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Impact of information and communication technology (ICT) on the

effective management of universities in South-West Nigeria

Dr. T. O. Adeyemi

Department of Educational Foundations and Management,

University of Ado-Ekiti, P. M. B 5363, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria

ABSTRACT

This paper examined the impact of information communication and technology (ICT) on the effective management of Universities in South-west Nigeria. As an ex-post facto and descriptive research, the study population comprised all the 11 public universities in the 6 States that make up southwest, Nigeria. These universities were 2 in Lagos State, 2 in Ogun State, 2 in Oyo State, 2 in Osun State, 2 in Ondo State and 1 in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Out of this population, a sample of 6 universities was taken and selected from 3 of the States that is 2 from Lagos State, 2 from Osun State and 2 from Ondo State. The method of selection was by multi stage, purposive and stratified random sampling technique. Out of the 12,278 members of staff (6, 851Academic and 5, 427 Non Academic), 2,140 members of staff (1, 135 Academic and 1, 005 Non Academic) were selected for the study. The method of selection was by stratified random sampling technique. The sampled academic and non-academic staffs of the universities were the respondents in the study. Two instruments were used to collect data for the study. These were an inventory and a questionnaire. The data collected were analyzed through the use of frequency counts, percentages and Pearson Product Moment Correlation. It was found that there was significant relationship between the use of information communication and technology (ICT) and the effective management of universities. It was also found that certain problems such as shortage of electricity supply and inadequate funding tend to inhibit the effective use of ICT in the universities. It was therefore recommended that government in the respective State should urgently address the problem of shortage of electricity supply to the universities and increase the funding of universities to meet up the UNESCO standard of 26% allocation from their annual budget.

Keywords: Impact; Information; Communication; Technology; Management; Universities

INTRODUCTION

University education in Nigeria dated back to 1948 when the University College Ibadan was established as a College of the University of London. It attained full autonomy in 1962. The University of Nigeria Nsukka was established in 1960 between 1962 and 1970 four other universities were established in the country. These are the University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University), Ahmadu Bello University Zaria, University of Lagos and University of Benin.

Since then, the social demand for university education among the people led to a considerable expansion in the establishment of universities in the country. Thus, by 1980, there were 13 universities in the country while by 2005, the number of public universities has rising to 57 (Federal Ministry of Education, 2005).

One major observation during the early stages of university education in Nigeria was the little emphasis on the development of Information Communication and Technology (ICT). Computers were in short supply to the institutions. Where they were available, they were the old type of IBM computers (Akpota 1999). Communication gadgets were also in short supply. Telephone and intercom services could only be seen in few offices. Technology materials for effective communication were not common (Awe, 2000). The use of the compact disc started in the 1990s while the use of handsets started in 2003 (FGN, 2004).

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quality of output of universities seems to be a function of the level of management especially in the use of Information Communication and Technology (ICT). There are many desirable attributes of Information Communication and Technology (ICT). Each of them concerns the effective provision of information to the recipient. These include the relevance for intended purpose, accuracy, factual, volume of information, volume of detail and presentation of information (Adegun, 2002).

The term ‘management’ has been defined in various ways (Adejumo, 2000; Adeyemi, 2007). Adejumo, (2000) for instance, defined management as involving planning and innovation, coordination and supervision as well as undertaking risks and handling uncertainty. He argued that management is the activity of working with people in organizations in accomplishing results. Adeyemi, (2007) regarded management as the process of utilizing human and material resources in accomplishing designated objectives. This could be done by organizing, directing, coordinating and evaluating programmes in a bid to achieve goals or objectives. In such a social process, there is always a structural hierarchy comprising the subordinates and super ordinates.

Thus, management involves a person or a manager, making use of resources (both human and physical or material) in achieving the goals of an organization through effective planning, organizing, directing, motivating, controlling and budgeting (Alebiosu, 2000; Nwadiani, 2000; Ajabor, 2001). As a professional discipline, management involves personnel and finance. Although job specification might vary from one position to another, circumstances and environment might affect managerial functions (Afolabi, Jegede,& Popoola, 1999; Bandele, 2001).

Management is therefore the effective allocation and utilization of scarce resources to achieve predetermined results. The scarce resources include people, money, materials and time. Of these, human beings are the most important, because the effectiveness with which they are used determines the quality of results produced by other resources.

