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a

A

E t t e e r r e s H u m t r e T d r p

I

T c u t d c n e r n a e c n c k i e ( (

D

T r m

DISTRI

A.M. An

anula.abeygun

ABSTRACT

Electricity pri they are expe these price in electricity dis energy resou response (DR) renewable b expected to pl spending on However, DER utility compan mainly due technology co recognizes the ensure the lar This paper pre distribution n reflective netw promoting DE

INTRODUC

The electricit countries is fa unsustainable to replace ag demand, relia connection of networks. Eff efficient inves reduce this networks. In m averages costs energy volum consumers and network and in customers for key role in eff nvestments in energy resour (DGs), energy (DR) program

DISTRIBUT

The two ma recently for di method [1-2]

BUTION N

INFR

nula K. ABEY Science and nawardana@q

T

ices in Austra ected to grow

ncreases have stribution net urce (DER) ) programs, e ased distrib lay an increa costly dis Rs are in ver nies, investor to high cos ost reductions

e multiple be rge scale dep esents a mode etworks for t work pricing/ ERs.

CTION

ty distributio acing a numb large investm geing assets, ability requir f more renew fficient use o

stments in ne unsustainab many countrie s among netwo me does not s d does not cap nvestments in

their use of d fficient use of n the presen rces (DERs) y storage (ES ms.

TION NETW

ain approache istribution net

and “long-ru

NETWORK

RASTRUCT

YGUNAWAR d Engineering qut.edu.au

alia have bee w further. The e been incre twork. Non-ne

alternatives energy storage buted genera asingly critica stribution ne ry early stage rs and consu st of DERs. , and a mark nefits of DER ployment of D el for estimatin the purpose o incentive sch

on network i er of challeng ment requireme meet growin rements and wable generati

of existing ew infrastruct

le spending es, existing ta ork users and send correct

pture real cos n new assets. distribution ne f existing netw nce of non-ne such as dist ) devices and

WORK PRI

es that are twork pricing un cost chargi

K PRICING

TURE AND

RDANA Faculty, Quee

ali.are

en rising fast, e largest driv ased spendin etwork distrib

such as dem e (ES) devices ators (DGs) al role in redu

etwork upgr e of being use umers in Aust Therefore, ket framework Rs are requir DERs in Austr

ng long run co of designing heme that will

industry in m ges. These in ents in the net ng levels of to facilitate ion to distrib infrastructure ture is the ke in distrib ariff scheme w

d entirely bas pricing signa st of using exi Correct prici etworks can p works and effi etwork distrib ributed gener d demand resp

CING

widely discu are “extent of ing” method [

G MODEL

D EFFICIE

Ali ARE ensland Unive fi@qut.edu.au

t, and ver of ng on buted mand s and are ducing rades. ed by tralia both k that red to tralia. ost of cost-l hecost-lp

many nclude twork peak e the bution e and

ey to bution

which ed on als to

isting ing of play a ficient buted rators ponse

ussed f use” [3-5].

The netw distr caus of us it do impa long forw futur on e appr meth signa netw Ther appr [6-7] exten used used netw LRIC distr expa fram netw expa netw load can scen when was netw func

EST NET

In th locat detai distr passi integ need tools

L FOR EFF

ENT NEW

EFI

ersity of Tech u

extent of us works in ord ribution netwo e them in term se based tariff oes not send acts on new i

-run cost bas ward looking re network inv efficient use o roach that com hod and exte

als to netwo work.

re are very few roaches that co

]. Well-develo nt of use base d in these two d simplified m works. Simplif

C of network ribution shou ansion plannin mework for e works using a

ansion planni work areas in

growth, in th defer replace ario, we deve n there is no done by inc work equipmen tion of loadin

TIMATING TWORKS

his study we tion-specific iled network ribution netwo ive networks gration of DE d more comp

s to develop l

FICIENT U

INVESTM

nology (QUT g.ledw

e method set der to recove ork assets by a

ms of time an f promotes eff correct signa nvestments. O sed distributio

messages on vestments, it d of existing ne mbines long ru ent of use m ork users on

w studies on ombine LRIC oped methods ed charges an studies. How method to est fied methods ks. Ideally, t

ld be done ng exercises. I

estimating LR rigorous lon ng (LTDNEP

Australia are ese areas effic ement cost o elop a method or low load g corporating lo nt in its O&M

g level.

