Chapter 10

(1)

The Revolution: First Phase The Revolution: First Phase

(2)

Rizal and the Revolution

 Bonifacio, who had known Rizal the Liga days Bonifacio, who had known Rizal the Liga days

but whom Rizal did not know personally, wanted

Rizal’s opinion on the necessity of rising in arms

against the Spaniards.

 Valenzuela immediately proceeded to Rizal’s Valenzuela immediately proceeded to Rizal’s home.

home.

 He related the founding of the Katipunan and its He related the founding of the Katipunan and its aims, among which was to overthrow Spanish

aims, among which was to overthrow Spanish

authority.

(3)

 Rizal pointed out that a revolution without Rizal pointed out that a revolution without

sufficient arms should not be started against an

armed nation.

 Rizal suggested that influential and wealthy Rizal suggested that influential and wealthy

Filipinos be attracted to the cause of the society

in order to ensure the success of the revolution.

 Antonio Luna must be appointed to direct all Antonio Luna must be appointed to direct all military operations against the enemy.

military operations against the enemy.

 But Valenzuela pointed out the difficulty of But Valenzuela pointed out the difficulty of winning over the wealthy Filipinos to the

winning over the wealthy Filipinos to the

Katipunan side.

(4)

 Rizal’s doubt on the RevolutionRizal’s doubt on the Revolution

 Without arms the rebels would surely be Without arms the rebels would surely be

defeated and thereby cause irreparable

damage to the innocent people.

 Any revolution would be useless unless the Any revolution would be useless unless the

rebels were at least as armed as the enemy.

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Preparations for the Struggle

 Bonifacio ordered the manufacture of Bonifacio ordered the manufacture of

bolos to be distributed to the members of bolos to be distributed to the members of

the society. the society.

 Hope was present when the Japanese Hope was present when the Japanese

warship Kongo, with Admiral Kanimura on warship Kongo, with Admiral Kanimura on

board, had dropped anchor at Manila Bay board, had dropped anchor at Manila Bay

and that it might be possible for them to and that it might be possible for them to

seek the aid of the admiral in the struggle seek the aid of the admiral in the struggle

for national liberation. for national liberation.

(6)

(7)

 The Japanese admiral refused to commit The Japanese admiral refused to commit

his country to the revolutionary plan of his country to the revolutionary plan of

the society. the society.

 Bonifacio ordered, Tito Miguel and Roman Bonifacio ordered, Tito Miguel and Roman

Ramos, who were employed in the Ramos, who were employed in the

Maestranzas

Maestranzas (arsenal) and ordered them (arsenal) and ordered them to steal rifles and pistols, for the

to steal rifles and pistols, for the

Maestranzas

Maestranzas was a place where the was a place where the ordinance was located.

(8)

Spanish Suspicion Aroused

 The new members were impatient and in The new members were impatient and in

their impatience they met nightly, a their impatience they met nightly, a

circumstance that aroused the suspicion circumstance that aroused the suspicion

of the authorities. of the authorities.

 Rumors about the secret gatherings and Rumors about the secret gatherings and

that rifles and ammunition from Hong that rifles and ammunition from Hong

Kong and Yokohama were being landed. Kong and Yokohama were being landed.

 Blanco, the governor-general, was Blanco, the governor-general, was

reluctant to act upon the suggestion of reluctant to act upon the suggestion of

the friars, for he was not exactly the friars, for he was not exactly

sympathetic to the friars. sympathetic to the friars.

(9)

 In spite of these reports, most of which In spite of these reports, most of which

were exaggerated and calculated to force were exaggerated and calculated to force

the governor-general to act precipitately the governor-general to act precipitately

 The friars, undaunted by their rebuff, The friars, undaunted by their rebuff,

continued to pester the governor-general continued to pester the governor-general

with more reports of alleged secret with more reports of alleged secret

meetings. meetings.

