KNC History

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Kiribati National Certificate

HISTORY

2012

QUESTION and ANSWER BOOKLET

Time allowed: 3 hours (plus 10 minutes reading time) INSTRUCTIONS

 Write your code number in the box provided on the front and at the back of this booklet

 Answer FOUR questions only – Question ONE plus ANY other three Questions

 Do not waste time on the theme that you have NOT studied

 Spend at least 45 minutes on each Question

THIS QUESTION IS COMPULSORY Marks

QUESTION ONE Pages 2 - 11

IMPERIALISM NATIONALISM & DECOLONIZATION

 Kiribati in the Pacific since 1919

 Nationalism & Decolonization in Kiribati 1945 – 1980

30

Answer ANY THREE of the Questions below QUESTION

TWO Pages 12 - 21

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT  Kiribati since 1945

 Japan 1929 - 1970 ₃₀

QUESTION THREE Pages 22 - 31

INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS  The Origins of World War II 1919 – 1941

 Kiribati and the Pacific since 1945 30

QUESTION FOUR Pages 32 - 41

GOVERNMENT AND LEADERSHIP  China 1921 – 1949

 USSR 1924 - 1957 30

QUESTION FIVE Pages 42 - 51

CONFLICT  Black Civil Rights in the USA 1954 – 1970

 Palestine / Israel 1935 - 1967 30

PLEASE HAND OVER THIS BOOKLET TO THE SUPERVISOR AT THE END OF THE EXAMINATION

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PART A: SHORT ANSWER ITEMS (18 marks)

Using the resources provided and your own knowledge, answer the questions that follow;

Resource A: Imperialism in Kiribati

1. Who is represented by the big man in Resource A above?

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2. Which event in Pacific history is the cartoonist commenting on?

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3. What type of personality or behavior of the big man is the cartoonist trying to show in Resource A above?

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4. Based on the process of colonialism, identify ONE way the ‘Big man’ is hurting the ‘Small man’.

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QUESTION 1 Compulsory

Imperialism Nationalism and

Decolonization

Imperialism in the Pacific up to 1919

Nationalism and Decolonization in Kiribati 1945 - 1980

Small man – ‘Will you let go of my arm please, you are hurting me’.

Big man – ‘Not unless I take what I want from you’.

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Resource B: Imperialism in Kiribati

5. To which colonial power does ‘home government’ highlighted in Resource B refer?

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6. Interpret what is meant by the following statement; ‘…had no appetite for more colonial adventures’

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7. Describe why a colonial power considered New Zealand to be more valuable than Kiribati or Tuvalu as a colony?

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The home government had no appetite for more colonial adventures….and did not assert their natural sovereign rights in Oceania except in New Zealand where the value of the prize and the urgent need for authority led her to annex the islands in 1840, just to frustrate the French.

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Resource C: Nationalism and Decolonization in Kiribati

8. Identify the country whose flag is shown in the cartoon in Resource C.

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9. Identify a country represented by the man who is protesting in Resource C.

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10. What Historical concept is the cartoonist trying to convey in the Resource above?

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11. Give TWO factors responsible for the development of Nationalism among the people of Kiribati?

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“THIS IS OUR COUNTRY! No-one can tell us what to do”.

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Resource D: Nationalism and Decolonization in Kiribati

12. Identify the building in Resource D.

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13. Where was the picture taken?

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14. Describe the significant purpose of the building.

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Former Kiribati National Parliament

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PART B: ESSAY ITEMS (12 marks)

Using the Resources and your own knowledge, write an essay of approximately 250 – 350

words on ONE of the four essay questions provided. The resources SHOULD NOT be reproduced

and HINTS are only guidelines to help you remember. Begin with a Brief work plan.

IMPERIALISM IN THE PACIFIC

EITHER

A. Outline the imperial policies of at least TWO Imperial powers of your choice. Describe

how these policies were carried out in the Pacific by those Imperial powers.

OR

B. Give at least TWO social positive impacts of the Europeans on the People in Kiribati.

Describe how these have benefitted the people of Kiribati.

