1
Brief History of
Myanmar and
Thailand
2
First Edition, 2012
© Lee BiH Ni
Editor:
Lee Bih Ni
Published by:
Social Science Program (History)
School of Education and Social Development
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Locked Bag 2073, 88999
Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
3 Chapter Content Page
_________________________________________________________________________ One Independence and Democratic Administration 5 in Burma Introduction Name Early History Imperial Era (849-1885) Colonial Era (1886-1948) Democratic republic (1948-1962) Democracy for Burma
New chapter of Democracy
Military rule (1962-2011): Ne Win Years Rule of the SPDC
(State Peace and Development Council) 1988-2011 Conclusion
Two 1962 Crisis in Burma 14
Introduction
Burma Crisis, Roots and Fast Unity Monks and People of Burma
Militarisation Society
Financial Interests Against Human Rights Regional support
Policy of "constructive engagement" The Sad Cumulative Record
Sacrificed Education and Health Helping the People of Burma Conclusion
Three Burma Travel Towards Socialism 24
Background
Ideological Characteristics Impact
Myanmar Since 1962 Political Parties
Broad Economic Myanmar Situation Is An Agriculture Nation
Aggregate Social Product Distribution Educational Institutions
4 Chapter Content Page
_________________________________________________________________________ Four Socio Economic Development of Burma (Myanmar) 41
Introduction
Administrative Reforms and Economic Culture
British Rule In Burma The Second World War
From the Japanese surrender to the assassination of Aung San 1962-1988
Crisis and the Rise 1988 1989-2006
2007 Anti-Government Protests Nargis Cyclone
Conclusion
Five Constitutional Revolution in Thailand 51
Introduction:
Thai Revolution Year 1932 Background:
Thai Before 1932 Thai 1932
People Party:
Organizer (The promoters)
Four Army Tiger (Tiger Four Soldiers) June 24
Time After him All People
The New Administration Heritage
5 Chapter Content Page
_________________________________________________________________________ Six Military Government (1932-1973) in Thailand 59
Introduction Internal conflict Pursuit of Nationalism The Second World War The Second World War Cold War and Development Democracy Movement 1973 Conclusion
Seven Thailand: Between Autocracy and Democracy 69 (1973-1990s)
Introduction
Between autocracy and democracy, 1973-1992 Thailand In the 1990s Era
Constitution of 1991 Constitution of 1997
1997 Draft Constitution Drafting Process Main Features
Conclusion
Eight Socio-economic development of Thailand 78
Social development Thailand Period Thoburi And Bangkok
Reign Ends and Beginnings Absolute Monarchy Military Rule
Democracy
Economic Development of Thailand First Five-Year Plan Thailand Conclusion
6 Chapter Content Page
_________________________________________________________________________ Nine Driven from above: The role of elites in the economic
development of Myanmar and Thailand 84
Political system: Economic System Institutional Framework - Mayanmar - Tahiland - Comparison Conclusion
7 Chapter 1
Independence and Democratic Administration in Burma
Introduction
Myanmar also known as Burma, is a country in South Asia and Southeast Asia. It is bordered by India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand. One-third of Burma's total perimeter of 1,930 kilometers (1,200 miles) forms an uninterrupted coastline along the Bay of Bengal and Andaman Sea. At 676,578 km2 (261,227 sq mi), it is the 40th largest country in the world and the second largest country in Southeast Asia. Burma is also the 24th most populous in the world with more than 60.28 million people. 1
Burma is home to some of the early civilizations of Southeast Asia including Pyu and Mon. In the 9th century, Burmans Nanzhao Kingdom, entered the upper Irrawaddy valley and, following the establishment of the Pagan Empire in 1050's, the Burmese language and culture slowly become dominant in this country. 2 During this period, Theravada Buddhism gradually became the main religion in the country. Infidelity Empire fell because the Mongol invasions (1277-1301), and several warring states emerged. In the second half of the 16th century, the country was reunified by the Taungoo Dynasty for a brief period was the largest empire in the history of Southeast Asia. 3 Early Konbaung dynasty of the 19th century, including the rule of modern Myanmar and Manipur and Assam. The country was occupied by the British after three Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1885). British rule brought social, economic, cultural and administrative once-feudal society. Since independence in 1948, the country has been in one of the longest-running war civil among various ethnic groups in the country are still not resolved. From 1962 to 2011, the country was under military rule. Junta Military was dissolved in 2011 following a general election in 2010 and a civilian government installed.
Myanmar is a country rich in resources. However, since the reform of 1962, the Burmese economy has become one of the least developing world. Burma's GDP stands at $ 42.953 billion and growing at an average rate of 1 2.9% per year -. The lowest rate of economic growth in the Great Mekong sub. 4 Among others, the EU, United States and Canada have imposed economic sanctions on Myanmar, 5 Burma's health care system is one of the worst in the world: World Health Organization (WHO) put Myanmar on 190, the worst performing of all countries. United Nations and several other organizations have reported consistent and systematic human rights violations in the country, including child labor, human trafficking and a lack of freedom of speech.
Name
Republic of the Union of Myanmar / Burma: pronounced Pyidaunzu Thanmăda Myăma Nainngandaw is the official name of the country during the English. Prior to 1989, it was the Union of Burma.The country is now better known in English as "Myanmar". Both short name is derived
1
Asian Development Bank – Myanmar Fact Sheet, Retrieved 8 July 2010.
2 Dougald JW O'Reilly (2007). Early civilizations of Southeast Asia. United Kingdom: Altamira Press. ISBN 10:
0-7591-0279-1.
3
Lieberman 2003: 152
4 "Burma". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/bm.html. Retrieved 13 January 2007.
5
“Overview of Burma sanctions". BBC. 18 December 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/8195956.stm. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
8 from the Burmese Bamar ethnic majority."Myanmar" is considered as a form of literature ethnic name, while "Burma" is derived from Bamar, colloquial form group name. Depending on the register used pronunciation would be "Bama" or "Myamah" . The name "Burma" has been used in English since the time of British colonial rule.
In 1989, the military government officially changed the English translations of many colonial-era names of these changes is change the name "Myanmar". Renaming still a contested issue. 6 opposition groups and countries Many continue to use "Burma" because they do not recognize the legitimacy of the ruling military government or authority to rename the country.7 Various non-Burman ethnic groups choose not to recognize the name because the association of the term "Myanmar" by the majority ethnic groups, Bamar, compared to this country8.