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The Discovery of the Katipunans

 Apolonio de la Cruz and Teodoro Patiño Apolonio de la Cruz and Teodoro Patiño

had a misuderstanding and Patiño, had a misuderstanding and Patiño,

weakling that he was, took his revenge on weakling that he was, took his revenge on

Apolonio by revealing the secrets of the Apolonio by revealing the secrets of the

society to his sister, Honoria society to his sister, Honoria

 Sor Teresa suggested that Teodoro Patiño Sor Teresa suggested that Teodoro Patiño

tell all he knew to Father Mariano Gil. tell all he knew to Father Mariano Gil.

 Discovery of the Katipunan was Discovery of the Katipunan was

immediately followed by mass arrests of immediately followed by mass arrests of

Filipino suspects. Filipino suspects.

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Wealthy Filipinos Implicated

 The wealthy Filipinos refused to join the The wealthy Filipinos refused to join the

Katipunan. Katipunan.

 A trick should be played on them in such a A trick should be played on them in such a

way as to make it appear that they were way as to make it appear that they were

deeply involved in the Katipunan. deeply involved in the Katipunan.

 The result of this trick was unexpected: The result of this trick was unexpected:

instead of forcing the wealthy Filipinos to instead of forcing the wealthy Filipinos to

join or contribute to the society, they join or contribute to the society, they

denounced it and denied any knowledge denounced it and denied any knowledge

of its existence. of its existence.

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 Francisco L. Roxas was executed, while Francisco L. Roxas was executed, while

Luis R. Yangco and others were saved by Luis R. Yangco and others were saved by

bribing some highly placed Spanish bribing some highly placed Spanish

officials. officials.

(13)

The “Cry” of Pugadlawin

 Bonifacio secretly instructed his runners to Bonifacio secretly instructed his runners to summon all the leaders of the society to a

summon all the leaders of the society to a

general assembly to be held on August 24.

 On August 19, Bonifacio accompanied by his On August 19, Bonifacio accompanied by his brother Procopio, Emilio Jacinto, Teodoro Plata

brother Procopio, Emilio Jacinto, Teodoro Plata

and Aguedo del Rosario, slipped through the

cordon of Spanish sentries and reached

Balintawak before midnight.

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 On Aug. 23, Bonifacio asked his men On Aug. 23, Bonifacio asked his men

whether they were prepared to fight to whether they were prepared to fight to

the bitter end. All those assembled agreed the bitter end. All those assembled agreed

to fight to the last. to fight to the last.

 Bonifacio said, “bring out your Bonifacio said, “bring out your cedulascedulas

and tear them to pieces to symbolize our and tear them to pieces to symbolize our

determination to take up arms!” determination to take up arms!”

 This event marked the so-called “Cry of This event marked the so-called “Cry of

Balintawak,” which actually happened in Balintawak,” which actually happened in

Pugadlawin. Pugadlawin.

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(16)

First Skirmishes

 It was decided that all the rebels in the It was decided that all the rebels in the

surrounding towns be notified of the general

attack on Manila on the night of August 19,

1896.

 The intended attack on Manila did not The intended attack on Manila did not

materialize, however, probably because there

were not sufficient arms with which to carry out

the plan.

 Instead, Bonifacio and Jacinto led their men in Instead, Bonifacio and Jacinto led their men in attack on the powder magazine at San Juan del

attack on the powder magazine at San Juan del

Monte on August 30.

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 The defending Spaniards waited for the The defending Spaniards waited for the

reinforcement and as a result Bonifacio reinforcement and as a result Bonifacio

and his men lost the battle and were and his men lost the battle and were

driven back with heavy casualty. driven back with heavy casualty.

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The Revolution Spreads

 The Spaniards pursued them and in the The Spaniards pursued them and in the

battle that followed Bonifacio nearly lost battle that followed Bonifacio nearly lost

his life when a Spanish Bullet ripped the his life when a Spanish Bullet ripped the

collar of his shirt while he was protecting collar of his shirt while he was protecting

his friend Jacinto. his friend Jacinto.

