a
A
E t t e e r r e s H u m t r e T d r p
I
T c u t d c n e r n a e c n c k i e ( (
D
T r m
DISTRI
A.M. An
anula.abeygun
ABSTRACT
Electricity pri they are expe these price in electricity dis energy resou response (DR) renewable b expected to pl spending on However, DER utility compan mainly due technology co recognizes the ensure the lar This paper pre distribution n reflective netw promoting DE
INTRODUC
The electricit countries is fa unsustainable to replace ag demand, relia connection of networks. Eff efficient inves reduce this networks. In m averages costs energy volum consumers and network and in customers for key role in eff nvestments in energy resour (DGs), energy (DR) program
DISTRIBUT
The two ma recently for di method [1-2]
BUTION N
INFR
nula K. ABEY Science and nawardana@q
T
ices in Austra ected to grow
ncreases have stribution net urce (DER) ) programs, e ased distrib lay an increa costly dis Rs are in ver nies, investor to high cos ost reductions
e multiple be rge scale dep esents a mode etworks for t work pricing/ ERs.
CTION
ty distributio acing a numb large investm geing assets, ability requir f more renew fficient use o
stments in ne unsustainab many countrie s among netwo me does not s d does not cap nvestments in
their use of d fficient use of n the presen rces (DERs) y storage (ES ms.
TION NETW
ain approache istribution net
and “long-ru
NETWORK
RASTRUCT
YGUNAWAR d Engineering qut.edu.au
alia have bee w further. The e been incre twork. Non-ne
alternatives energy storage buted genera asingly critica stribution ne ry early stage rs and consu st of DERs. , and a mark nefits of DER ployment of D el for estimatin the purpose o incentive sch
on network i er of challeng ment requireme meet growin rements and wable generati
of existing ew infrastruct
le spending es, existing ta ork users and send correct
pture real cos n new assets. distribution ne f existing netw nce of non-ne such as dist ) devices and
WORK PRI
es that are twork pricing un cost chargi
K PRICING
TURE AND
RDANA Faculty, Quee
ali.are
en rising fast, e largest driv ased spendin etwork distrib
such as dem e (ES) devices ators (DGs) al role in redu
etwork upgr e of being use umers in Aust Therefore, ket framework Rs are requir DERs in Austr
ng long run co of designing heme that will
industry in m ges. These in ents in the net ng levels of to facilitate ion to distrib infrastructure ture is the ke in distrib ariff scheme w
d entirely bas pricing signa st of using exi Correct prici etworks can p works and effi etwork distrib ributed gener d demand resp
CING
widely discu are “extent of ing” method [
G MODEL
D EFFICIE
Ali ARE ensland Unive fi@qut.edu.au
t, and ver of ng on buted mand s and are ducing rades. ed by tralia both k that red to tralia. ost of cost-l hecost-lp
many nclude twork peak e the bution e and
ey to bution
which ed on als to
isting ing of play a ficient buted rators ponse
ussed f use” [3-5].
The netw distr caus of us it do impa long forw futur on e appr meth signa netw Ther appr [6-7] exten used used netw LRIC distr expa fram netw expa netw load can scen when was netw func
EST NET
In th locat detai distr passi integ need tools
L FOR EFF
ENT NEW
EFI
ersity of Tech u
extent of us works in ord ribution netwo e them in term se based tariff oes not send acts on new i
-run cost bas ward looking re network inv efficient use o roach that com hod and exte
als to netwo work.
re are very few roaches that co
]. Well-develo nt of use base d in these two d simplified m works. Simplif
C of network ribution shou ansion plannin mework for e works using a
ansion planni work areas in
growth, in th defer replace ario, we deve n there is no done by inc work equipmen tion of loadin
TIMATING TWORKS
his study we tion-specific iled network ribution netwo ive networks gration of DE d more comp
s to develop l
FICIENT U
INVESTM
nology (QUT g.ledw
e method set der to recove ork assets by a
ms of time an f promotes eff correct signa nvestments. O sed distributio
messages on vestments, it d of existing ne mbines long ru ent of use m ork users on
w studies on ombine LRIC oped methods ed charges an studies. How method to est fied methods ks. Ideally, t
ld be done ng exercises. I
estimating LR rigorous lon ng (LTDNEP
Australia are ese areas effic ement cost o elop a method or low load g corporating lo nt in its O&M
g level.