"Myanmar" continued to be used in the English language by the government of many countries, including the United States, Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. The United Nations (UN) to use "Myanmar", such as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Germany9, Norway10, China, India and Japan11. There are variations of "Burma" when translated into the local language. Brazil government uses "Mianmar", for example. 12
Early History
Archaeological evidence shows that homo erectus have lived in the region now known as Burma as early as 750,000 years ago, and homo sapiens about 11,000 BC, in the Stone Age culture called Anyathian, when plants and animals were first domesticated rock and digilapalat appear Burma's Bronze Age arrived around 1500 BCE when the people in the region have changed copper into bronze, planting rice, and domesticating chickens and pigs, they are among the first in the world to do so. Iron Age arrived about 500 BC when settlements iron work has appeared in the south of the Mandalay-day. Evidence also shows placement paddy large villages and small towns are dealing with their environment as far as China between 500 BC and 200 CE.
Around the 2nd century BC, the first known city-states emerged in central Burma. City-states were established as part of the southern migration of Tibeto-Burman by speaking Pyu, Burmese population whose earliest extant records, from present day Yunnan. Pyu culture is heavily influenced by trade with India, the import of Buddhism and other cultural concepts, architecture and politics, which will have a lasting influence on later Burmese culture and political organization. By the 9th century CE, a number of city-states that have sprouted across the land: states Pyu in central dry zone, Mon states along the southern coast and Arakanese states along the west coast. About feeling sad when Pyu states come under repeated attack from Nanzhao Kingdom between 750s and 830s. In the mid-to late 9th century, Mranma (Burmans / Bamar) Nanzhao founded a small
6
Houtman, Gustaaf (1999). Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics. ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series No. 33. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa. pp. 43–47. ISBN 978-4872977486. http://homepages.tesco.net/~ghoutman.
7 Steinberg, David L. (February 2002). Burma: The State of Myanmar. Georgetown University Press. ISBN. 8 Myint-U, Thant (2001). The Making of Modern Burma. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 0-521-79914-7. 9
"Should it be Burma or Myanmar?". Magazine (BBC News). 26 September 2007. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7013943.stm. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
10 "Should it be Burma or Myanmar?". Magazine (BBC News). 26 September 2007.
http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/7013943.stm. Retrieved 2 July 2008.
11
Dittmer, Lowell (2010). Burma Or Myanmar? The Struggle for National Identity. World Scientific. p. 2.
http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=aoHP2Q2I1p4C&lpg=PA103&ots=C9AfQULR5Q&dq=9789814313643&pg=PA2.
12
"Sala de Imprensa: Situação em Mianmar". Institutional website (Itamaraty). 27 September 2007.
http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/sala-de-imprensa/notas-a-imprensa/2007/09/27/situacao-em-mianmar/. Retrieved 2 April 2012.
9 settlement in Pagan (Bagan). It is one of several competing city-states until the end of the 10th century when it grew in power and glory. 13
Imperial Era (849-1885)
Pagan gradually expanding to absorb the surrounding states until the 1050's-1060's when Anawrahta founded the Pagan Empire, the first unification of Irrawaddy valley and edge. In the 12th century, and 13, and the Pagan Empire Khmer Empire two major power in mainland Southeast Asia. Burmese language and culture gradually became dominant in the Irrawaddy valley, exceeding the norm Pyu, Mon and Pali by the end of the 12th century. Theravada Buddhism slowly started spreading to the village despite Tantric practice, Mahayana, Brahmanic, and animist still much entrenched. Pagan rulers and the rich to build more than 10,000 Buddhist temples in Pagan capital zone only. Repeated Mongol invasions (1277-1301) overthrew the kingdom four centuries old in 1287.
Temples in Mrauk UPagan collapse, followed by 250 years of political fragmentation that lasted until the 16th century. As Burmans four centuries earlier, Shan immigrants who arrived with the Mongol invasions that are left behind. Several Shan states compete come to dominate the eastern arc northwest across the Irrawaddy valley. Valley has also been hit by small states until the end of the 14th century when two relatively large power, and Hanthawaddy Kingdom Ava Kingdom, appears. In the west, the political split Arakan was under the influence of competing stronger neighbor to the Government's consolidated Mrauk U Arakan coast for the first time in 1437.
From the beginning, Ava fought wars of consolidation (1385-1424), but never could quite reinstall the lost empire. Having held off Ava, Hanthawaddy entering the golden age, and Arakan going to be a power in its own right for 350 years. On the other hand, the ongoing war left Ava greatly weakened, and it slowly broke away from 1481 onwards. In 1527, the Federation of American Shan conquered Ava itself, and rule Upper Burma until 1555.
As Pagan Empire, Ava, and Shan states Hanthawaddy all multiracial polity. Although warfare, cultural synchronization continues. This period is considered the golden age of Burmese culture. Burmese literature "has become more confident, popular, and stylistically different", and the second generation of the legal code as well as pan-Myanmar Burma the earliest chronicles appear. Hanthawaddy king subsequently introduced religious reform to spread throughout the country. Many beautiful temples Mrauk U were built in this period.
Bayinnaung Empire in 1580 unification. Politics is back in the mid-16th century, because the small effort 1 Toungoo (Taungoo), former state servants Ava. Toungoo young, ambitious king Tabinshwehti Hanthawaddy beat stronger in the year 1541. Successor Bayinnaung go to conquer the wide swath of mainland Southeast Asia, including Shan states, Lan Na, Manipur, Chinese Shan states, Siam, Lan Xang and south Arakan. However, the greatest empire in the history of Southeast Asia decompose shortly after death Bayinnaung in 1581, completely collapsed by 1599. Siamese had seized Tenasserim and Lan Na, and Portuguese mercenaries established Portuguese rule in Syriam (Thanlyin).
Dynasty regrouped and defeated the Portuguese in 1613 and Thailand in 1614. It restored the kingdom of smaller, more manageable, include Lower Burma, Upper Burma, Shan state, Lan Na and Tenasserim on. Restored Toungoo rulers have created a legal and political framework that has the basic features will continue into the 19th century. The crown completely replaced the hereditary chieftainships appointed by the governor entire Irrawaddy valley, and greatly reduce the rights of
10 Shan descent head. Trade and secular administrative reforms to build a prosperous economy for more than 80 years. Since the 1720's, the government has been hit by repeated Manipuri raids into Upper Burma, and the grumblings rebellion in Lan Na.In 1740, the founder of the Lower Burma Mon Hanthawaddy recover. Hanthawaddy army sacked Ava in 1752, ending 266 years of Toungoo Dynasty.