LRIC

e provide a LRIC of dis expansion pl orks are now i

to active dis ERs, future a prehensive pl least cost netw

USE OF EX

MENTS

Gerard LE T) – Australia dwich@qut.edu

ts the tariff f ver fixed cos allocating cost nd location. A ficient use of als to users On the other on network ch n cost the us

does not send etwork. There run Increment method would cost they i

distribution n C and extend o

s are available nd those meth wever, these tw timate LRIC

can underest the estimation

using a det In this context RIC of activ ng-term distrib P) exercise. e presently ex cient use of ag of these equip dology for cal growth in the

oss-of-life co M cost and relia

OF DIST

framework stribution net lanning exerc in the era of stribution netw active distribu

lanning meth work expansio

XISTING

EDWICH

u.au

for distributio st of existin ts to those wh Although exten

existing asset on their usag hand, althoug harges provid ers impose o d correct signa efore, a pricin

tal cost (LRIC d send correc mpose on th

network pricin of use method e for estimatin hods have bee wo studies hav of distributio timate the tru n of LRIC o tailed networ t, we develop ve distributio bution networ Further, som xperiencing n ging equipmen

pment. In th lculating LRI e network. Th ost of existin ability cost as

TRIBUTION

for estimatin twork using cise. Since, th transition from works with th ution network hodologies an on plans in th on ng ho nt ts, ge gh de on al ng C) ct he

ng ds ng en ve on ue of rk a on rk me no nt his C his ng a

N

(2)

p L u c s m T n n p y p d p i m c p n n T p p T n i m ( h a p a P P t f a h a s r u a p p b [ T L w f L p i a

presence of LTDNEP mo under a resear collaboration service provid mixed integer The output of network (trans non-network programs) to years when th planning peri demand at mi problem is to n network maintenance c constraints of portion of the node, maximu non-network The mathemat presented here problem formu This proposed networks invo s hard to so methods. Due (PSO) as an handling highl apply heurist problem. How and poor fine PSO. Therefor PSO (MPSO) to increase the from local m approach for P has better pe approach. Eve solutions to a remains a time use time de approach to si problem. The problem for re backward app [10].

The methodol LRIC of distr we developed flow chart, th LRIC of a di presented. The

ncorporate DR a distribution n

DERs. We odel for large

rch project tit with an A der. The LTD

non-linear pr f the model w sformers, line options (ener be added, th he new capaci

iod in order inimum cost.

minimize the and non-net costs, reliabilit

the problems e load duratio um capacity c devices, volta tical formulat e due to space ulation). d LTDNEP pro olves a large n olve this prob to the nature optimization ly non-linear tic optimizat wever, in som e-turning of t re, in this stud by combinin e diversity of minima. In a

PSO [9] is app erformance co en with this he

a LTDNEP p e consuming o composition implify the d e detailed des

eal-sized netw proach can be

logy we use f ribution netwo is presented he procedure istribution net

e right side o R in LTDNE network with

have devel e active dist tled “Planning Australian dis

DNEP model rogramming ( will describe t es, voltage co rgy storage d heir capacity, ities should be

to meet the The objectiv e discounted c

twork option ty cost as wel are demand c on curve for e onstraints for age constrain tion of LTDN e limitation (s

oblem for rea number of var blem using e of Particle Sw

tool proven and mixed int ion PSO to e cases, prem the final solu dy, we use a m ng the strength variables and addition, the

plied in this al ompared to t euristic metho problem of r operation. Du technique f dynamic natur scription on work using M e found in ou

for calculating orks using th

in Fig.1. On for estimating twork withou of the flow ch EP and how to

DR.

loped a rigo tribution netw g Future Grid stribution net is formulated (MINLP) prob the desired ty ontrol devices devices, DGs , the location e added durin e projected f ve function o cost of investm ns, operation l as loss costs constraints for each year for

each network nts for each n NEP problem i

see [8] for det

al sized distrib riables and hen

xact mathem warm Optimiz to be capab teger problem o solve LTD mature converg ution can occ modified versi hs of PSO and d thereby to es constriction f lgorithm beca the inertia w

d, computing real-sized net ue to this facto forward back re of the LTD solving LTD MPSO and forw

ur earlier wo

g location spe e LTDNEP m the left side o g location spe ut DR program

hart shows ho o estimate LR

orous works ds” in twork d as a blem. ype of s) and , DR n, the ng the

future of the ments

and s. The r each each k and node. is not tailed

bution nce it matical zation ble of ms, we

DNEP gence cur in

ion of d GA scape factor ause it weight good twork or, we kward DNEP DNEP ward-ork in

ecific model of the ecific ms is ow to RIC of

As s the b abov dema calcu and to an incre first cons expa incen to c redu redu least effec whil selec same LRIC inve selec

In o

hown in the F base case is d ve, the LRIC o and nodes t ulated by givi

developing ex nnuity of cha emental load.