LRIC
e provide a LRIC of dis expansion pl orks are now i
to active dis ERs, future a prehensive pl least cost netw
USE OF EX
MENTS
Gerard LE T) – Australia dwich@qut.edu
ts the tariff f ver fixed cos allocating cost nd location. A ficient use of als to users On the other on network ch n cost the us
does not send etwork. There run Increment method would cost they i
distribution n C and extend o
s are available nd those meth wever, these tw timate LRIC
can underest the estimation
using a det In this context RIC of activ ng-term distrib P) exercise. e presently ex cient use of ag of these equip dology for cal growth in the
oss-of-life co M cost and relia
OF DIST
framework stribution net lanning exerc in the era of stribution netw active distribu
lanning meth work expansio
XISTING
EDWICH
u.au
for distributio st of existin ts to those wh Although exten
existing asset on their usag hand, althoug harges provid ers impose o d correct signa efore, a pricin
tal cost (LRIC d send correc mpose on th
network pricin of use method e for estimatin hods have bee wo studies hav of distributio timate the tru n of LRIC o tailed networ t, we develop ve distributio bution networ Further, som xperiencing n ging equipmen
pment. In th lculating LRI e network. Th ost of existin ability cost as
TRIBUTION
for estimatin twork using cise. Since, th transition from works with th ution network hodologies an on plans in th on ng ho nt ts, ge gh de on al ng C) ct he
ng ds ng en ve on ue of rk a on rk me no nt his C his ng a
N
p L u c s m T n n p y p d p i m c p n n T p p T n i m ( h a p a P P t f a h a s r u a p p b [ T L w f L p i a
presence of LTDNEP mo under a resear collaboration service provid mixed integer The output of network (trans non-network programs) to years when th planning peri demand at mi problem is to n network maintenance c constraints of portion of the node, maximu non-network The mathemat presented here problem formu This proposed networks invo s hard to so methods. Due (PSO) as an handling highl apply heurist problem. How and poor fine PSO. Therefor PSO (MPSO) to increase the from local m approach for P has better pe approach. Eve solutions to a remains a time use time de approach to si problem. The problem for re backward app [10].
The methodol LRIC of distr we developed flow chart, th LRIC of a di presented. The
ncorporate DR a distribution n
DERs. We odel for large
rch project tit with an A der. The LTD
non-linear pr f the model w sformers, line options (ener be added, th he new capaci
iod in order inimum cost.
minimize the and non-net costs, reliabilit
the problems e load duratio um capacity c devices, volta tical formulat e due to space ulation). d LTDNEP pro olves a large n olve this prob to the nature optimization ly non-linear tic optimizat wever, in som e-turning of t re, in this stud by combinin e diversity of minima. In a
PSO [9] is app erformance co en with this he
a LTDNEP p e consuming o composition implify the d e detailed des
eal-sized netw proach can be
logy we use f ribution netwo is presented he procedure istribution net
e right side o R in LTDNE network with
have devel e active dist tled “Planning Australian dis
DNEP model rogramming ( will describe t es, voltage co rgy storage d heir capacity, ities should be
to meet the The objectiv e discounted c
twork option ty cost as wel are demand c on curve for e onstraints for age constrain tion of LTDN e limitation (s
oblem for rea number of var blem using e of Particle Sw
tool proven and mixed int ion PSO to e cases, prem the final solu dy, we use a m ng the strength variables and addition, the
plied in this al ompared to t euristic metho problem of r operation. Du technique f dynamic natur scription on work using M e found in ou
for calculating orks using th
in Fig.1. On for estimating twork withou of the flow ch EP and how to
DR.
loped a rigo tribution netw g Future Grid stribution net is formulated (MINLP) prob the desired ty ontrol devices devices, DGs , the location e added durin e projected f ve function o cost of investm ns, operation l as loss costs constraints for each year for
each network nts for each n NEP problem i
see [8] for det
al sized distrib riables and hen
xact mathem warm Optimiz to be capab teger problem o solve LTD mature converg ution can occ modified versi hs of PSO and d thereby to es constriction f lgorithm beca the inertia w
d, computing real-sized net ue to this facto forward back re of the LTD solving LTD MPSO and forw
ur earlier wo
g location spe e LTDNEP m the left side o g location spe ut DR program
hart shows ho o estimate LR
orous works ds” in twork d as a blem. ype of s) and , DR n, the ng the
future of the ments
and s. The r each each k and node. is not tailed
bution nce it matical zation ble of ms, we
DNEP gence cur in
ion of d GA scape factor ause it weight good twork or, we kward DNEP DNEP ward-ork in
ecific model of the ecific ms is ow to RIC of
As s the b abov dema calcu and to an incre first cons expa incen to c redu redu least effec whil selec same LRIC inve selec
In o
hown in the F base case is d ve, the LRIC o and nodes t ulated by givi
developing ex nnuity of cha emental load.