Considering the foregoing definitions, management could be examined in various ways. It could be seen as a field of study. It could also be seen as the principle of administering an organization. It also involves tasks. The manager is responsible for

whatever he achieves, be it success or failure. Every failure is a failure of a manager. Ghaemian, (1998) asserted that people manage, rather than force. Effective management therefore involves ensuring efficiency and effectiveness in the use of the available human, physical and financial resources together with the ability to combat any constraints that might hamper the achievement of the objectives.

As such, the primary function of management is to take decisions leading to the achievement of organizational objectives. The types of decisions management makes will determine its information needs. However, the numerous crises in Nigerian universities could have been prevented if Information Communication and Technology facilities are in place in the institutions (Faloye and Oparah 2007). Thus, Adedapo (2007) argued that school managers need effective management of activities with the use of a computers and other Information Communication and Technology equipment.

It has been observed that using ICT will promote issues on students’ admission, students’ records and transcript, examination records, teaching, research and community services (Abe & Adu, 2007). It has also been observed that the monitoring and evaluation of staff, physical plant planning, curriculum development, finical management and information dissemination will increase the efficiency of the universities if Information Communication and Technology facilities are adequately and properly utilized (Lawsent & Vincent-Loncrin 1995; Foray, 2004; Omirin, 2007). Thus, in developing countries including Nigeria, the argument is no longer whether or not universities should invest in ICT (OECD, 2005).

The purpose of this study therefore was to investigate the availability and utilization of information communication and technology in the effective management of universities in South-West, Nigeria in order to proffer useful suggestions.

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institutions show that this shortfall could have serious consequences on the effective management of the universities. The problem of this study, therefore, was to determine what impact information communication and technology has on the effective management of universities in South-west Nigeria? In addressing the problem, the following research questions were raised:

1. What is the level of availability of information communication and technology (ICT) facilities in universities in southwest Nigeria? 2. What is the level of management in

universities in southwest Nigeria?

3. Is there any significant relationship between the availability of information communication and technology (ICT) and the effective management of universities in South-west Nigeria?

4. Is there any significant relationship between the utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) and the effective management of universities in South-west Nigeria.?

5. What are the problems facing the effective use of information communication and technology (ICT) in the management of universities in south west Nigeria?

6. What possible solution could be proffered in enhancing the use of information communication and technology (ICT) in the effective management of the universities?

METHOD

This study adopted the ex-post facto and a descriptive research of the survey type. It was an ex-post facto research in the sense that it was an after fact or after event study (Gay, 1996). The data are already in place in the universities and they do not involve any manipulation of variables. It was also a descriptive research because it was a form of planned collection of data from a large population for the purpose of analyzing the relationships between variables (Oppenheim, 1992). The study population comprised all the 11 public universities in the 6 States that make up southwest, Nigeria. These universities were 2 in Lagos State, 2 in Ogun State, 2 in Oyo State, 2 in Osun State, 2 in Ondo State and 1 in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Out of this population, a sample of 6 universities was taken and selected from 3 of the States that is 2 from Lagos State, 2 from Osun State and 2 from Ondo State. The method of selection was by multi stage and stratified random sampling technique. Out of the 12,278 members of

staff in the universities (6, 851Academic and 5, 427 Non Academic), 2,140 members of staff (1, 135 Academic and 1, 005 Non Academic) were selected for the study. The method of selection was by stratified random sampling technique. The sampled academic and non-academic staffs of the universities were the respondents in the study. Two instruments were used to collect data for the study. These were an inventory and a questionnaire. The inventory titled “ICT and Effective Management of universities inventory were in two parts A and B. Part A was demographic. It requested information on the personal data of each university such as the name of the university, its location and the number of staff (academic and non-academic). Part B consisted of 25 items. These items were on the availability of ICT facilities in the universities in relation to the number of such facilities required.

The questionnaire was also in two parts A and B. Part A was demographic. It elicited information on the personal data of each university such as the name of the university, the year of establishment, its location and the number of staff (academic and non-academic). Part B consisted of 6 sections of twenty four items. Section A elicited information on the level of availability of ICT facilities in universities in south-west Nigeria. Section B requested information on the level of management of the universities. Section C required information on whether or not there is any significant relationship between the availability of ICT and the effective management of the universities. Section D elicited information on whether or not there is any significant relationship between the utilization of ICT and effective management of the universities. Section E requested information on problems militating against the effective use of information communication and technology (ICT) in the universities. While Section F required information on possible solution to the use of information communication and technology in the universities.