we develop sidering DR pr ansion along w

ntive value th cover their c uction is est uction cost fu t cost expansio ctive DR pro

e compensatin cted node. Th e methodolog C with DR

stment can be cted node and

our approach

Fig.1, once the developed usi of the distribut that triggers ng incrementa xpansion plan

nge in PV of To estimate th p a new ne

rograms as a c with other can hat can compe

costs and br timated usin nction at eac on plan provid ograms that m

ng customers en, as shown gy for estimati for demand e calculated by

developing ex

described ab

e network exp ing the mode ution network w

new invest al load to the ns again. The f expansion c

he LRIC with etwork expan candidate opti ndidate networ ensate custom ring the req ng the custo ch selected n ides the inform

maximize ut for their lost n in the figure ting LRIC wi d nodes that

y giving incre xpansion plan

above, we as

ansion plan fo l we describe without DR fo tment can b selected node LRIC is equa cost divided b h DR program nsion plan b ion for networ rk options. Th mers adequatel quired deman omer deman ode. This new mation on cos

ility’s benefi service at eac , following th thout DR, th triggers new emental load t ns again.

sume that th or ed or be es al by ms, by rk he ly nd nd w

st-ts ch he he w to

(3)

n e t t a e m t m b t r m o a d a

C

I r s i f f b k i i c

F d

E

T f t

network dem examine how the timing of n time change approach is n experiencing management c these areas, in methodology by considering to meet positi replacement o management. of-life cost of and reliability detailed mathe a forthcoming

CASE STUD

In the present rigorous appr specific LRIC n Queensland four zone sub feeders, 473 branches. The km. The total

ncluding 133 ndustrial cus corresponding

Fig. 2. Zone distribution ne

Estimating L

To estimate th first develope the base case t

mand continuo a nodal incre new investme is translated ot applicable low or no lo can defer repl n a future study

of estimating g not only the ive load grow of existing ag This will be

existing netw y cost as a f ematical form

paper.

DY

t study, we i roach we dev C for a realisti d with and wit stations (66/1 distribution e total length number of p 363 residentia stomers. One g distribution n

e substation N etwork.

LRIC witho

he LRIC of s d the long te that is for cu

ously growin ement in dem ents in the net d to tariffs.

to the netwo oad growth. lacement of a y we intend to g LRIC of dis e time change wth but also t ging equipme achieved by i work equipmen function of l mulation for th

illustrate the veloped for e ic 747-bus di thout DR. Thi 11 kV) with 3

transformer of 11 kV fee premises in th

al, 2565 com e of 4 zone network is dep

No. 1 and t

ut DR

selected buse rm network e urrent given de

ng over time mand would ch

work and then Therefore, ork areas pres Since the dem aging equipme

o present a det stribution netw of new invest the time chan nt due to dem incorporating nt in its O&M oading level. his will be giv

application o estimating loc istribution net s network inc 33 outgoing 1 s, and 742 eders is abou his area are 16 mmercial, and

e substations picted in Fig.

the correspon

s without DR expansion pla emand data at

e and hange

n this , this sently

mand ent in tailed works tment nge in mand loss-M cost

. The ven in

of the cation twork cludes 1 kV line ut 130 6253, d 325 s and

2.

nding

R, we an for t each

bus cons regu long Tabl trans to th year expa 172. We s For t plan 29 k year buse Whe least 716 and 2 in th woul plan AUS disco woul LRIC 2771

Tab

T

Esti

In t cons For

for first ye sidering trans ulators as cand -run network le I shows t sformers, and he network to planning peri ansion plan o 793 million. selected bus 2 this purpose, w

by giving 50k keeping the s

s for bus 29 es. Table II g en the demand t cost network kVA of add 231 kVA of le he system com

ld result in to to increase to S$ 172.793 m ounted cost ld be AUS$ 6 C (with ann 1/kW.

ble 1. Least cost n

year

1 2 3 4 5 Total

Table 2I. Least co in

year

1 2 3 4 5 Total

imating LRI

his section, sidering DR as this purpose,

ear with 4% sformers, line didate options expansion pla that total of 6600 kVA of meet the pro iod. The total of the base c