Image British pd 1825 shows a piece of metal Shwedagon Pagoda British occupation during the First Anglo-Burmese. After the fall of Ava, a resistance group Alaungpaya Konbaung Dynasty defeated Hanthawaddy recover, and by 1759, was reunited all of Burma (and Manipur), and driven the French and British run has provided weapons to Hanthawaddy. By 1770, the heirs have weakened many Alaungpaya Laos (1765), defeating Siam (1767), and beat four intrusions by China (1765-1769). With a busy Myanmar by Chinese threats, Siam recover territory until 1770, and went on to capture Lan Na by 1776. Burma and Siam went to war until 1855, but all resulted in a stalemate, the exchange of Tenasserim (Burma) and Lan Na (Siam). Faced with the rise of powerful China and Siam in the east, King Bodawpaya turned west, acquiring Arakan (1785), Manipur (1814) and Assam (1817). It is the second largest empire in Burmese history, but also one with a clear demarcation of the long illness of British India.
Breadth of the empire did not last long. Myanmar lost Arakan, Manipur, Assam and Tenasserim to the British in the Anglo-Burmese War One (1824-1826). In 1852, the British easily seize Lower Burma in the Second Anglo-Burmese War. King Mindon tried to modernize the government, and in 1875 narrowly avoided annexation by the United Karenni submitter. The British, who are concerned with the integration of French Indo-China, annexed the remaining countries in the Third Anglo-Burmese in 1885.
Konbaung kings extended administrative reforms Toungoo to recover, and to the level of internal control and external expansion that has never happened before. For the first time in history, language and culture of Burma came to dominate the whole valley of the Irrawaddy. Evolution and growth of Burmese literature and theater continued, assisted by adult literacy rate is very high for the era of men (half of all men and 5% of women). 14 However, the extent and pace of reform has been uneven and ultimately proved inadequate to stem the advance of the British.
Colonial Era (1886-1948)
With the fall of Mandalay, Burma came under British rule. During the colonial era, many Indians arrived as soldiers, civil servants, construction workers and traders and, along with the Anglo-Burmese community, dominated commercial and civil life in Burma. Rangoon became the capital of British Burma and an important port between Calcutta and Singapore.
Burmese resentment was strong and was discharged in violent riots that paralyzed Yangon on occasion all the way until the 1930's. Part of the dissatisfaction that has been caused by not respecting Burmese culture and traditions such as the British refusal to remove their shoes when they entered pagodas. Buddhist monks became vanguards independence movement. U Wisara, activist monk, died in prison after a 166 day hunger strike to protest rules that prohibit him from wearing Buddhist robes while imprisoned.
On 1 April 1937, Burma became a colony of Great Britain and Ba Maw the first Prime Minister and Minister of the Prime Minister of Burma are administered separately. Ba Maw was an outspoken advocate for Burmese self-rule and he opposed the participation of Great Britain, and by extension Burma, in World War II. He resigned from the Legislative Assembly and was arrested for sedition. In
11 1940, before Japan formally entered the Second World War, Aung San was established Burma Independence Army in Japan.
Major battleground, Burma was devastated during World War II. By March 1942, a few months after they entered the war, the Japanese army had advanced on Rangoon and the British administration collapsed. Burmese Executive Administration headed by Ba Maw was established by the Japanese in August 1942. Beginning in late 1944, allied forces launched a series of offensives that led to the end of Japanese rule in July 1945. However, fierce battle with a lot of waste Myanmar relaxing by fighting.
Although many Burmese fought initially for the Japanese, some Burmese, mostly from the ethnic minorities, also served in the British Burma Army. Burma Independence Army and the Arakan National Army fought with the Japanese from 1942 to 1944, but shifted allegiance to the Allied side in 1945.
Following World War II, Aung San negotiated Panglong Agreement with ethnic leaders that guaranteed freedom of Burma as a unified state. In 1947, Aung San became Deputy Chairman of the Executive Council of Burma, the transitional government. But in July 1947, political rivals assassinated Aung San and several cabinet members. 15
During World War II, Burma became the front line of action to deal with the military occupation of Japan in Southeast Asia. British rule defeated by military JAPAN. Over 300,000 Indian laborers and Anglo-Myanmar fled to the woods and TIBA in india. Japan launched the Myanmar military campaign to ensure that British out of Burma, but the British Indian Army Promoting Successful attack and get Encouraging Myanmar in July 1947. Many people of Myanmar with an army Fighting JAPAN. Many also served with the British Army Myanmar.
Democratic republic (1948-1962)
On 4 January 1948, the country became an independent republic, named the Union of Burma, with Sao Shwe Thaik as the first President and U Nu as its first prime minister. Unlike most former British colonies and other overseas territories, it is not a member of the Commonwealth. A bicameral parliament was formed, consisting of the House of Representatives and the House of citizenship, and multi-party elections were held in 1951-1952, 1956 and 1960.
Geographical area Burma encompasses today can be traced to the Panglong Agreement, which incorporates Burma proper, consisting of Lower Burma and Upper Burma, and the Frontier Areas, which was administered separately by the British. 16
Lastly world community's attention fixed on Burma (now Myanmar), a country of 53 million multi-ethnic population, located in Southeast Asia. Majority of the population in Myanmar is Burmese (around 68%), the rest is made up of ethnic minorities such as ethnic Shans, Karens, Rakhines, Chinese, Indian, Mons and small ethnic groups other.
Democracy for Burma
15
Houtman, Gustaaf (1999). Mental Culture in Burmese Crisis Politics: Aung San Suu Kyi and the National League for
Democracy. Tokyo: Tokyo University of Foreign Studies, Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and
Africa. ISBN 4-87297-748-3.
16
Aung Zaw. "Can Another Asian Fill U Thant's Shoes?". The Irrawaddy September 2006. http://www.irrawaddy.org/article.php?art_id=7610. Retrieved 10 January 2012.
12 In this paper, rather than take the name of Burma to Myanmar. In 1989 the Superintendent of the House Military menganti name "Burma Socialist Republic Association" into Myanmar. Deliberate name change by the Burmese military regime to show the international community that there is a new country called Myanmar, and deliberately menggusur history of democracy Burmese people. Several countries in European Union and the United States, until now still mention Myanmar as Burma, as a form of solidarity against the following people among the Burmese pro-democracy and criticism of authoritarian action Military Junta.
Since 1962 when General Ne Win, performing military coup and seized power from Prime Minister U Nu political crisis stage hentinnya never happen in Burma. The last crisis occurred and pemicunnya back is that the military junta rule policy of fuel price increase of almost 500 persen.Akibatnya gas prices rose five-fold, gasoline and diesel prices rise 2-fold, bus tariffs also rose 2-fold higher than before.