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Reliability was conducted for only the questionnaire. It was not conducted for the inventory. This is because the data to be collected by the inventory were already in existence in the universities. In conducting reliability for the questionnaire, the test-retest reliability technique was used. In doing this, the questionnaire was administered to fifty respondents outside the study area on two occasions. After period of two weeks, the instruments were re-administered to the same respondents. The data collected on the two tests were collated and analyzed using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis. A reliability coefficient of 0.76 was obtained indicating that, the instrument were reliable for the study.

The instruments were administered through the use of research assistants. Returns were received from 1, 820 respondents, out of which returns from 40 respondents were badly completed and they were discarded. The returns from the remaining 1, 780 respondents were duly completed and used for the study. The data collected were collated and analyzed using frequency counts, percentages and Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis. The

hypotheses generated from the research questions were tested at 0.05 alpha level.

RESULT

Question 1. What is the level of availability of information communication and technology (ICT) facilities in universities in southwest Nigeria? In answering this question, data on the level of availability of ICT facilities in universities in South-west Nigeria were collected using the inventory. The ICT facilities in the universities include personal computers, laptops, internet facilities, projectors, projectors screen, video camera, compact disk, television set, radio cassette, printers, scanners, fax machine, photo copiers and hand set. The numbers of ICT facilities required were calculated on the basis of the number of such facilities required by staff according to the provisions of the Federal Ministry of Education, (2002) and the Federal Ministry of Education (2005). The numbers of these facilities required were compared with the number available in the universities. The data collected were analyzed using frequency counts and percentages. The findings are presented in table 1.

Table 1: Availability of ICT Facilities in Universities in Southwest Nigeria.

ICT Items N Number Required

on the basis of one facility per

staff

Number Available

Difference % Difference

1 Computer set 1,780 10, 520 6, 280 4,240 40.3 2 laptops 1,780 10, 520 3, 672 6, 848 65.1

3 internet facilities 1,780 195 36 159 81.5

4 projectors 1,780 63 15 48 76.2

5 projectors screen 1,780 63 15 48 76.2

6 video camera 1,780 58 10 48 82.8

7 compact disk 1,780 241 120 121 50.2

8 television set 1,780 10, 520 7, 460 3, 060 29.1 9 radio cassette 1,780 10, 520 8, 624 1, 896 18.0 10 printers 1,780 10, 520 3, 476 7,044 66.9

11 scanners 1,780 36 5 31 86.1

12 photo copiers 1,780 312 218 94 30.1

13 fax machine 1,780 42 12 30 71.4

14 Handset 1,780 12, 278 12, 278 - -

As indicated in table 1, the level of availability of information communication and technology (ICT) facilities in the sample universities was low. Almost all the information communication and technology (ICT) facilities were in short supply in the universities. The short fall varied from 18% for radio cassette to 86% for scanners. Computer set which should be a common feature in all offices was found to be

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Question 2. What is the level of management in universities in southwest Nigeria?

Answering this question, data on the level of management of universities of south west Nigeria were collected from responses of the respondents to the questionnaire. The responses were categorized

into 3 groups mainly high, moderate and low and respondents were required to tick as appropriate the level of management in the universities. The data collected were analyzed using frequency counts and percentages. Table 2 shows the findings.

Table 2: Level of management in universities in southwest Nigeria?

In table 2, the findings show that the level of management of universities in south west Nigeria was moderate. Effective leadership had the largest number of responses 74.0% at that level while motivation has the list number of responses 30.6%.

Question 3: Is there any significant relationship between the availability of information communication and technology (ICT) and the effective management of universities in South-west Nigeria?

In analyzing this question, the question was transformed into the following hypothesis:

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the availability of information and communication technology (ICT) and the effective management of universities in South-west Nigeria.

In testing this hypothesis, data on the availability of ICT facilities in the sampled universities were collected from the responses of the respondents to the questionnaire. Data on the level of management of the universities were also collected. The hypothesis was tested using Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis. The findings are shown in table 3.

Table 3: Correlation of level of availability of ICT and level of management of universities in south west Nigeria.