29 to estimate we developed kW incremen same load gro

and keeping gives the new d at bus 29 is k expansion p ditional distrib

ess capacity o mpared to the otal discounted o AUS$ 173. million for the

increment du 600,000 and th

uity factor o

network expansio

Capacity additio network option T/F

(kVA) (

17633 0 539 500 0 18672

ost network expan ncrement at bus 2

Capacity additio network option T/F

(kVA) (

18223 0 565 600 0 19388

IC with DR

we estimate s candidate op

least cost n

% annual loa es, capacitors for network e an for the bas

19388kVA f capacitors w ojected deman l discounted c case is found

e the location d another netw nt to first year

rowth of 4% the same dem w network ex s increased b planning analy

bution transfo of capacitors w e base case. d cost of netw .393 million a e base case. during the pl he correspond of 0.23) wo

on plan for Base c

ons by

n type N

Cap. (KVA)

4786 0 1383 662 0

6831 1

nsion plan with 5 29 without DR

ons by

n type N

Cap. (KVA)

4532 0 1967 101 0

6600 1

the LRIC ption for netw network expan

ad growth b s and voltag expansion. Th e case given i of distributio would be adde nd during the cost of networ d to be AUS

specific LRIC work expansio

demand at bu for remainin mand for othe

xpansion plan y a 50kW, th ysis shows tha ormer capacit would be adde These change work expansio as compared t Thus the tota lanning perio ding annual un uld be AUS

case without DR

PV cost (k$)

- - - - - 172793

50kW demand

PV cost (k$)

- - - - - 173393

at bus 29 b work expansion

nsion plannin by ge he in on ed 5 rk S$

C. on us ng er n. he at ty ed es on to al od nit S$

(4)

e c c m c D d n c T i t c T k p t n D A a t t

H T w e i c c i N m d p T A c L

K

T e n

exercise is ca candidate opti candidate ne methodology considered as DR is incorp demand at bu net of the give cost network Table III. As

mplement DR this network a cost-effective This level of kVA of dist planning perio the capacitor a network expan DR is found t AUS$ 172.295 are included in the total discou the planning p

Table III

year

Capac

T (kV

1 15 2

3 2 4 5 5

Total 16

How would D To answer th with DR. For expansion pla ncrement to candidate opti cost expansion

ncrement at b NPV cost of million from discounted va period due to The unit annu AUS$ 718/kW could reduce LRIC.

KEY FINDI

This paper expansion pla networks whi

arried out by ions for netw etwork optio

section, the the cost of DR porated in th us with DR a en demand red

expansion pla shown in th R programs a area during th residential D DR program tribution tran od compared addition by 3 nsion plan of to be AUS$17 5 million whe n the system d

unted avoided period would b

. Least cost netw

city additions by

T/F VA)

DR ( cus 907

0 51 63 0 721

DR program ch his question, w

r this purpose, anning exerci bus 29 by ons alongside n planning w bus 29 shows network exp m AUS$ 1

alue of incre o demand inc al LRIC at bu W. This prese

the network

INGS AND F

presents a anning mode ich we devel

y considering ork expansion ons. As d

incentive o R and deman he model by s total deman duction profil an for DR ca he table, it is at 4470 resid

he 5 year per DR penetratio penetration w nsformer add to base case 320 kVA. The f this network

72. 793 millio en DR program during the plan d network cos be AUS$ 4980

ork expansion pla

network option t programs (no. of stomers )

C (K

2472 5 0

1899 1 100

0

4470 7

hange the LRI we calculated , we carried ou

se by giving considering e other networ with DR with that it would pansion plan

172.295 mill ease cost dur crease would us 29 with DR ent analysis s expansion co

FINAL REM

detailed dist l for large a loped under a

DR program n along with

escribed in offered to D nd reduction d y modifying nd in the base

le of DR. The ase is present s cost-effectiv dential premis

riod. That is, on is about would reduce dition during e, while incre e total NPV co

k area withou on as compar m in 4470 prem

nning period. t due to DR d 000.

an for DR case

ype

NPV co (k$) Cap

KVA)

811 - 0 - 257 - 83 -

0 - 151 17229

IC of the netw d LRIC of bu ut another net

a 50kW dem DR program rk options. Th h a 50kW dem

d increase the to AUS$ 172 lion. Thus, ring the plan be AUS$156 R is estimated

shows that the ost and henc

MARKS

tribution net active distrib a research pr

ms as other

the DR is

due to total e case e least ted in ve to ses in total 33%. 1951 g the easing

ost of ut the red to mises Thus during

ost

5

work? us 29 twork

mand m as he lest

mand e total 2.451 total nning 6000. to be e DR ce the

twork bution roject

titled Aust prese distr appli 747-and detai can expa effec avoid estim

In th in t meth netw estim term cons LRIC distr inten node base indiv cost in Au grow redu Exis deve grow relat meth distr inten spec grow cost relia

Ack

The finan Rese ackn Co. L

REF

[1] P.