This policy has triggered waves of mass action ratuan thousands of students led by students, opposition political activists and municipalities the monks in Burma. The Buddhist monks who usually do a lot of prayers and meditation thus leading protest actions, pagoda, pagoda in Burma turned into a center of mass motion. The Buddhist monk turned into a front row that uncovered tyranny military regime that has lasted for 45 years. Match the monks is a symbol of the wisdom no longer live in everyday military junta memerintah.Ironisnya Burmese peace wave action thus faced with violence and various repressive actions and arrests made by the police and soldiers.
Protest wave was evaluated as a new chapter in the history of resistance against the Burmese military junta has destroyed democracy. Is anticipated wave of protests, the largest since the 1988 pro-democracy demonstrations brutally suppressed by the military regime. Now the problem is not a question of fuel price hike alone unless already fixed on direct resistance against the ruling Military Junta hand.
Root of the political crisis in Burma on the refusal of fact sourced military junta ruling General Than Shwe led to political reform efforts related to strengthening human rights and democracy in the country. Since the military junta in power in Burma in 1962, the signs of democratization never come. According to UN estimates, the number of prisoners in Burmese military junta reached more than 1,000 people.
In 1990 Burma had actually hold federal elections. National Military Law and Order Restoration Council (the Military State Law and Order Restoration Council, SLORC) elections multipartai.Saat allow the NLD (National Democratic Party), led by Aung San Suu Kyi won the election with the ultimate voice of the members of parliament. NLD voice acquire 80% of the total voters. Ironically the election results are not recognized by the military junta and Suu Kyi has been detained by the military junta along with a number of opposition figures and human rights activists others.
Tragedy 888 (8 August 1988) and cancellation of democratic elections the NLD won a civic group pillars matinnya democracy in Burma. Since then the question of democratization became a recurring question result in a political crisis in the country is. The rule of the military junta controlling and prohibiting the mass media have often criticized government policy.
Suu Kyi was later acquired in 1991 nobel peace on doing perlawananan political spirit in fighting for human rights and democracy Until this sat still diangga Suu Kyi by the Burmese people as inspirator and a symbol of the democracy movement against the military junta chairmen.
On the other hand due to the rule of the military junta poverty situation still pervades the people of Burma. Burmese in practice is a country rich in oil and gas, but the majority of its people live in
13 poverty. Under the military junta unemployment reached 20 million in 2005. This tentunnya fueled by inflation which continues to swell and dragging the people of Burma to the poverty gap.
Some observers felt that the prevailing regime in Burma's military junta is also a result of the political and economic support from China, Russia and India have always defended the actions of military junta regime. China and Russia use the right of veto to cancel the UN Security Council resolution that is intended to encourage democracy in Burma in early 2007 on the grounds that the situation in Burma is entirely domestic problem. But if it turns out Chinese carefully considerable interest to gain control over natural resources in Burma.
New chapter of Democracy
Burma is a country rich in irony and paradox, when the whole earth civilization moves toward democratization, Burma otherwise shun democracy rules and regulations. The big question in Burma today is a violation of human rights committed dankehidupan democratic military junta. Since the Burmese military authorities practice can not enjoy freedom. Nineteen years of battling Burmese military authority to use force and undemocratic ways in seizing and maintaining political power in Burma.
The question of Burma should not be seen as an internal problem, but should have taken the world's problems internasional.Bahwa struggle for democracy is a prerequisite tree democracy movement in Burma to open up political space for a more just and survival in the economic sphere. Democracy road map had hoped would be a peaceful solution in Burma appears further away from reality.
The world community is now the middle of the international community waiting attitude towards the situation in Burma the growing collapse. In this context, there are three important points that should be the focus of international political will: 1) acceleration of democratization in Burma, 2) the release of political prisoners as human rights enforcement measures including pressure to release Aung San Suu Kyi, and 3) request responsibility junta rule military on arbitrary political action over the years. 17
The Government of Indonesia is also appropriate as a member of ASEAN and Non-Permanent Members of the UN Security Council (SC-UN) to participate actively in the process of reconciliation in Burma by supporting international pressure made board (UN), as well as encourage ASEAN that being tougher on junta rule military government in Burma. Burmese people today yearn tentunnya political freedom and democracy. Tentunnya democratic Burma is no longer just a dream. It's time to leave Burma totalitarian system and start the steps toward democratization.
Military rule (1962-2011): Ne Win Years
On March 2, 1962, the army led by General Ne Win took control of Burma through a coup d'etat and the government has been under control, directly or indirectly by the military since then. Between 1962 and 1974, Burma was ruled by a revolutionary council headed by the general, and almost all aspects of society (business, media, production) nationalized or brought under government control under the Burmese way to Socialism which combines Soviet-style nationalization and central planning with state implementation superstition. A new constitution of the Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma was adopted in 1974, until 1988, the country was governed as a one party system, with the general and other military officers resigning and ruling through the Burma Socialist
17
Oki Hajiansyah. (2012 May). Demokrasi Untuk Burma. Retrieved 2012 May 5 from http://pelayanrakyat.blogspot.com/2008/03/demokrasi-untuk-burma.html
14 Programme Party (Burma Socialist Programme Party ). During this period, Burma became one of the poorest countries in the world. 18
There were sporadic protests against the military rule in Ne Win and this is almost always violently suppressed. On 7 July 1962, the government broke up demonstrations at Rangoon University, killing 15 students. In 1974, the military violently suppress anti-government protests at the funeral of U Thant. Student protests in 1975, 1976 and 1977 were quickly suppressed by overwhelming force. Rule of the SPDC (State Peace and Development Council) 1988-2011
Protesters gathered in the center of Rangoon in 1988, unrest over the poor economic governance and political oppression by the government led to widespread pro-democracy demonstrations throughout the country known as the 8888 Rebellion. Security forces killed thousands of demonstrators, and General Saw Maung staged coup d'etat and formed the State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC). In 1989, SLORC declared martial law after widespread protests. Military government finalized plans for People's Assembly elections on 31 May 1989. SLORC changed the official English name of the country from the "Socialist Republic of the Union of Myanmar" to the "Union of Myanmar" in 1989.
In May 1990, the government held free elections for the first time in nearly 30 years and the National League for Democracy (NLD), the party of Aung San Suu Kyi, won 392 out of a total 489 seats (ie, 80% of the seats). However, the military junta refused to hand over power and continue to rule the country as SLORC until 1997, and then as the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) until the dissolution in March 2011.