Variables n Mean SD d.f r-cal r-tab

Level of ICT facilities in the universities

1780 21.67 20.18

1778 0.751 0.195

Level of management of the universities

1780 40.54 27.42

P <0.05

Variables N High % Moderate % Low %

Effective Leadership 1, 780 356 20.0 1, 317 74.0 107 6.0

Effective Communication

1, 780 385 21.6 1164 65.4 231 13.0

Effective supervision 1, 780 491 27.6 1106 62.1 183 10.3

Disciplinary Ability 1, 780 541 30.4 1041 58.5 198 11.1

Delegation of duties 1, 780 538 30.2 1022 57.4 220 12.4

Effective Monitoring 1, 780 700 39.3 922 51.8 158 8.9

Motivation 1, 780 964 54.2 545 30.6 271 15.2

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As shown in table 3, the r-calculated (0.751) was greater than the r-table (0.195) at 0.05 level of significance. Hence, the null hypothesis was rejected. This shows that there was a significant relationship between the availability of information and communication technology (ICT) facilities and the level of management of universities in south west Nigeria. The correlation coefficient of 0.751 implies that there was a strong relationship between the availability of ICT facilities and effective management of universities.

Question 4. . Is there any significant relationship between the utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) and the effective management of universities in South-west Nigeria.?

In addressing this problem, the question was transformed into the following hypothesis:

Ho: There is no significant relationship between the utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) and the effective management of universities in South-west Nigeria.

In testing this hypothesis, data on the utilization of ICT facilities in the sampled universities were collected from the responses of the respondents to the questionnaire. Data on the level of management of the universities were also collected. The hypothesis was tested using Pearson Product Moment Correlation analysis. The findings are presented in table 4.

Table 4: Correlation of level of utilization of ICT and level of management of universities in south west Nigeria.

Variables N Mean SD d.f r-cal r-tab

Level of utilization of ICT in the universities

1780 18.52 17.85

1778 0.692 0.195

Level of management of the universities

1780 35.67 24.63

P <0.05

In table 4, the r-calculated (0.692) was greater than the r-table (0.195) at 0.05 alpha level. As such, the null hypothesis was rejected. This shows a significant relationship between the utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) facilities and the effective management of universities in south west Nigeria. The correlation coefficient of 0.692 implies that there was a strong relationship between the utilization of ICT facilities and effective management of universities.

Question 5: What are the problems facing the effective use of information communication and technology (ICT) in the management of universities in south west Nigeria?

In analyzing this question, data on the problems facing the effective use of information communication

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Table 5: Problems facing the effective use of information communication and technology (ICT) in Nigerian universities.

Items N Agree % Disagree %

Inadequate funding to provide ICT equipment 1780 1431 80.4 349 19.6

Exorbitant increase in the cost of the items 1780 1362 76.5 418 23.5 Lack of regular power supply 1780 1638 92.0 142 08.0

Lack of expertise on the use of ICT equipment 1780 1294 72.7 486 27.3

Lack of willingness in the purchase of the ICT items 1780 1173 65.9 607 34.1

Lack of interest among many members of staff to adopt the use of computers and other modern information technology

1780 1104 62.0 676 38.0

Lack of interest by many individuals to learn the usage of ICT facilities in the universities

1780 1004 56.4 776 43.6

Instability of the country’s economy 1780 975 54.8 805 45.2

In table 5, the findings show the problem facing the use of effective information communication and technology (ICT) in Nigerian universities. Lack of regular power supply was identify as the most important problem facing the effective use of information communication and technology (ICT) in the management of the universities. Out of the 1780 respondents, 1638 respondents (92.0%) gave this response. Inadequate funding was identify as the second most important problem facing effective use of ICT in the management of the universities. Out of the 1780 respondents 1431 respondents (80.4%) made this clear. Other problem facing the effective use of ICT in the management of the universities include the exorbitant increase in the cost of the items (76.5%), lack of expertise on the use of ICT equipment (72.7%) and the lack of willingness in the purchase of the ICT items (65.9%). Others are lack of interest among many members of staff to adopt the use of computers and other modern information technology (62.0%), lack of interest by many individuals to learn the usage of ICT facilities in the universities (56.4%) and instability of the country’s

economy (54.8%). These findings suggest that the use of information communication and technology (ICT) as not taken off e effectively in Nigeria universities.

Question 6: What possible solution could be proffered in enhancing the use of information communication and technology (ICT) in the effective management of the universities?

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Table 6: possible solution could be proffered in enhancing the use of information communication and technology (ICT) in the effective management of the universities

Items N Agree % Disagree %

Improved emphasis in power supply by government to the universities

1780 1698 95.4 82 4.6

Increase in the funding of universities by government 1780 1652 92.8 128 7.2

Giving of subsidy by government on ICT equipment 1780 1396 78.4 384 21.6

Improved enlightenment on the importance of ICT in the management of universities.