d “Planning tralian distrib ented a rigoro ribution netwo ied the metho -bus distributio

without DR. iled distributi

be used no ansion plans

ctive penetra ded network mating LRIC o

he present stud the network hodology for work. We int

mate the LRIC m network exp suming, it wou C for each ribution netw nd to develop es which are

d on therma vidual nodes

sensitive nod ustralia are pr wth. In this sc ucing the co ting approach eloped assum wth always, a ted network hods would n ribution netwo nd to develop ific LRIC o wth. This will of existing n bility cost as a

knowledgme

authors tha ncial support earch Allianc nowledge the Ltd. in provid

FERENCES

M. Sotkiewicz a Networks With Transactions on

Future Grids” bution networ

ous methodolo orks using the

dology to esti on network in Our analysis ion network ot only for

but also for ation levels cost due to of distribution

dy, we estima to illustrate estimating L tend to do a C of all nodes. pansion plans uld be highly and every b orks. Therefo p a preproces

highly cost se al limits and so LRIC is es only. Furth resently exper cenario also D st of replaci hes on valuing ming that ther and LRIC is investments. not be applic orks in Austra p a new appro

f networks w l be achieved network equip

a function of l

nts

ank the Qu t via the N es Program ( support and c ing distributio

and J. M. Vignolo h Distributed G n, vol. 21, pp. 639

” in collabor rk service pr

ogy for estim e proposed mo imate the LRI n Queensland, illustrates tha expansion p developmen determining of non-netw non-network n networks.

ated LRIC of a e the applica LRIC of larg a comprehen Since develo s for large ne

time consum bus in the r ore, in a fut ssing approac ensitive to de d or voltage calculated fo hermore, some riencing low o DERs can play cing the agin

g long run net re will be a estimated ba

Therefore, cable to this alia. With reg roach of estim when these i

by incorporat pment in its O

loading level.

ueensland Go National and (NIRAP). Th cooperation of on network da

o,2006, Allocation Generation, powe

9-652.

ration with a ovider. It als mating LRIC o

odel. It has als IC of a realisti , Australia wit at our propose lanning mode nt of networ

optimal cos work option k options, an

a selected nod ability of ou ge distributio nsive study t opment of long etwork is tim ming to estimat real size larg ture study, w ch to find loa emand change e violation o or those highl

e network area or negative loa y critical role i ng equipmen twork costs ar positive loa sed on growt these existin new trend i gard to this, w mating locatio is a low loa ting loss-of-lif O&M cost an

overnment fo d Internationa he authors als

f Ergon Energ ata.

n of Fixed Costs er ssytems, IEE

an so of so ic th ed el rk st-ns,

nd

de ur on to g-me

te ge we ad es of ly as ad in nt.

re ad th ng in we on ad fe nd

or al so gy

(5)

[

[

[

[

[

[

[

2] P. M. Sotkiew Based Tari IEEE Trans 3] F. Li, and D

Based on U vol. 22 pp.

[4] Y. Zhang, an Distribution Meeting, IE 5] H. Y. Heng,

Security B ssytems, IE

[6] C. T. Manc networks w proceeding

[7] X. Zhong, Pricing wit Nanjing Ch 8]I I. Ziari, G. distribution growth, pow

wicz and J. M. Vi iff for Distributio

sactions on, vol. . L. Tolley, 200 Unused Capacity,

1683-1689 nd F. Li, 2011, N

n Networks, in EEE PES 2011.

F. Li, and X Based on Long-R EEE Transactions

cera and A. C. with distributed g gs of IEEE PES 20

K.L.Lo, 2008, D th Distributed G hina.

Ledwich, A. G n system planni wer delivery, IEE

ignolo,2007, Tow on Networks Wi

22, pp. 1051-106 07, Long-Run Inc power ssytems, I

Network Pricing f Power Enginee

X. Wang, 2009, Run Incremental s on , vol. 24, pp. Monroy, 2011, generation: Applic

011.

Development of Generation, DRPT

Ghosh, and G. P ing to improve EETransaction on

wards a Cost Cau th DG, power ss 60.

cremental Cost P IEEE Transaction

for High Voltage ering Society G

Charging for Ne l Cost Pricing,

1686-1693. Pricing of distri cation of nodal p

Distribution Net T2008 6-9 April

latt, 2012, Inte reliability unde n, vol. 27 pp. 757

usation-sytems,

Pricing ns ons,

Radial General

etwork power

ibution pricing,

etworks l 2008

egrated er load

Figure

Table 2I. Least coTinost network expanncrement at bus 2nsion plan with 529 without DR 50kW demand
Table III. Least cost network expansion plaan for DR case

References

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