On 23 June 1997, Burma was admitted into the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). On 27 March 2006, the military junta, which had moved the national capital from Yangon to a site near Pyinmana in November 2005, officially named the new capital Naypyidaw, meaning "city of the kings".19
Conclusion
Early Konbaung dynasty of the 19th century, including the rule of modern Myanmar and Manipur and Assam. The country was occupied by the British after three Anglo-Burmese War (1824-1885). British rule brought social, economic, cultural and administrative once-feudal society. Since independence in 1948, the country has been in one of the longest-running war civil among various ethnic groups in the country are still not resolved.
18 Tallentire, Mark (28 September 2007). "The Burma road to ruin". The Guardian (London).
http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2007/sep/28/burma.uk. Retrieved 27 April 2010.
19
"Burma's new capital stages parade". BBC News. 27 March 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4848408.stm. Retrieved 24 June 2006.
15 Bibliografi
Burma. Retrieved 2012 May 4 from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma
Houtman, Gustaaf (1999). Mental culture in Burmese crisis politics. ILCAA Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa Monograph Series No. 33. Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa.
Myanmar. Retrieved 2012 May 4 from http://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar
Myint-U, Thant (2001). The Making of Modern Burma. Cambridge: Cambridge Univ. Press. ISBN 0-521-79914-7.
Oki Hajiansyah. (2012 May). Demokrasi Untuk Burma (Democracy For Burma). Retrieved 2012 May 5 from http://pelayanrakyat.blogspot.com/2008/03/demokrasi-untuk-burma.html
The Burma Road from the Union of Burma to Myanmar, Mya Maung, Asian Survey, Vol. 30, No. 6, June 1990, p 602
16 Chapter 2
1962 Crisis in Burma
Introduction
Burma Crisis, Roots and Fast Unity
The demonstration is something that is rare in Burma. Under the power the Junta military, which is one of the most repressive in the world, the people do not forget the violence of oppression to democracy demonstrations in 1988 that ended with the deaths of at least 3,000 protesters and thousands of arrests.
Yet, despite the country's strict lockdown by militia forces, the people of Burma, who live in extreme poverty in the medieval economy, the absence of democracy and injustice every day, again against the junta. The demonstration was the most significant in twenty years. Street parade started following the fuel price increase by two-thirds, double the price of diesel and five-fold increase in the price of compressed natural gas in mid-August in Rangoon. Burmese people shocked by this brutal rise and sudden, condemning them to spend a number close to half of their salaries to pay for public transportation (which increased due to higher fuel prices) or to go to work on foot (if possible). The junta has been expecting this protest movements and has told militia to intimidate the demonstrators. Even so, peaceful street marches in general initiated by students, takes place every day in many Burmese cities. Until recently, the army and riot police did not appear in public. The first demonstrations were suppressed by the thugs of the Association of the Union Solidarity and Development Association (USDA) and the paramilitary groups "Swan Arrives Shin" ("all powerful"), an organization supported by the government. There are also reports that the regime has used thugs and criminals are released from prison for this purpose. In the early weeks, hundreds of peaceful protesters mobilize against severe economic conditions have been arrested by the police and the heavy sentence was pronounced. Journalists were not allowed to cover the event and a member of the National League for Democracy (NLD), the main one of which is a leader Aung San Suu Kyi, has been closely monitored, tracked and captured the nation's leading political activists, many of them belonging to the NLD, was arrested from the end of August , such as Min Ko Naing and Ko Ko Gyi. Others take flight like Su Su Nway, a labor rights activist Phyu Phyu Thin and, members who help people with AIDS.
Monks and People of Burma
In early September, the protests have been taking a new course with the participation of Buddhist monks in the city of Pakokku in Magwe district. About 500 monks who carry a sticker "the monks of the people" to take part in a march demanding repeal of rising prices and the release of imprisoned protesters. Death of one of their violent repression that followed has brought anger among the monks who seized several official representatives who have come to give the reason for the persecution they suffered. That was a turning point in the mobilization, it moved to its political demands. Following this confrontation, massive demonstrations of advanced anywhere in the main cities of the country, the first monks show only to protect the people, and with their support. The monks, generally very young, and organized in the "alliance of all Burmese monks" added three main demands: an apology from the government for the violence they experience in Pakokku, economic reform and the release of all political prisoners, including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi. Pro-democracy activists and the people are very dependent on the commitment of Buddhist monks and
17 support them because they are very well respected and have some time to play a progressive role in politics. They moved early against the British and their key role in students during the rebellion of 1988 remained in all the memory. For the military junta, the intervention of the monks in Pakokku particularly at risk and may be represented "slip-ups" on the number of local thugs. Have not political or moral legitimacy in the eyes of the people that they have become slaves and oppressed for 45 years, the military government has been trying to establish legitimacy through the promotion and protection of the Buddhist tradition.
In 1979, the Supreme Council of monks (Sangha Maha Nayaka) and councils at all levels (village, borough, district) was established with the aim of controlling the monks and monasteries. Each traditional ceremonies, monastery or temple construction approved by the local representative of the Sangha Maha Nayaka. The monks who refused to participate in the event are strictly controlled. Meanwhile, the military offers a variety of offerings to monks and monasteries that receive their power. In a country deeply marked by Buddhist faith, the army also occupied by a need for "merit" to avoid some impact on the future of their current atrocities. It is easy to understand the impact of the boycott of the offer from the military and their families organized by the monks in the junta, who dared to call itself the State Peace and Development Council (SPDC) and why it is multiplied warning to the monks are on the sidelines politics. 20
Militarisation Society
Military control is not limited to religious pilgrims. Since the coup d'etat by General Ne Win in 1962, the Tatmadaw (Burmese military) have dominated almost every aspect of the political, economic and social change. Since then, no social mobility or opportunities take place outside the military. Military control, at local or national level, redistribution of wealth and land. At the economic level, the Burmese military control of the two most powerful companies, Union of Myanmar Economic Holdings (UMEH) and Myanmar Economic Cooperation (MMC). UMEH declared objective is to meet the needs of military personnel and their families "and" to be the main support military logistics. "MEC's goal is to" transfer the funds allocated to the defense of the public sector to the private sector. "It is authorized to do business in almost every area that it wants. All foreign investment in Burma will be approved by the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC), controlled directly by the junta, which allows them to channel profits from the investment of the companies controlled by the military. Amount etc. companies which invest or have invested massively in Burma have some nerve to say that they are not practicing politics. Burmese who do not see a penny of money, which enrich the opposite junta and remain in power.