we develop sidering DR pr ansion along w
ntive value th cover their c uction is est uction cost fu t cost expansio ctive DR pro
e compensatin cted node. Th e methodolog C with DR
stment can be cted node and
our approach
Fig.1, once the developed usi of the distribut that triggers ng incrementa xpansion plan
nge in PV of To estimate th p a new ne
rograms as a c with other can hat can compe
costs and br timated usin nction at eac on plan provid ograms that m
ng customers en, as shown gy for estimati for demand e calculated by
developing ex
described ab
e network exp ing the mode ution network w
new invest al load to the ns again. The f expansion c
he LRIC with etwork expan candidate opti ndidate networ ensate custom ring the req ng the custo ch selected n ides the inform
maximize ut for their lost n in the figure ting LRIC wi d nodes that
y giving incre xpansion plan
above, we as
ansion plan fo l we describe without DR fo tment can b selected node LRIC is equa cost divided b h DR program nsion plan b ion for networ rk options. Th mers adequatel quired deman omer deman ode. This new mation on cos
ility’s benefi service at eac , following th thout DR, th triggers new emental load t ns again.
sume that th or ed or be es al by ms, by rk he ly nd nd w
st-ts ch he he w to
n e t t a e m t m b t r m o a d a
C
I r s i f f b k i i c
F d
E
T f t
network dem examine how the timing of n time change approach is n experiencing management c these areas, in methodology by considering to meet positi replacement o management. of-life cost of and reliability detailed mathe a forthcoming
CASE STUD
In the present rigorous appr specific LRIC n Queensland four zone sub feeders, 473 branches. The km. The total
ncluding 133 ndustrial cus corresponding
Fig. 2. Zone distribution ne
Estimating L
To estimate th first develope the base case t
mand continuo a nodal incre new investme is translated ot applicable low or no lo can defer repl n a future study
of estimating g not only the ive load grow of existing ag This will be
existing netw y cost as a f ematical form
paper.
DY
t study, we i roach we dev C for a realisti d with and wit stations (66/1 distribution e total length number of p 363 residentia stomers. One g distribution n
e substation N etwork.
LRIC witho
he LRIC of s d the long te that is for cu
ously growin ement in dem ents in the net d to tariffs.
to the netwo oad growth. lacement of a y we intend to g LRIC of dis e time change wth but also t ging equipme achieved by i work equipmen function of l mulation for th
illustrate the veloped for e ic 747-bus di thout DR. Thi 11 kV) with 3
transformer of 11 kV fee premises in th
al, 2565 com e of 4 zone network is dep
No. 1 and t
ut DR
selected buse rm network e urrent given de
ng over time mand would ch
work and then Therefore, ork areas pres Since the dem aging equipme
o present a det stribution netw of new invest the time chan nt due to dem incorporating nt in its O&M oading level. his will be giv
application o estimating loc istribution net s network inc 33 outgoing 1 s, and 742 eders is abou his area are 16 mmercial, and
e substations picted in Fig.
the correspon
s without DR expansion pla emand data at
e and hange
n this , this sently
mand ent in tailed works tment nge in mand loss-M cost
. The ven in
of the cation twork cludes 1 kV line ut 130 6253, d 325 s and
2.
nding
R, we an for t each
bus cons regu long Tabl trans to th year expa 172. We s For t plan 29 k year buse Whe least 716 and 2 in th woul plan AUS disco woul LRIC 2771
Tab
T
Esti
In t cons For
for first ye sidering trans ulators as cand -run network le I shows t sformers, and he network to planning peri ansion plan o 793 million. selected bus 2 this purpose, w
by giving 50k keeping the s
s for bus 29 es. Table II g en the demand t cost network kVA of add 231 kVA of le he system com
ld result in to to increase to S$ 172.793 m ounted cost ld be AUS$ 6 C (with ann 1/kW.
