US$ per million BTU (ca. 1.5-3.0 US$/GJ), depending on scale of development and distance to market. CNG and NGH are competing in similar stranded gas situations.