In September 1993, to consolidate power over society, the military regime created the USDA, which is presented as a civil society organization, but has a direct relationship with the general chief Than Shwe, who became head of the junta in 1992 and is the most powerful person in the country. The Association now claims 22.8 million members, or nearly half the population of this country. In fact, presented as a compulsory membership for students and seniors, many of them have registered as a member without knowing. On the other hand, refused to join the association, one is exposed to harassment and opportunities in the field of professional education or closed. In the association, student members are encouraged to monitor the activities of their classmates. To become a member of the USDA provide access to English and computing courses and extra-curricular activities and sports. In 1996, the regime change takes effect association of student members of the NLD. Since the USDA members were often in the vanguard of repression. It is primarily those who attacked Aung San Suu Kyi in 2003 and trying to kill her.
20
In 1997, the junta announced that it had changed its name. The State Law and Order Restoration Council (SLORC) was renamed the “ State Peace and Development Council” (SPDC)
18 Financial Interests Against Human Rights
Unlike in 1988, the current crisis in Burma has a high profile in the international media. Knowledge that has allowed the situation in Burma where direct and highly repressive nature of the regime that is widely distributed. Courage protesters face the threat that they bear (beatings, torture, imprisonment, death, etc.) are no longer shown. That is why one would expect a stronger condemnation from the international community, the more firmly support the forces of democracy in this country and on all actions that really put pressure on the junta.
The reaction was unfortunately not at the level of human rights and democracy have little weight faced with a financial interest. Outside the United States, no other country or organization announced stringent provisions to make the military to rethink its position.
On September 6, the European Parliament condemned the violation of human rights and accused the Burmese junta to be a threat to Southeast Asia ... but added at the same time, through the voice of the commissioner Vivian Reding, "Separation will only make the people pay a bigger price ... We do not believe that additional sanctions measures will encourage the government in the desired direction or will alleviate the suffering of the people." Despite having the same position in Burma, creating "a public legal government, which respects human rights", the members of the European Union (EU) agreed on the lowest common denominator. If some states such as Britain, the Czech Republic, the Netherlands, Ireland and Denmark in favor of a more robust policy towards Myanmar, France, Germany, Austria, Spain and Poland until now oppose it. Their position is explained primarily by economic interests that they have been developed in the country. Despite constant appeals for the release of Aung San Suu Kyi, French diplomacy, for example, still attached to the defense of the French financial investment in the country. It has supported the company Total, one of the most important investors in Burma, accused of using forced labor. Direct the operations of enterprises in the Yadana gas field, leading the Burmese government between 200 and 450 million U.S. dollars per year, or about 7% of the budget estimates Burma.
Current measures of the European commission, including restrictions on the sale of weapons and defense equipment, the prohibition to help any non-humanitarian and a ban on investment in certain public enterprises. Strategic sectors that bring in money to the junta and support to stay in power, such as wood, gems, minerals, gas and oil are not affected by a variety of measures to ban the least effective say no, it's hypocritical. One can not imagine an effective sanctions policy without a total ban on investment in the country, or at least a ban on investment in areas vital to the junta. From a political point of view, the European Union has not shown more determination. In recent years, the European commission has cut subsidies to projects aimed at the development of human rights and democracy. According to Info-Birmanie association, the European Union (EU) only supported "soften" the draft resolution on Burma at the UN Security Council in early 2007.
Regional support
In Asia, the Burmese democrats have little chance to get better. Neighboring countries, especially India and China, which is a huge consumer of raw materials that Myanmar has abundance, has decided to close their eyes to the systematic violation of human rights and child. It is true that in India and in China labor and child labor exploitation is also fierce. Geographical situation of Burma is a great interest to India that aims to implement the "east" policy to China and see the possibility of getting the next opening of the Indian Ocean and the Malacca strait to prevent the Middle East oil supply route.
19 China and Burma have always been good neighbors. First country outside of the "Communist" bloc to recognize the People's Republic of China in 1949, Myanmar is also to sign the first agreement of friendship and non-aggression with its neighbors in 1961, while the leader was the first to express their sympathy to the Beijing government repression in Tiananmen Square in 1989. In 1991, Chinese leaders are the first to sell weapons, aircraft, frigates and other military equipment Burmese junta. China has also invested heavily in Burma's infrastructure (ports in the Indian Ocean, roads, etc.). It is a big importer of timber and minerals from Myanmar. Since early 2007, support from China to Myanmar was far deeper in order to strengthen the economic and financial relations, which aims to ensure the development of Yunnan province of China bordering Myanmar. At the political level, the Chinese see the Trojan horse Myanmar in ASEAN, which they consider to be too influenced by the United States.
Beijing, with a lot of caution, recently has added voice to international pressure against oppression, but it preserves the policy of "non-interference in domestic affairs" of Burma. China has quickly want to Burma "begins the process of democracy appropriate to the country" and restore "internal stability as soon as possible". Well-being of the people of Burma have little place in it. Beijing is very nervous because the current instability could threaten China's huge investment in Burma and threaten the stability of the boundary region between the two countries, which led to significant population movements more than one million Chinese have moved to Burma recently.
India to wait until 26 September, the first day in which the Burmese junta has sent troops and killed a number of monks and civilians, "express concern" in the suppression of the mobilization. Questioned on the close relationship between the Burmese junta and the U.S. and British ambassadors of India during a visit to Thailand, the Indian Foreign Minister said that "the main principle of foreign policy is not to interfere in the domestic affairs of any country, It is essentially a work of the people in the country to decide what government they want. " The people of Burma, bloodily repressed when they demanded democracy and change of government will appreciate. Support policies between Jawaharlal Nehru and Aung San, Burma's independence hero is out much. In the context of great tension and the risk of violent repression, on September 23, India sent oil minister, Murli Deora, Myanmar. 21 India wants to see the extent to which it can exploit energy deposits found in Burma and to try to change the outcome Burma sell to China and not India gas that two Indian companies exploit together with Burmese enterprises in coastal deposits off the A1 and A3 in the Indian Ocean. India determined at all costs to strengthen ties with Myanmar to restrict China. New Delhi is planning several projects from the construction of the pipeline between Burma and India to the coastal development permit port in the bay of Bengal in North America (only 2% of the land attached to the sub-continent) have access to trade routes and to develop policies of India ("Look East Policy" ) towards the ASEAN countries. That Myanmar is considered as a pariah state by the international community will not stop India from getting a military cooperation agreement with the junta. Thus, according to Human Rights Watch, India has offered light combat helicopters, state of the art equipment for fighter aircraft and naval surveillance aircraft in exchange for the policy on Indian insurgents who use Myanmar as a rear base for their independence movement.