(19)

 In the North, the rebels of San Isidro, In the North, the rebels of San Isidro,

armed with bolos and pointed sticks, armed with bolos and pointed sticks,

attacked the Spanish garrison on attacked the Spanish garrison on

September 2, 3 and 4. Led by Mariano September 2, 3 and 4. Led by Mariano

Llanera and accompanied by

Llanera and accompanied by musikong musikong bumbong

bumbong (band with bamboo (band with bamboo

instruments) the rebels attacked furiously instruments) the rebels attacked furiously

but were repulsed by heroic defense of but were repulsed by heroic defense of

the Spaniards. the Spaniards.

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Reign of Terror

 The provinces of The provinces of

1. 1. ManilaManila 2. 2. CaviteCavite 3. 3. LagunaLaguna 4. 4. Batangas Batangas 5. 5. Bulacan Bulacan 6. 6. Pampanga Pampanga 7. 7. Tarlac Tarlac 8.

8. Nueva Ecija Nueva Ecija

in a state of war and placing them under

martial law.

(21)

Fort Santiago

(

(22)

 Blanco, however, emphasized that “those Blanco, however, emphasized that “those

who would surrender to the government who would surrender to the government

within 48 hours after the publication of within 48 hours after the publication of

the decree would not be turned over to the decree would not be turned over to

military court. military court.

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Los Trece Martires de Cavite

 Luis Aguado Luis Aguado

 Eugenio Cabezas Eugenio Cabezas  Feliciano Cabuco Feliciano Cabuco  Agapito Conchu Agapito Conchu

 Alfonso de OcampoAlfonso de Ocampo  Máximo Gregorio Máximo Gregorio  Máximo Inocencio Máximo Inocencio

 José Lallana José Lallana

 Severino Lapidario Severino Lapidario  Victoriano Luciano Victoriano Luciano  Francisco Osorio Francisco Osorio  Hugo Pérez Hugo Pérez

(24)

The Katipunan in Cavite

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Katipunan in Cavite

 Magdalo was led by Baldomero Aguinaldo Magdalo was led by Baldomero Aguinaldo

with headquarters at Cavite (Kawit) with headquarters at Cavite (Kawit)

 The Magdiwang was led by Mariano The Magdiwang was led by Mariano

Alvarez with headquarters at Noveleta Alvarez with headquarters at Noveleta

 Emilio Aguinaldo was able to defeat the Emilio Aguinaldo was able to defeat the

Spaniards under the command of General Spaniards under the command of General

Aguirre Aguirre

 From that time on Aguinaldo was called From that time on Aguinaldo was called

General Miong by the Caviteños

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Governor-General Ramon Blanco

 Successive defeats of the Spaniards led Successive defeats of the Spaniards led

the friars to agitate against Gov. Blanco the friars to agitate against Gov. Blanco

 He was accused of dilly-dallying and of He was accused of dilly-dallying and of

incompetence incompetence

 He was relieved by the brutal General He was relieved by the brutal General

Camilo Polavieja on December 13, 1896 Camilo Polavieja on December 13, 1896

(27)

Bonifacio in Cavite

 T patch up the rivalry between the T patch up the rivalry between the

Magdalo and the Magdiwang, the latter Magdalo and the Magdiwang, the latter

invited Andres Bonifacio to intervene in invited Andres Bonifacio to intervene in

the conflict. the conflict.

 Artemio Ricarte and Mariano Alvarez Artemio Ricarte and Mariano Alvarez

invited Bonifacio to Cavite invited Bonifacio to Cavite

 He, his wife, his two brothers Procopio He, his wife, his two brothers Procopio

and Ciriaco, were met by Emilio Aguinaldo and Ciriaco, were met by Emilio Aguinaldo

and Edilberto Evangelista and Edilberto Evangelista

(28)

 On December 31, an assembly of On December 31, an assembly of

revolutionists was held at Imus to revolutionists was held at Imus to

determine whether the katipunan should determine whether the katipunan should

be superseded by another form of be superseded by another form of

government. government.