ble 1. Least cost n
year
1 2 3 4 5 Total
Table 2I. Least co in
year
1 2 3 4 5 Total
imating LRI
his section, sidering DR as this purpose,
ear with 4% sformers, line didate options expansion pla that total of 6600 kVA of meet the pro iod. The total of the base c
29 to estimate we developed kW incremen same load gro
and keeping gives the new d at bus 29 is k expansion p ditional distrib
ess capacity o mpared to the otal discounted o AUS$ 173. million for the
increment du 600,000 and th
uity factor o
network expansio
Capacity additio network option T/F
(kVA) (
17633 0 539 500 0 18672
ost network expan ncrement at bus 2
Capacity additio network option T/F
(kVA) (
18223 0 565 600 0 19388
IC with DR
we estimate s candidate op
least cost n
% annual loa es, capacitors for network e an for the bas
19388kVA f capacitors w ojected deman l discounted c case is found
e the location d another netw nt to first year
rowth of 4% the same dem w network ex s increased b planning analy
bution transfo of capacitors w e base case. d cost of netw .393 million a e base case. during the pl he correspond of 0.23) wo
on plan for Base c
ons by
n type N
Cap. (KVA)
4786 0 1383 662 0
6831 1
nsion plan with 5 29 without DR
ons by
n type N
Cap. (KVA)
4532 0 1967 101 0
6600 1
the LRIC ption for netw network expan
ad growth b s and voltag expansion. Th e case given i of distributio would be adde nd during the cost of networ d to be AUS
specific LRIC work expansio
demand at bu for remainin mand for othe
xpansion plan y a 50kW, th ysis shows tha ormer capacit would be adde These change work expansio as compared t Thus the tota lanning perio ding annual un uld be AUS
case without DR
PV cost (k$)
- - - - - 172793
50kW demand
PV cost (k$)
- - - - - 173393
at bus 29 b work expansion
nsion plannin by ge he in on ed 5 rk S$
C. on us ng er n. he at ty ed es on to al od nit S$
e c c m c D d n c T i t c T k p t n D A a t t
H T w e i c c i N m d p T A c L
K
T e n
exercise is ca candidate opti candidate ne methodology considered as DR is incorp demand at bu net of the give cost network Table III. As
mplement DR this network a cost-effective This level of kVA of dist planning perio the capacitor a network expan DR is found t AUS$ 172.295 are included in the total discou the planning p
Table III
year
Capac
T (kV
1 15 2
3 2 4 5 5
Total 16
How would D To answer th with DR. For expansion pla ncrement to candidate opti cost expansion
ncrement at b NPV cost of million from discounted va period due to The unit annu AUS$ 718/kW could reduce LRIC.
KEY FINDI
This paper expansion pla networks whi
arried out by ions for netw etwork optio
section, the the cost of DR porated in th us with DR a en demand red
expansion pla shown in th R programs a area during th residential D DR program tribution tran od compared addition by 3 nsion plan of to be AUS$17 5 million whe n the system d
unted avoided period would b
. Least cost netw
city additions by
T/F VA)
DR ( cus 907
0 51 63 0 721
DR program ch his question, w
r this purpose, anning exerci bus 29 by ons alongside n planning w bus 29 shows network exp m AUS$ 1
alue of incre o demand inc al LRIC at bu W. This prese
the network
INGS AND F
presents a anning mode ich we devel
y considering ork expansion ons. As d
incentive o R and deman he model by s total deman duction profil an for DR ca he table, it is at 4470 resid
he 5 year per DR penetratio penetration w nsformer add to base case 320 kVA. The f this network
72. 793 millio en DR program during the plan d network cos be AUS$ 4980
ork expansion pla
network option t programs (no. of stomers )
C (K
2472 5 0
1899 1 100
0
4470 7
hange the LRI we calculated , we carried ou
se by giving considering e other networ with DR with that it would pansion plan
172.295 mill ease cost dur crease would us 29 with DR ent analysis s expansion co
FINAL REM
detailed dist l for large a loped under a
DR program n along with
escribed in offered to D nd reduction d y modifying nd in the base
le of DR. The ase is present s cost-effectiv dential premis
riod. That is, on is about would reduce dition during e, while incre e total NPV co
k area withou on as compar m in 4470 prem
nning period. t due to DR d 000.
an for DR case
ype
NPV co (k$) Cap
KVA)
811 - 0 - 257 - 83 -
0 - 151 17229
IC of the netw d LRIC of bu ut another net
a 50kW dem DR program rk options. Th h a 50kW dem
d increase the to AUS$ 172 lion. Thus, ring the plan be AUS$156 R is estimated
shows that the ost and henc
MARKS
tribution net active distrib a research pr
ms as other
the DR is
due to total e case e least ted in ve to ses in total 33%. 1951 g the easing
ost of ut the red to mises Thus during
ost
5
work? us 29 twork
mand m as he lest
mand e total 2.451 total nning 6000. to be e DR ce the
twork bution roject
titled Aust prese distr appli 747-and detai can expa effec avoid estim
In th in t meth netw estim term cons LRIC distr inten node base indiv cost in Au grow redu Exis deve grow relat meth distr inten spec grow cost relia
Ack
The finan Rese ackn Co. L
REF
[1] P.
d “Planning tralian distrib ented a rigoro ribution netwo ied the metho -bus distributio
without DR. iled distributi
be used no ansion plans
ctive penetra ded network mating LRIC o
he present stud the network hodology for work. We int
mate the LRIC m network exp suming, it wou C for each ribution netw nd to develop es which are
d on therma vidual nodes
sensitive nod ustralia are pr wth. In this sc ucing the co ting approach eloped assum wth always, a ted network hods would n ribution netwo nd to develop ific LRIC o wth. This will of existing n bility cost as a
knowledgme
authors tha ncial support earch Allianc nowledge the Ltd. in provid
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