HINTS

 Commercial Interests

 Prestige and Catholic faith

 Coconut plantations in Samoa

HINTS

 Religion

 Education

 Peace settlements and reconciliation

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OR

NATIONALISM AND DECOLONIZATION IN KIRIBATI

C. Explain why Nationalism developed among the people of Kiribati. State the reasons why

the attainment of Independence was delayed by the British Government?

OR

D. Outline the major aims of the Gilbertese Nationalist Party. Describe how successful the

GNP was in achieving those aims.

HINTS

 External influences

 Internal influences

 Banabans Secession Issue

 Ellice Islanders separation issue

HINTS

 To speed up political independence

 The unwritten aims

 The Ellice islanders left Kiribati

 Positions in the Civil service vacant

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Part A

Part B

Structure

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Using the resources provided and your own knowledge, answer the questions that follow;

Resource A: Kiribati since 1945

1. According to Resource A, what type of economy existed in Kiribati by 1945?

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2. Define what ‘cash economy’ is, highlighted in Resource A.

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3. Why was a large percentage of the population involved in the ‘subsistence sector’ by

1945?

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4. Based on Resource A above, phosphate industry was re-opened after 1945. Explain what

happened to phosphate industry before 1945.

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QUESTION 2

Economic development

Kiribati since 1945

Japan 1929 - 1970

1945 was the beginning of the post-war period and although commercial activities had been introduced by early European traders, a large proportion of the population is still engaged in subsistence activities. With the re-opening of the phosphate industry and the growth of copra trading, Kiribati in the early years after the war, until the 1970s, depended very heavily on the commercial benefits of the phosphate and copra industries.

Since the war, a large percentage of the population is involved in the subsistence sector. Nature endowed these islands with limited resources, and the people successfully made use of the resources that are available. Food was obtained through subsistence agriculture, and also through subsistence fishing activities. The only form of commercial activity that most of the Kiribati people were connected with was through the trading of copra operated by the island cooperative societies established on the islands after the war. A very small proportion of the population is involved in the cash economy.

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Resource B: Kiribati since 1945

Phosphate industry employment

YEAR Number of Employees

1951 897

1962 780

1970 510

1972 464

1974 561

1978 381

1980

-5. Identify ONE benefit of getting employed in the phosphate industry

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6. According to Resource B, give a reason why there were no employees in 1980?

_______________________________________________________________________

7. Comment on the pattern of employment for the period 1951 to 1978. What does

the pattern tell you about phosphate on Banaba?

_______________________________________________________________________

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Resource C: Japan 1929 – 1970

8. Which country is represented by the soldiers?

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9. What does the red carpet represents?

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10.Name ONE country represented by the ladies in the front.

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11.Based on Resource C, what was Japan’s reason for the red carpet?

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Red Carpet

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Resource D: Japan 1929 - 1970

12. Where is the picture taken?

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13. What caused the destruction?

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14. Explain the economic impact of the event depicted in Resource D, on Japan.

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The industrial Hall, Hiroshima, the only building to remain standing.

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KIRIBATI SINCE 1945 EITHER

A. Explain why subsistence economy dominated the lives of people in Kiribati by 1945.

Outline the new developments that highlight the change from subsistence to a cash

economy.

OR

B. Explain the main economic constraints which have prevented Kiribati from developing

effectively. Describe how overseas aid helps to overcome these constraints.

HINTS

 Most people lived in Rural areas

 Lack of formal education

 Revival of Phosphate mining

 Seamen on foreign going ships

HINTS

 Limited resources

 Limited capital

 Makes us economically dependent

 Sustain economic viability

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OR

JAPAN 1929 - 1970

C. Outline the major effects of the Great Depression on Japan? Describe how Japan

responded to such economic crisis.

OR

D. Describe how the American occupation benefitted Japan economically. Why was

economic development possible at this stage?

HINTS

 Collapse of silk industry

 Unemployment

 Expansion

 Deflationary policies

HINTS

 Industrial development

 Reforms

 The cold war

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Part A

Part B

Structure

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Resource A: Origins of World War II

1. Name the person depicted as Santa Claus in Resource A above.

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2. Name ANY country represented by the little babies on the bed in the Resource above.