 Magdalo wanted to form a new one since Magdalo wanted to form a new one since

the katipunan is no longer a secret society the katipunan is no longer a secret society

 On the other hand, the Magdiwang On the other hand, the Magdiwang

contended that the katipunan should contended that the katipunan should

remain because it already had a remain because it already had a

constitutions and by-laws constitutions and by-laws

(29)

 The conflict was not resolved and the The conflict was not resolved and the

meeting ended without having meeting ended without having

accomplished anything accomplished anything

(30)

The Tejeros Convention

 On March 22, 1897, the two factions met On March 22, 1897, the two factions met

again at Tejeros. again at Tejeros.

 Andres Bonifacio presided as the chairmanAndres Bonifacio presided as the chairman  To resolve the issue, Bonifacio prudently To resolve the issue, Bonifacio prudently

acceded that a new government should be acceded that a new government should be

established to replace the katipunan established to replace the katipunan

 He stated that He stated that the principle that the the principle that the

will of the majority should be will of the majority should be

respected and obeyed must be respected and obeyed must be

followed followed

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 The Republic of the Philippines was The Republic of the Philippines was

proclaimed proclaimed

 Before the election, Bonifacio reminded Before the election, Bonifacio reminded

the convention that whoever should get the convention that whoever should get

elected to any position should be elected to any position should be

respected respected

(32)

The Tejeros Convention

President Emilio Aguinaldo

Vice-President Mariano Trias

Captain-General Artemio Ricarte

Director of War Emiliano Riego de Dios

(33)

 When Bonifacio was being proclaimed, When Bonifacio was being proclaimed,

Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo stood up and Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo stood up and

said: “ The position of the director of the said: “ The position of the director of the

interior is an exalted one and it is not interior is an exalted one and it is not

proper that a person without a lawyer’s proper that a person without a lawyer’s

diploma should occupy it. We have in our diploma should occupy it. We have in our

province”. province”.

 Bonifacio was hurt and felt insulted and Bonifacio was hurt and felt insulted and

demanded that Tirona should retract what demanded that Tirona should retract what

he said. he said.

(34)

Second Meeting at Tejeros

(35)

Controversy on Bonifacio

(36)



Some analytical historians, claim that

what happened at Tejeros, Cavite was

actually a coup de etat to wrest power

from Bonifacio by the bourgeois or upper

class represented by Aguinaldo.

(Aguinaldo and members of his class

enjoyed more privilege status even

before the revolution. They would not

allow a victorious president Bonifacio

ordering land and wealth distribution as

his first decree.) Hence, the Tejeros

Convention was a farce intended to lure

Bonifacio to the Caviteño territory.

(37)

 The presidential election wasn't a national The presidential election wasn't a national

election at all. Participated only by mostly election at all. Participated only by mostly

Caviteños. The other revolting provinces such Caviteños. The other revolting provinces such

as Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna, as Bulacan, Pampanga, Tarlac, Laguna,

Batangas, and others, were not participants. Batangas, and others, were not participants.

Bonifacio, who was too fueled with idealism, Bonifacio, who was too fueled with idealism,

was too naive to understand maneuvering was too naive to understand maneuvering

politicians. Bonifacio was not allowed to get politicians. Bonifacio was not allowed to get

out of Cavite. He was tried then executed out of Cavite. He was tried then executed

promptly for treason. Many now asks: Had promptly for treason. Many now asks: Had

Bonifacio able to slip to Manila could he have Bonifacio able to slip to Manila could he have

declared that the Aguinaldo was the one who declared that the Aguinaldo was the one who

betrayed the revolution? betrayed the revolution?

