Blood_Notes[1].ppt

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Blood – General Notes



Blood is a viscous fluid. It’s temperature is

approximately 38.5

°C, pH ranges from

7.35 to 7.45.



Male – 5 to 6 liters of blood

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BLOOD

I.

I. FunctionFunction

A. Transportation

1. O

1. O₂₂ to all body tissues and elimination of CO to all body tissues and elimination of CO₂₂ 2. Nutrients and Waste

2. Nutrients and Waste

3. Hormones 3. Hormones B. Regulation B. Regulation 1. pH 1. pH 2. Temperature 2. Temperature C. Protection C. Protection

1. Blood Loss

a. platelets

b. clots

2. Against foreign particles

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II. Make-up of blood (components)

– made up of 45% formed elements

and 55% plasma

A. Formed elements

1.

1. RBC’sRBC’s (erythrocytes) – 4.5-5 million/mm (erythrocytes) – 4.5-5 million/mm33

2.

2.WBC’sWBC’s (leukocytes) – 5,000-10,000/mm (leukocytes) – 5,000-10,000/mm33

a. granular leukocytes –a. granular leukocytes –

1. neutrophils (60-70%)-phagocytic

2. eosinophils (2-4%) - protect against

2. eosinophils (2-4%) - protect against parasites parasites and irritants that

and irritants that cause allergies cause allergies 3. basophils (.5-1%) - function in allergic

3. basophils (.5-1%) - function in allergic reactions and secrete heparin

reactions and secrete heparin which prevents which prevents blood clots

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b.

b. AgranularAgranular 1.

1. Lymphocytes (20-25%) – Lymphocytes (20-25%) – stimulate antibody formation

stimulate antibody formation

1.

1. B-Lymphocytes produce B-Lymphocytes produce antibodies

antibodies

2.

2. T-Lymphocytes attack T-Lymphocytes attack foreign foreign cells directly

cells directly

2.

2. Monocytes (3-8%) Monocytes (3-8%) (become macrophages)

(become macrophages)

phagocytic “clean up”; phagocytic “clean up”; increase during long

increase during long

term infectionsterm infections

3. Platelets – (thrombocytes)

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B. Plasma

1.

Water (91.5%)

2.

Solutes (8.5%)

> Plasma Proteins

a. Albumins – makes up 55% of

solutes; produced by liver;

maintains

water balance.

b. Globulins – 38% of solutes,

antibodies for immune response.

c. Fibrinogins – 7% of solutes;

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Blood Cell Formation and Structure

I.

I. Blood Cell formationBlood Cell formation

A. Hematopoiesis – formation process

1. Takes place in the red bone

marrow long bones and

some

some lymphatic tissues. lymphatic tissues.

2. All formed elements are made

from a common type of

hemopoietichemopoietic stem stem cell

cell ( (hemocytoblasthemocytoblast)) present in the red

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II. Red Blood Cells

 Life span is about 120 _{Life span is about 120} days

days

A.

A. Structure Structure

1.

1. BiconcaveBiconcave

2.

2. No nucleus or other No nucleus or other organelles; cannot

organelles; cannot

divide

3.

3. Hemoglobin – red Hemoglobin – red pigment

pigment

a. globin – four protein

part

b. hemes – four non

protein parts

protein parts 

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B. Function

1. Transport oxygen to

body tissues and

carbon dioxide away

from body tissues

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C. Disorders

1.

1. Anemia – inability for Anemia – inability for

blood to carry the

adequate amount of

oxygen to tissues.

2.

2. Sickle Cell – deformity Sickle Cell – deformity

in the shape of the RBC

3.

3. Hypoxia – deficiency of Hypoxia – deficiency of

oxygen in the cell

a. Cyanosis – bluish a. Cyanosis – bluish

coloration of skin caused coloration of skin caused by hypoxia

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III. White Blood Cells

 Life span - only a _{Life span - only a}

few healthy days in

the body.

A. Structure of all

WBC’s

1. Has nucleus 1. Has nucleus

2. Do not have 2. Do not have

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B. Structure of Granular B. Structure of Granular

Leukocytes Leukocytes

1. Lobed nucleus 1. Lobed nucleus

2. Large granules in 2. Large granules in

cytoplasm cytoplasm

C. Structure of Agranular C. Structure of Agranular

Leukocytes Leukocytes

1. Smaller in size 1. Smaller in size

2. No visible granules in 2. No visible granules in

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D. Function – defend body against

foreign particles

1.