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3. Which Great power had these smaller countries or babies been allied to before they were taken over by Santa Claus?

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4. Name TWO countries Hitler had already put into the sack by late 1938.

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QUESTION 3

International relations

The origins of World war ii 1919 - 1941

Kiribati in the pacific since 1945

‘Europe can look forward to a Christmas of peace’, says Hitler

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Resource B: Origins of World War II

5. Name EITHER the bride OR bridegroom at the wedding in Resource B above.

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6. When did the wedding, in Resource B above, take place?

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7. According to the caption, Clifford Berryman pictured the alliance as a marriage with an uncertain future. Give ONE reason for this uncertainty?

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__________________________________________________________________ In August 1939, the world was stunned by the announcement of the signing of the

German – Soviet non aggression pact. In the above cartoon, ‘Wonder how long the honeymoon will last?’, American cartoonist Clifford Berryman pictured the alliance as a marriage with an uncertain future.

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Resource C: Kiribati and the Pacific since 1945

8. Identify the regional organization assembling in Resource C?

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9. What is the symbol of regionalism according to Islands Business?

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10. Name ONE member country of the organization from Polynesia.

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11. Describe why member countries preferred this organization than the South Pacific Commission.

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Flags at a Forum Meeting

No flag exists for the region, but the flags of all member nations, usually in a circle, have become a major symbol of regionalism (Islands Business).

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Resource D: Kiribati in the Pacific since 1945

12. What is a ‘Donor Country’?

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13. Identify the type of aid given according to Resource D.

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14. Based on Resource D, comment on the commitment of UK and New Zealand as “Donor Countries” to Kiribati after independence.

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Donor Country Amount at different years

1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987

UK 4844 11935 8405 8406 9900 6011 6858 5241 5383

Australia 2280 2590 2800 2330 2130 2820 2330 2800 2620

New Zealand 251 447 199 403 503 625 1169 2450 2500

Japan 240 945 1300 1050 2400 1690 3570 6300 5200

European Economic Community 1434 50 991 350 1609 2495 1014 1300 3036

Asian Development Bank 310 200 200 500 600 700 1200

World Health Organization 300 300 300 300 300 400 400 400 400

United Nations Development Programme 100 100 200 100 500 700

Save the Children Federation 5 230 220 340 340 440 575 530

USA Peace Corps 60 100 300 300 630 435

Canada and West Germany 175 175 275 275 425 475 475 525 575

China 300 300 300

Others 130 140 190 270 270 270

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THE ORIGINS OF WORLD WAR II 1919 – 1941

EITHER

A. Outline the main clauses in the Treaty of Versailles that angered the Germans most. In

what ways did the clauses in the Treaty of Versailles contribute to the outbreak of

World War II?

OR

B. Explain why Britain and France adopted a policy of Appeasement between 1936 and

1939? Why did this policy fail to prevent the outbreak of war?

HINTS

 Reparation

 Disarmament

 Germany felt betrayed

 Hitler’s use of the clauses to his advantage

HINTS

 They were not ready to fight

 They hope Hitler will be satisfied and stop expanding

 Hitler became more greedy

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OR

KIRIBATI AND THE PACIFIC SINCE 1945

C. Identify at least TWO regional bodies established in the late 1960s. Describe the

intentions for their establishment.

OR

D. What were the ‘political issues’ that determine Kiribati foreign policies after

independence? Describe why Kiribati standing on these issues is very important.

HINTS

 SPF

 USP

 To be rid of Metropolitan dominance

 To improve education

HINTS

 Nuclear testing

 Decolonization

 Danger of Radio-activity

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Part A

Part B

Structure

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Resource A: USSR 1924 – 1957

1. According to Resource A above, who was murdered?

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2. What was the motive of the murderer according to the Resource above?