(38)

 General Aguinaldo declared Philippine General Aguinaldo declared Philippine

"independence" over the dead bodies of "independence" over the dead bodies of

the

the KatipunanKatipunan founder, Andres Bonifacio, founder, Andres Bonifacio, his brothers and their followers.

his brothers and their followers.

Aguinaldo's goons murdered these Aguinaldo's goons murdered these

freedom fighters. History has it that freedom fighters. History has it that

Aguinaldo ordered also the assassination Aguinaldo ordered also the assassination

of Gen. Antonio Luna in Vigan, Ilocos Sur of Gen. Antonio Luna in Vigan, Ilocos Sur

(Luna was killed in Cabanatuan, Nueva

Ecija. - Ed.)

(39)

Naik Military Agreement

 Bonifacio and his men resolved to Bonifacio and his men resolved to

established a government independent of, established a government independent of,

and separate from that established at and separate from that established at

Tejeros Tejeros

 Signed by bonifacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio Signed by bonifacio, Artemio Ricarte, Pio

Del Pilar, and Severino de las Alas Del Pilar, and Severino de las Alas

(40)

Trial and Execution of Bonifacio

 The Naik Military Agreement came to the The Naik Military Agreement came to the

knowledge of Aguinaldo and ordered the knowledge of Aguinaldo and ordered the

arrest of Bonifacio under the command of arrest of Bonifacio under the command of

Colonel Agapito Bonzon Colonel Agapito Bonzon

 Bonifacio was stabbed in the larynx, Bonifacio was stabbed in the larynx,

Ciriaco was killed, and Procopio was Ciriaco was killed, and Procopio was

wounded wounded

 Bonifacio was placed in a hammock and Bonifacio was placed in a hammock and

brough back to Naik brough back to Naik

(41)

 On April 28,1897, Aguinaldo forwarded On April 28,1897, Aguinaldo forwarded

the case to the Council of War to conduct the case to the Council of War to conduct

the necessary trial the necessary trial

 Trial Lasted from April 29 to May 4Trial Lasted from April 29 to May 4

 Andres and Procopio were found guilty of Andres and Procopio were found guilty of

treason and sedition in spite of the fact treason and sedition in spite of the fact

that the evidence was not sufficient that the evidence was not sufficient

 On May 8, Baldomero Aguinaldo wrote On May 8, Baldomero Aguinaldo wrote

Aguinaldo a recommending approval of Aguinaldo a recommending approval of

the council’s decision, execution of the the council’s decision, execution of the

two brothers two brothers

(42)

 On that same day, May 8, Aguinaldo On that same day, May 8, Aguinaldo

commuted the death sentence to commuted the death sentence to

banishment banishment

 Genral Mariano Noriel and Pio del Pilar Genral Mariano Noriel and Pio del Pilar

asked Bonifacio to withdraw his order asked Bonifacio to withdraw his order

 Seconded by Clemente Jose, Dr. Anastacio Seconded by Clemente Jose, Dr. Anastacio

Francisco, and Gen. Mamerto Natividad, Francisco, and Gen. Mamerto Natividad,

all of whom hated Bonifacio all of whom hated Bonifacio

 Under this pressure Aguinaldo wihdrew his Under this pressure Aguinaldo wihdrew his

order and the original decision of the order and the original decision of the

council was imposed council was imposed

(43)

 On May 10, Gen. Noriel ordered Major On May 10, Gen. Noriel ordered Major

Lazaro Makapagal to bring out the two Lazaro Makapagal to bring out the two

brothers from jail and handed a sealed brothers from jail and handed a sealed

letter with orders to read it after reaching letter with orders to read it after reaching

Mount Tala Mount Tala

 It contained an order to execute Bonifacio It contained an order to execute Bonifacio

and Procopio and failure to comply would and Procopio and failure to comply would

be punished severely be punished severely

(44)

The Revolution Continues

 General Camilo de Polavieja asked for his General Camilo de Polavieja asked for his

relief as governor and was granted on relief as governor and was granted on

April 15, 1897 April 15, 1897

 He was replaced by former Governor-He was replaced by former

Governor-General of the Philippines, Primo de General of the Philippines, Primo de