Granular Leukocytes

a. Neutrophils – most numerous

phagocyte

b. Eosinophils – protect against parasites

and irritants that cause allergies

c. Basophils – functions in allergic

reactions and secrete heparin which

prevents blood clots

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2. Agranular Leukocytes

a. Lymphocytes – stimulate antibody

formation

1. B-Lymphocytes produce antibodies

2. L-Lymphocytes directly attack

foreign cells

b. Monocytes – become macrophages;

clean up

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IV. Platelets

A.

A. StructureStructure

1. Disc shaped 1. Disc shaped 2. No Nucleus 2. No Nucleus

B. Function –prevents B. Function –prevents

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ABO and Rh Blood Types

I.

Vocabulary

A. Antigen – surface markers on the

RBCs that stimulate the blood to make

antibodies.

B. Antibody – substances found in the

plasma that agglutinate (clump) with

associated antigen.

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II. Types

A.

A. Type AType A

1. Type A antigen on RBC 1. Type A antigen on RBC

2. Type B antibody in plasma 2. Type B antibody in plasma 3. Second most common type 3. Second most common type

B. Type B B. Type B

1. Type B antigen on RBC 1. Type B antigen on RBC

2. Type A antibody in plasma 2. Type A antibody in plasma

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C. Type AB

1. Type A and B

antigens on RBC

2. No antibodies in

the plasma

3. Rarest blood type

4. Universal recipient

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D. Type O

1. No antigens on

RBC

2. Both A and B

antibodies in plasma

3. Most common

blood type

4. Universal donor

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III. Rh Factor

 Named from experiment with rhesus monkey_{Named from experiment with rhesus monkey}

A.

A. Rh+ contains Rh antigen on RBC surfaceRh+ contains Rh antigen on RBC surface

B.

B. Rh- no Rh antigen on the RBCRh- no Rh antigen on the RBC

1. No anti-Rh antibodies present normally in

plasma

2. Antibodies only become present if Rh- person’s

blood is exposed to Rh+ blood.

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IV. Clinical Terms

A.

A. Transfusion – Transfusion –

transfer blood

directly into the

bloodstream

1.

1. PlasmaPlasma

2.

2. ComponentsComponents

3.

3. Even red bone Even red bone

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B. Agglutinate – clumping of the blood

1. Donors RBCs bind to the recipient’s

antibodies and blood clumps

2. Clogs the capillaries

C. Hemolysis – occurs when clumped blood

is in capillaries

1. Cells swell and burst

2. Hemoglobin leaks out

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I. RBC Formation Cycle

1.

1. The globin chains of The globin chains of

hemoglobin are broken hemoglobin are broken down into individual

down into individual amino acids and are amino acids and are metabolized or used to metabolized or used to build new proteins.

build new proteins.

2.

2. Iron is released from the Iron is released from the

heme and converted heme and converted into biliverdin, which is into biliverdin, which is then converted into then converted into billirubin.

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3. Iron is distributed to

various tissues for

storage or transported

to the red bone

marrow and used in

the production of new

hemoglobin.

4. Free bilirubin is

transported to the

liver.

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5. Most conjugated

bilirubin is excreted

as part of the bile;

some is excreted in

the urine.

6. Bilirubin derivatives

contribute to the color

of feces or are

reabsorbed and

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II. Mechanisms that stop bleeding

A.

A. Vascular SpasmVascular Spasm

1.

1. Occurs in blood Occurs in blood

vessels vessels

2.

2. Smooth muscle Smooth muscle

contraction to reduce contraction to reduce blood flow in

blood flow in

response to a cut response to a cut

3.

3. Temporary fix until Temporary fix until

the rest of the the rest of the

mechanisms can mechanisms can work

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B. Platelet Plug

1. Platelet adhesion

a. Platelets stick to wound

b. Bind to collagen fibers

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2. Platelet Activation

a. Platelets enlarge

b. Adhere to one another

c. Release substances that produce more

platelets that stick to original platelets and

form the plug

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3. Reinforcing the Plug

a. Fibrin threads hold

the plug tightly

b. These threads are

formed in coagulation

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C. Coagulation

1.

1. VocabularyVocabulary

a.

a. Serum – blood plasma without clotting proteinsSerum – blood plasma without clotting proteins

b.

b. Clot – network of insoluble proteins that trap blood cellsClot – network of insoluble proteins that trap blood cells

c.

c. Coagulation factors – calcium, enzymes, and other Coagulation factors – calcium, enzymes, and other

molecules molecules

d.

d. Thrombosis – blood clot in unbroken vesselThrombosis – blood clot in unbroken vessel

e.

e. Extrinsic Pathway – named because the coagulation Extrinsic Pathway – named because the coagulation

factor that initiates coagulation is on the outside of the factor that initiates coagulation is on the outside of the

cells. cells.

f.

f. Intrinsic pathway – named because the production of Intrinsic pathway – named because the production of

prothrombinase is started in the lining of the vessel or prothrombinase is started in the lining of the vessel or

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2. Stage 1

a. Production of prothrombinase

3. Stage 2

a. Conversion of prothrombin into

enzyme thrombin

4. Stage 3

a. Thrombin forms fibrin

b. Fibrin forms threads of the blood clot

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III. After blood clot formation

A.