Japan, Thailand and South Korea have not stay still. Since the 1950s, Japan has been the first source "development assistance" for Myanmar. From February 17, 1989, Tokyo recognized the SLORC (State Law and Order Restoration Council), and resume assistance, suspended before the coup d'Etat for reasons of political instability. In the current crisis, even calling "sanctions" from the junta, Japan has indicated that it will not participate in any trade sanctions against Burma, and this even if the images are showing a Japanese journalist who was killed by Burmese soldiers during the demonstration. Japan explains commercial investment as official development assistance (ODA)
20 that it would not reconsider. ACA was the means used by the Japanese to influence in the region at the same time respecting the constitutional ban on sending military forces abroad.
Thailand is the third largest investor in Burma, and the first destination for Burmese natural gas has led junta $ 1000,000,000 (1000 million) for the year 2005-06, the total has doubled the following year received most of the price increases. Thailand will not hesitate to plunder resources with abetment Burmese junta. In 2005, the Thai state electricity company Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand (EGAT) signed a memorandum of understanding with the junta paved the way for construction of the dam several Salween river, which borders Thailand and Burma, Thailand to supply industry with electricity and water. If it is built, the dam, outside enrich junta members, will create ecological and human disaster. The first dam, Dam Hatgyi, Karen State are expected in the zone where the army violently evicted villagers and destroying their households. In 2006, the Burmese army attacked with mortar Karen villagers to expel them from the region. They only exception adults and children to work at the dam site. Many women and girls were raped by soldiers. Most of the territory controlled by the rebel Karen will be flooded by the dam. Business is good for the Burmese military. Another dam envisaged in Shan State, after the highest dam in Asia. It is designed in zones where civilians displaced Shan also ruthless in the hundreds of thousands since 1996. While cutting teak is now banned in Thailand, the quantity of imports of the country later this rare wood from Burma. Teak represent the second largest source of official junta with 427 million dollars in 2004-2005. Exploitation, legal and illegal under the law, leading to the loss of primary forest in the rhythm that this ecosystem can ultimately be destroyed by 2020.
Finally, South Korea is a perfect example of the hypocrisy and double talk that many countries use in relation to Burma.
Korea, the population is very sensitive to the question of human rights, has banned the sale of weapons to Burma. Despite the threat of sanctions that it has incurred, the firm Daewoo International has exported military equipment and technology and build a weapons factory in Burmese territory. President at the time, Lee Tae-Yong has just been indicted for this. Instead, Daewoo International, which owns 60% of the three natural gas fields in Burma, just found a new deposit 219.2 billion cubic meters of exploitable gas, the largest deposit ever discovered by a Korean company and is equal to 7 years of gas consumption for the whole South Korea. Korean Government quickly let it be known that he would like to see the gas arriving in the country.
Finally, many states do not trade directly with Myanmar, but sell all sorts of weapons and equipment that use for the end of the military junta, in countries such as Switzerland, Singapore or Pakistan, who then resell them to the Burmese military junta.
Policy of "constructive engagement"
Burmese dictatorship essentially owes its existence to the huge financial investment that states such as India, China, and France made in the country. Attempts to bring pressure on the political level hanging fire. Policy Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) [29] towards Myanmar is an excellent example of this. Myanmar became a member of ASEAN in 1997. The members of the association, and especially Malaysia, Indonesia and Singapore, will defend their position that faces international criticism to the effect that a country that violates human rights should not remain isolated and in a position to further abuse. According to the Malaysian prime minister at the time, Mahathir Mohammed "if Myanmar is out, he is free to behave as a rogue or pariah, while if he is, he will be subject to certain norms"22 ASEAN has called "constructive engagement policy" should to lead the junta in the way of democratic reform. In the 10 years belongs to ASEAN, the junta has
21 shown no desire for democratic reform. Policy of repression against political opponents and ethnic minorities have more depth since 2000 seems to have the guarantee of moral membership. Continuous flood of Burmese refugees to India and Thailand in particular drug traffic, the development of the AIDS virus and more recently about a threat of bird flu control over the region. Despite that, some ASEAN member countries continue to develop trade relations with the Burmese government seems there is nothing wrong and are not willing to sacrifice them.
The Sad Cumulative Record
Burma's military junta has never had any objectives other than personal enrichment and maintenance in power. No policy in favor of economic development and the improvement of living standards of the people have been executed since the overthrow of democratically elected U Nu in March 1962. Different military junta of systematically developed rackets against every kind and pillage of our natural resources.
Decades of reforms under the banner of "Burmese way to socialism" led like an economic collapse and the collapse of institutions such as education and health. Myanmar's underdeveloped economy that emerged among the countries of the poorest and least developed in the world ". (Source Organisation of the United Nations).
The only institution that still exists in this country is the military and the clergy. Myanmar holds some sad record:
* It holds the absolute record for forced enrollment of children in the military. According to the association Combined Stop Child Soldier Use will be 20% child soldiers, including some teenagers as 11 (the figure for the year 2004) for the military, estimated at 380,000 to 400,000 members. * Tens of thousands of civilians forced to register for projects such as roads, bridges, airports. This work is free and compulsory. If a person can not do it, they pay a fine or be sent one (male, female or children) to do the work in their place. This "modern form of slavery" as the International Labour Organization has characterized it has worked with companies such as Total and Unocal (since acquired by Chevron) Yadana site, despite the denial of Bernard Kouchner paid 25,000 euros in 2003 by the office of the consultant to the amount of lime other charges.
* Burma Army is up in human rights abuses. In the fight against insurgent minority (Karen and Shan in particular), it makes use of summary executions, rape of women and children, torture, forced removals, and pillage. It torch villages, burnt livestock and food sources of the villagers, killing health workers who try to help them.
* In 2006, Burma classified 164 out of 169 countries in terms of press freedom (Reporters Sans Frontieres source).
* Myanmar is the world's second largest producer of opium and amphetamines seems first like to thank the police and army abetted. Drug channeled abroad through India, China, Thailand and Bangladesh, creating a groundbreaking. Because of the widespread use of the drug is injected, the border between China and Burma has one of the highest prevalence rates of HIV in Asia. On the Indian side, the absence of an adequate response on the part of India and Myanmar as well as the lack of cooperation between the two countries has led to disastrous humanitarian situation. Nearly 730 villages of Mizoram state affected by drug use. 60% of the Singpho tribe in Arunachal Pradesh state of India is dependent and there are less than 50,000 non-addicts in the Indian state of Manipur. Conditions hardly any more inspiration along the Burmese-Thai border. United Wa State Army (UWSA) has been obtained, in exchange for a cease-fire agreement in 1989, guarantees that the
22 military turn a blind eye to the production and distribution of drugs that it carries. Originally settled in Shan State along the borders of China, Wa has been authorized to establish themselves in the states bordering the Thai border where they had extended the "trade" them. From 2001, Thaksin Shinawatra, the Thai prime minister, bringing a political change in the chaotic historic relations between the two countries, implementing the policy of "economic agreements beneficial to both parties". Even though it has launched a "war on drugs" that has led to more than 2,000 extra judicial murder in Thailand, Thaksin's Thai air force activity restricted so as not to hinder border activities Wa drug traffickers.