1780 1429 80.3 351 19.7

Improved training of staff on the use of ICT equipment 1780 1353 76.0 427 24.0

Creating a conducive environment for staff to enable them show more interest in the use of ICT in the universities.

1780 1291 72.5 489 27.5

In table 6, the findings show all the possible solution proffered by the respondents in enhancing the use of information communication and technology (ICT) in the effective management of universities in southwest, Nigeria. Improved emphasis in power supply by government to the universities was the most important suggestion made by the respondents. Out of the 1780 respondents, 1698 (95.4%) gave this response. Increase in the funding of universities by government was the second most important suggestion given by the respondents. Out of the 1780 respondents 1652 (92.8%) respondents gave this response. Other responses given as possible solutions include suggestions such as improved enlightenment on the importance of ICT in the management of universities (80.3%), giving of subsidy by government on ICT equipment (78.4%), improved training of staff on the use of ICT equipment (75.0%) and creating a conducive environment for staff to enable them show more interest in the use of ICT in the universities (72.5%).

DISCUSSION

The foregoing analysis shows that there was a low level of availability of information communication and technology (ICT) facilities in the universities in south west Nigeria. This finding was consistent with the findings made in earlier studies (Sambo 1992; Omirin, 2007). The finding was however in disagreement with those of Kolawole, (1997) and

Mohammed, (2006) who found that ICT facilities were not available in Nigeria universities.

However, the findings of this study indicating a moderate level of management in the universities was consistent with those of earlier researchers (Nwadiani 1998; Aghenta 2001).

The findings indicating a significant relationship between the availability of ICT and effective management of universities, implies that the availability of information communication and technology (ICT), the better the effective management of the universities. This suggests that without ICT effective management of the universities could be jeopardized. This finding agreed with those of Lucey, (1995) which enumerated the importance of ICT in university management.

The finding indicating a significant relationship between the utilization of information communication and technology (ICT) facilities and effective management of universities suggests that the more the utilization of information communication and technology (ICT) facilities in the universities, the better the effective management of the universities. This finding agreed with those of Kolade, Oje & Omodara (2007) whoch reported a considerable influence of ICT on the effective management of organizations.

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(2000). The inadequacy of electricity power supply tends to be a general problem as indicated by the respondents. This suggests that little could be done in terms of the utilization of information communication and technology (ICT) facilities in the universities where there is no regular supply of electricity. It further suggests that technological development in the universities would be a mirage in situation where electricity supply is deficient.

Notwithstanding, the suggestion given by the respondents for improvement tends to support those made in earlier study (Aribamikan, 2007). The most salient suggestion namely improved emphasis in power supply by government to the universities is perhaps a national issue which the federal government of Nigeria has not address for quite some time. This seems to be the reason why the shortage of power supply has been a recurring problem as indicated by a large proportion of the respondents. This finding was in consonance with the findings made in previous studies Abe & Adu (2007). The suggestion of increase funding to the universities made by the respondent agreed with the suggestion made by (Onifade, 2003) who reported that the federal government of Nigeria should increase the funding of universities in line with UNESCO standard of 26% allocation of the countries budget to education.

CONCLUSIONS

Considering the findings of this study, it was concluded that information communication and technology have significant impact on the effective management of universities in south west Nigeria. This suggests that information communication and technology is a critical variable in the effective management of the universities. The problem of shortage in power supply found in this study has lead the researcher to conclude that universities in Nigeria are not yet ready for technological development. All the responses suggest that ICT has not been effectively utilized in the management of the universities.

RECOMMENDATIONS

Based on the findings of this study, it was recommended that the federal government of Nigeria should as a matter of urgency put more effort in improving the power supply to all universities in the country. Government in the respective State should also intensify more effort in increasing the funding of

universities in line with the UNESCO standard of 26% allocation of national budget to education. There should also be the enlightenment of staff on the importance of ICT in the management of universities. Subsidy should be given by government on ICT equipment. Improve training of staff on the use of ICT facilities should be embarked upon while an enabling environment should be created for staff to make them show more interest in the use of ICT in the universities.

REFERENCES

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Adedapo, A. (2007):Designing a MIS for Effective Secondary School Administration in Nigeria in Special Education on Information Communication Technology (ICT) IKEJE. 138-143.