Clot retraction

1. Platelets pull on fibrin threads

2. Fibrin threads tighten

3. As retraction occurs the damaged end of

the vessels pull closer

B. Fibrinolysis

1. Digestion of the fibrin threads

2. Dissolving of the clot

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B.

Hemopoiesis/Hematopoiesis

– formation

process

1.

Takes place in red marrow

(myeloid

tissue) of

flat and long bones

and

some lymphatic tissue which

produces monocytes and lymphocytes

2.

All formed elements arise from a

common type of

stem cell

(hemocytoblast)

which resides in

red

bone marrow

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C.

Mechanisms of Disease

1.

Most blood disorders result from

failure of blood-producing tissues.

Causes

include: toxic chemicals,

radiation

(natural or cancer therapy),

inherited,

virus, or cancer

2.

Diseased bone marrow detection

by

ABC (aspiration biopsy cytology)

through sternal puncture. If diseased =

need bone marrow transplant

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II.

II. RBC’sRBC’s

A.

A. Function – transport OFunction – transport O₂₂ to all body to all body cells

cells and COand CO₂₂ away from all body cells away from all body cells (hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin)

(hemoglobin, oxyhemoglobin) B.

B. Structure – disc shaped, Structure – disc shaped, no nucleusno nucleus and

and few to zero organellesfew to zero organelles C.

C. HematocritHematocrit – centrifuge test to – centrifuge test to separate

separate whole blood into formed elements whole blood into formed elements and

and liquid fractionliquid fraction 1.

1. RBC’s at bottom – 45%RBC’s at bottom – 45% 2.

2. buffy coat – leukocytes & platelets – buffy coat – leukocytes & platelets – 1%

1% 3.

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D.

D. Disorders – Disorders – anemiaanemia – inability of blood – inability of blood

to

to carry adequate oxygen to tissues; carry adequate oxygen to tissues;

characteristics include abnormal RBC

numbers and deficiency of hemoglobin

1.

1. aplastic anemiaaplastic anemia – low RBC count – low RBC count

due

due to bone marrow destruction; bone to bone marrow destruction; bone

marrow transplants sometimes

successful as a treatment

2.

2. pernicious anemiapernicious anemia – low RBC – low RBC

count

count due to lack of vitamin Bdue to lack of vitamin B₁₂₁₂; ;

intramuscular

intramuscular injections of Binjections of B₁₂₁₂

3.

3. folate-deficiency anemiafolate-deficiency anemia – low – low

RBC

RBC count due to lack of folic acid count due to lack of folic acid

(B

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E.

E. Hemoglobin changes (both amount & Hemoglobin changes (both amount & quality

quality is important)is important) 1.

1. normal ranges – normal ranges – males: 14-16 g/100 mlmales: 14-16 g/100 ml females: 12-14 g/100 ml

females: 12-14 g/100 ml 2.

2. iron deficiency anemiairon deficiency anemia – low hemoglobin – low hemoglobin due to lack of iron; treat with “Geritol” or

due to lack of iron; treat with “Geritol” or other other iron supplements

iron supplements 3.

3. hemolytic anemiahemolytic anemia – can be inherited, – can be inherited, abnormality of hemoglobin that causes

abnormality of hemoglobin that causes deformity deformity and fragility of RBC’s

and fragility of RBC’s a.

a. sickle cell anemiasickle cell anemia – cell deformity – cell deformity b.

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III.

III. WBC’sWBC’s A.

A. Function – defend the body from Function – defend the body from foreign invaders

foreign invaders 1.

1. GranularGranular a.

a. Neutrophils – most numerous Neutrophils – most numerous phagocytes

phagocytes b.

b. Eosinophils – protect against Eosinophils – protect against parasites and irritants that

parasites and irritants that cause allergiescause allergies c.

c. Basophils – function in allergic Basophils – function in allergic reactions and secrete heparin

reactions and secrete heparin which which prevents blood clots

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B.

Disorders

1.

Leukopenia

– abnormally low

WBC

count

2.

Leukocytosis

– abnormally high

WBC count; more common than

leukopenia – result of infections

3.

Leukemia

– “blood cancer” –

elevated WBC count; cells do not

function properly