Rivera Rivera

 He arrived in Manila on April 23 and He arrived in Manila on April 23 and

marched to Cavite to take personal charge marched to Cavite to take personal charge

of the military operations of the military operations

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Biyak na Bato Republic

 The expulsion of the friars and the return The expulsion of the friars and the return

to the Filipinos of the lands they to the Filipinos of the lands they

appropriated for themselves appropriated for themselves

 Representation in the Spanish CortesRepresentation in the Spanish Cortes

 Freedom of the Press and tolerance of all Freedom of the Press and tolerance of all

religious sects religious sects

 Equal treatment and pay for Peninsular Equal treatment and pay for Peninsular

and Insular civil servants and Insular civil servants

(46)

 Abolition of the power of the government Abolition of the power of the government

to banish citizens to banish citizens

(47)

 Aguinaldo’s proclamation showed that he Aguinaldo’s proclamation showed that he

was still willing to return to Spanish fold was still willing to return to Spanish fold

provided that those demands were met in provided that those demands were met in

spite of the fact that he and his men had spite of the fact that he and his men had

already established the Biak-na-Bato already established the Biak-na-Bato

Republic Republic

 The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato republic The Constitution of Biak-na-Bato republic

was prepared by Felix Ferre and Isabelo was prepared by Felix Ferre and Isabelo

Artacho, who copied almost word for Artacho, who copied almost word for

word, the Cuban Constitution of word, the Cuban Constitution of

Jimaguayu Jimaguayu

 The constitution was signed on November The constitution was signed on November

1897 1897

(48)

The Truce of Biyak na Bato

 A mestizo, Pedro Paterno became the A mestizo, Pedro Paterno became the

mediator between the Filipinos and mediator between the Filipinos and

Spaniards Spaniards

 From August to December, he negotiated From August to December, he negotiated

with Aguinaldo and de Rivera on the with Aguinaldo and de Rivera on the

conditions that he thought would be conditions that he thought would be

satisfactory to both satisfactory to both

(49)

The Truce of Biyak na Bato

 Aguinaldo and his companion would go Aguinaldo and his companion would go

into voluntary exile abroad into voluntary exile abroad

 That Primo de Rivera would pay the sum That Primo de Rivera would pay the sum

of P800,000 to the rebels in three of P800,000 to the rebels in three

installments installments

 P400,000 to Aguinaldo upon his departure P400,000 to Aguinaldo upon his departure

from Biyak na Bato

 P200,000 when the arms surrendered by the P200,000 when the arms surrendered by the

revolutionists exceeded 700

(50)

 The remaining P200,000 when the The remaining P200,000 when the Te DeumTe Deum

was sung and general amnesty proclaimed by

the governor

 That Primo de Rivera would pay the That Primo de Rivera would pay the

additional P900,000 to the families of the additional P900,000 to the families of the

non-combatant Filipinos who suffered non-combatant Filipinos who suffered

during the armed conflict. during the armed conflict.

(51)

(52)

(53)

 December 23, two Spanish generals, December 23, two Spanish generals,

Celestino Tejeiro and Ricardo Monet Celestino Tejeiro and Ricardo Monet

arrived at Biak-na-Bato and became arrived at Biak-na-Bato and became

hostages of the rebels hostages of the rebels

 Colonel Miguel Primo de Rivera Colonel Miguel Primo de Rivera

accompanied the exiles to Hongkong accompanied the exiles to Hongkong

 Aguinaldo and his men including Pedro Aguinaldo and his men including Pedro

and Maximo Paterno and Maximo Paterno

 The group sailed to Hongkong on The group sailed to Hongkong on

December 27, with Aguinaldo in December 27, with Aguinaldo in

possession of a check for P400,000 possession of a check for P400,000

(54)