Adegun, O.A. (2002) “Communication and Administrative Effectiveness of Principals of Secondary schools in South Western, Nigeria.” Unpublished PhD Thesis University of Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria. 86-102

Adejumo, G. (2000). Essentials of Communication in Business; Ibadan Adio Publishers.

Adeyemi, T.O. (2007): Research Methods and Theses Writing in Educational Studies. Lagos: New Haven Publishers. 160-174.

Afolabi, E.R., Jegede, P.O. and Popoola, B. I (1999) “Mandatory computer education in Nigeria secondary schools: Prospects and problems”. Journal of Educational Research and Evaluation. 3. (2), 32-38.

Aghenta, J. A (2001) Educational planning. A turning point in education and development in Nigeria, Inaugural Lecture Series 58 University of Benin, Benin-City, Nigeria.

Ajabor, A.O (2001). “Schools Management” A paper presented at the Seminar/ Workshop for Principals in Public post –primary institutions in Delta State, Asaba and Efurun.9&10 Jan 2001.1-8.

Akpota, M.E. (1999). “An Analysis of Academic Staff Turnover in Nigeria Universities (1990-1997)” Unpublished PhD. Thesis University of Benin, Benin-City, Nigeria 86 -112.

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Aribamikan, C.A. (2007). The Relevance of Information and Communication Technology in the Teaching of Physical Education and Sports in Special Edition on ICT, IKEJE pp. 93-98.

Awe, W. (2000). Management Information Systems. Lagos: Gilgal Publications. 12-40

Bandele, S. O (2001). “Computer Science Education for Tertiary Instructions” Ado-Ekiti: Niyi Commercial and Printing Ventures.

Faloye, J.O. & Oparah, O.B. (2007) Relevance of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Education in Ikere Journal of Education Ikere Ekiti vol. 9 No. 1 pp. 37-42.

Federal Government of Nigeria (2004). National Policy on Education. Revised Edition Lagos. Federal Government Press.

Federal Ministry of Education, (2002) Approved number of facilities in educational institution colleges: Federal Ministry of Education. 2-10

Federal Ministry of Education, (2005) “School Net Nigeria Abuja: Federal Ministry of Education” 1-5

Foray, D. (2004): The Economics of Knowledge, MIT press Cambridge, USA.

Gay, L. R (1996) Educational research: competencies for analysis and application; Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Merrill, Prentice-Hall Inc, 249-250.

Ghaemian K. (1998): School administration on the fast-track. http/www.govt.tech.net/magazine/gt/1998.

Kolade-Oje, O.T. & Omodara, O.D. (2007). Developing a Monitoring and Evaluation Plan of Information Communication Technology ICTS in Education System in Special Edition on Information Communication Technology (ICT) IKEJA pp. 176-181.

Kolawole, C. (1997). “Availability and utilization of audio-visual materials for the teaching of English Language in some nursery/primary schools in Ibadan.” Journal of Educational Studies. 1 (1), 122-127.

Lawsent, L. & Vincent, L. (1995). Impact of e-Learning on Tertiary Education (on line) Accessed 18 June, 2008 at http://www.info.gov.za/speeches/index.html.

Lucey, T. (1995). Management Information Systems, London: DP Publications Ltd 31-52

Mohammed, Y. (2006): Factor influencing the implementation of ICT in Jigawa States Schools, Nigeria. Unpublished M.Ed. Thesis, University of Ilorin.

Nwadiani, M. (2000) Economic Dimension of Educational Planning in Nigeria Benin-City: Monose Amalgamates 17-54.

OECD, (2005). E-Learning Case Studies in Post-Secondary Education. Paris.

Omirin, F.F. (2007):Utilisation of Management Information System in the Decision-Making Process in the Southwest Nigerian Universities. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty of Education University of Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State.

Oppenheim, A N. (1992) Questionnaire design, interviewing and attitude measurement; London & New York: Pinter Publishers, 70 -72, 159-162.

Onifade, a (2003) “The Funding problem Lagos: Vanguard education & manpower 19 (5167) Thursday, January 16, 27-32.

Figure

Table 1: Availability of ICT Facilities in Universities in Southwest Nigeria.
Table 3: Correlation of level of availability of ICT and level of management of universities in south west Nigeria
Table 4: Correlation of level of utilization of ICT and level of management of universities in south west Nigeria
Table 5: Problems facing the effective use of information communication and technology (ICT) in Nigerian universities
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References

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