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3. Provide TWO evidences from Resource A that show Nikolayev was going to shoot Kirov? __________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

4. What was odd about the car accident regarding Kirov’s chief bodyguard?

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ QUESTION 4 Government and leadership

China 1921 - 1949

USSR 1924 - 1957

Kirov was shot by a communist called Nikolayev who was briefly been expelled from the Party in Leningrad and had threatened to shoot someone as a protest. So he did have a motive. However, the circumstances were odd, to say the least:

 Six weeks before the murder, Nikolayev had been arrested at the Leningrad Party Headquarters for acting suspiciously but had been released without being searched.

 A few days before the murder, he was caught again. This time, he was searched and found to be carrying a gun. But again he had been released.

 Nikolayev had a valid pass which took him past the guard at the gate but all the guard-posts inside the building were unmanned.

Security at the Party HQ had not been very strict, partly because Kirov himself had objected to tight security. Later, it was said that security arrangements had been made by the head of security police and he had been instructed by an old friend of Stalin. It was also odd that:

 Within months, this old friend lost his job and was later executed  Kirov’s chief bodyguard was not with him when he was killed

 The bodyguard died the next day in a car accident – all the other passengers survived  The other passengers were all later shot.

It is unlikely that we shall now ever know the full story of Kirov’s death. Nor do we know for certain who was behind it. However, Khrushchev later said, “There are reasons for the suspicion that Nikolayev was helped by someone from among the people whose duty it was to protect Kirov”.

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Resource B: USSR 1924 – 1957

5. Which country, does the partisans in Resource B were fighting for?

_______________________________________________________________________

6. Identify the enemy, the partisans were fighting against?

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7. What specifically were the two partisans trying to do in the photograph above?

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8. Give ONE reason why the partisans took up arms according to Resource B above?

______________________________________________________________________________ Partisans laying explosives under a railway track, in the Crimea, 1943.

Numbering more than half a million most were only civilians who took up arms because the enemy had been killing civilian populations without mercy. The Partisans by 1943 were well organized and supplied with weapons by Stalin.

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Resource C: China 1921 – 1949

9. Which country is represented by the tiger in Resource C above?

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10.How does the cartoonist portray China as a victim of aggression?

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11.Name TWO provinces Japan would get after the signing of the Truce of Tangku according to Resource C?

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12.In what way have ‘foreign interests’ represented by the man in the background reacted to Japan’s actions against China?

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________ On 31 March 1933, China and Japan signed the Truce of Tangku which ended the fighting between the two countries following the Kwantung Army’s invasion of Manchuria, however the Truce consolidated Japan’s claim over Manchuria and Jehol.

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Resource D: China 1921 – 1949

13.Who does Mao identify as a paper tiger?

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14.How does Mao describes a paper tiger according to Resource D?

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15.What event Mao was referring to when he said, ‘the day will come when these

reactionaries are defeated and we are victorious’?

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All reactionaries are paper tigers. In appearance, the reactionaries are terrifying, but in reality they are not so powerful. From a long-term point of view, it is not the reactionaries but the people who are really powerful. Chiang Kaishek and his supporters, the US reactionaries, are all paper tigers too…….

Although the Chinese people still face many difficulties and will long suffer hardships from the joint attacks of US imperialism and the Chinese reactionaries, the day will come when these reactionaries are defeated and we are victorious. The reason is simply this: the reactionaries represent reaction; we represent progress.

From a speech by Mao Zedong (1945)

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Using the Resources and your own knowledge, write an essay of approximately 250 – 350 words on ONE of the four essay questions provided. The resources SHOULD NOT be reproduced and HINTS are only guidelines to help you remember. Begin with a Brief work plan.

CHINA 1921 - 1949

EITHER

A. What political parties emerged in China by the 1920s? How did Chiang Kaishek manage to unify China under one single government?

OR

B. Outline at least TWO reasons for the Long March. Describe why only a few made it to Yanan.

HINTS

 GMD

 CCP

 Northern Expedition

 The Shanghai Massacre

HINTS

 The fifth Extermination campaign

 Japanese in Manchuria

 The obstacles

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OR

USSR 1924 - 1957

C. Give at least TWO reasons for Stalin’s policy of Industrialization. Describe how Stalin carries out this policy?

OR

D. Outline at least TWO of Stalin’s tactics in maintaining his authority in the 1930s. Describe the impact of these tactics to the USSR when World War II reaches Russian frontiers in 1941.

HINTS

 Extermination of Kulaks

 Backwardness of Russia

 Five year plan

 Targets and punishments

HINTS

 Purge

 Show Trials

 Lack of capable officers

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Part A:

Part B:

Structure:

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Resource A: Black Civil Right in the USA

1. Name the governor depicted in Resource A above.

__________________________________________________________________

2. What problem or issue is the cartoonist trying to comment on?

__________________________________________________________________

3. What is the cartoonist trying to say about the US Constitution?

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

QUESTION 5

conflict

Black civil right in the usa 1954 - 1970

Palestine/Israeli conflict 1935 - 1967

The governor of Alabama, about to be overwhelmed

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Resource B: Black Civil Right in the USA

4. Who does the man in Resource B above represent?

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5. What does ‘Never’ refer to?

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6. What action shows that he is unwilling to cross out ‘Never’?

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7. Based on Resource B, describe the situation of the American Education system by 1970.

_________________________________________________________________ _________________________________________________________________

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Resource C: Arab/Israeli conflict

8. What is the meaning of Zionism highlighted in Resource C above?

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9. What declaration promised British support to Zionism?

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10.Give ONE reason why the Arabs did not agree that a state of Israel should be formed.

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11.If Zionism succeeded, explain what will happen to the Jews?

__________________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________________

The following are the main submissions of the Arab League to an Anglo American Committee of Enquiry, March 1946, stating why the Arabs believed a state of Israel should not be formed:

1. The whole Arab people is unalterably opposed to the attempt to impose Jewish immigration and settlement upon it, and ultimately to establish a Jewish state in Palestine.

2. The entry of incessant waves of immigrants prevents normal economic and social development and causes constant dislocation of the country’s life.

3. Continued Land purchase and immigration by Jews is pushing the Arab population to the margin of cultivation and converting them into a landless proletariat.

4. If Zionism succeeds the Palestinians will be a minority in the own country; a minority which can hope for no more than a minor share in the government, for the state is to be a Jewish state.

Arab case Against Creating Israel (1946)

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Resource D: Arab/Israeli conflict

12.What particular event is shown in the photograph above?

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13.From which country did the refugees buy their weapons?

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14.Explain the kind of work the recruits did once they completed their trainings.

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A young guerilla with a Soviet-made sub-machine gun slung over his shoulder, crawls along a rope slung between two poles during a graduation ceremony at a refugee camp.

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Using the Resources and your own knowledge, write an essay of approximately 250 – 350 words on ONE of the four essay questions provided. The resources SHOULD NOT be reproduced and HINTS are only guidelines to help you remember. Begin with a Brief work plan.

BLACK CIVIL RIGHT IN USA 1954 – 1970

EITHER

A. Outline at least TWO non-violent protest actions organized in 1954 – 1964. Describe the white population’s reactions to these actions.

OR

B. What new directions were pursued when some Blacks lost faith in ‘non – violent’ tactics? Describe how these new directions were carried out.

HINTS

 Freedom ride

 Sit-in

 Violence

 Abuse

HINTS

 Black Panther

 Black power

 Revolutionary philosophy

 Black student Unions

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OR

PALESTINE/ISRAELI CONFLICT 1935 - 1967

C. Outline at least TWO main reasons why the Jews wanted a homeland in Palestine. Describe how the Arabs reacted to this idea.

OR

D. Why did open conflict break out in 1948? Explain why the Arabs failed to stop Israel becoming a state?

HINTS

 The Promised land

 Persecution

 Arab Rebellion

 Violence

HINTS

 British withdrawal

 Israeli declaration of Independence

 Israeli preparations

 Arabs divided

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Part A

Part B

Structure

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CODE NUMBER

QUESTION Part A Part B TOTAL

ONE

Compulsory

OPTIONS

TWO

THREE

FOUR

FIVE