Sacrificed Education and Health
One of the most dramatic aspects of the balance sheet related to the dictatorship of education and health. The main formal schooling is free but does not dispose of the financial means to work. Books, exercise books, pencils and school maintenance costs are charged to parents. In a country where the majority live on one dollar a day, the threshold of absolute poverty according to the World Bank, the result is that the educational level of the population is very low. "For the years 1998 and 1999, the state is focusing less than 7% to 49% of education spending on the military". According to UNICEF statistics of the data on Myanmar subject to a warning because the source basically come from the government-79% Burmese children who complete the entire cycle of primary school teaching. This rate includes the registration, must be understood that less than half of the pupils achieved last year of primary school teaching, which confirmed a report by Unicef. Still according to these sources, only slightly more than one-third of secondary pupils to have access to the courses. From the revolt of 1988 until 2000, universities have been closed more than they are open. It is one of the means used by the military junta tried contain opposition among students.
According to a joint report researchers from Berkeley and Johns Hopkins23 universities, the policy of "public health" Burmese junta health problems at the national, regional and global. Health spending is among the lowest in the world. Only 3% of the national budget allocated to health spending. The annual budget for the prevention and treatment of HIV is 22,000 dollars per year for a population of around 50 million. As a result, life expectancy is no higher than 61 and the infant mortality rate is 76 ‰ (source Unesco, 2004). In comparison, Indonesia in 2004 have a life expectancy and infant mortality rates 67 to 30%.
Health system has been unable to respond to a serious health problem in the country. Malaria, HIV / AIDS and Tuberculosis is widespread. In 2005, 34% of tuberculosis cases in the country is immune to all forms of treatment, the figure twice as high in countries like Thailand. Almost 90% of the population lives in malaria-infected zone (half of the deaths from malaria in Asia localized in Burma). The report revealed that almost 70% of the drugs anti-malarial counterfeits sold in Burma or the one dosed, which increases the risk of resistance to disease, a problem that also exists for tuberculosis. Since the rebellion of 1988, hundreds of thousands of Burmese have been displaced or have become refugees in bordering countries, especially Thailand, Bangladesh and India. In these countries, the Burmese were not granted refugee status. More than 2 million Burmese living clandestinely in Thailand, compared to 140,000 who have official refugee status. This has contributed to the emergence or resurgence of diseases such as tuberculosis, dengue or syphilis in the bordering countries. The absence of recognition of refugee status requires millions of Burmese migrant workers living in clandestinity, prostitute themselves or receive hazardous and understated. Access to care is denied to them, and their great mobility, as clandestinity, limits the ability of NGOs to bring them help. That contribute to the spread of infections such as AIDS virus. This has taken
23
The Gathering Storm. Infections, Diseases and Human Rights in Burma. University of Berkeley and John Hopkins. July 2007. http://www.hrcberkeley.org/download/BurmaReport2007.pdf
23 such proportions that the Thai health minister was forced to admit that it threatens the Thai public health system. This situation has worsened since 2005, with the hardening of the regime's policy towards NGOs and charitable associations, limiting their ability to work in the country and led to the production of certain associations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Médecins Sans Frontière (MSF).
Helping the People of Burma
Because it has been in power, the Burmese junta has only the most basic rights of oppressed people of Burma. A person can not be credited with any to innovate or re-establish a civilian government. Convention recently convoked country with the aim of drafting a new constitution just a political farce that will allow the junta to consolidate his power is still behind a semblance of the participation process. Army has carefully control the entire process, selected 99% of the delegates, rejecting opponents, banned questions, suggestions, remarks from delegates. Then forbidden to communicate with the media. The result is written "constitution" by the generals for the generals [42] without hope of any change or improvement in the situation.
Suffering people of Burma has only worsened and the UN and the government appeals to "simplicity" other scandals. No doubt a few hundred members of the public and the monks were killed in the repression and violent last week and thousands of people have been arrested. But instead in 1988, millions of people around the world have witnessed the massacre civilians peacefully demonstrate to demand the most basic: the right to live tidy, freedom ... Burmese junta government support is a clear time morally condemned. China, India, Russia, but also members of ASEAN, South Korea, Japan can no longer hide their hypocrisy.
ASEAN, for example, has expressed "revulsion" at the junta's violence, but did not give any concrete signs indicate that it will take the least. At least, all of these countries can no longer profitable trade rectifier with the junta and pillage their natural resources in the country behind the scenes.
The United Nations (UN), the European Union and the United States also immediately respond to repression of protesters. Appeal to the "barrier" and "use peaceful means to restore stability" remains a hypocrite. Who can believe that one of the most vicious dictatorships in the world, the head Than Shwe is crazy paranoid, will be intimidated by any word shy?
European and U.S. Large companies such as Total and Chevron have been established in Burma for many years, too many years. Trade and their activities directly enrich the junta. People sentenced to forced labor fear, and misery.
This situation is intolerable
China can play an important role in the Burmese military force for change. But not alone in being able to unblock the situation because many have a tendency to say, allow them to avoid their own responsibility.
* In all countries, the pressure must be imposed on trade and investment ban on military finances. Of course, if a company withdraws, another ready to take its place ... Maybe, but the production company like Total can have a real impact for several months to junta without affecting the people who do not benefit from the cash flow. Besides, what moral justification can be made for doing business with this dictatorship?
24 * At what point in barring the European Union (EU) should be expanded, especially through a ban on investments in the most profitable sectors of the junta: sparse forest, mineral, oil and gas.Also all trade with Burma should be banned.
* Without delay, have organized a boycott of companies like Total present in Burma.
* At the international level, the United Nations (UN) is no longer just be asking for "peaceful dialogue between the two sides". They clearly condemn the junta exactions and do everything to ensure that rapidly established civilian government. This government must take emergency measures are necessary for human social, and re-establish democracy allow genuine constituent assembly elections quickly integrate all components of Burmese society.
* Only authorized assistance to humanitarian aid does not fall under the control of or association controlled junta.
* China has a real influence on the Burmese junta. As the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games approach, it is very concerned about its reputation and did not really want to be associated with the most brutal dictatorships. It is possible to bring pressure on the Chinese government to organize the campaign made it clear that the philosophy of the Olympics is totally incompatible with the suppression of democracy in China or Burma.
Conclusion
Since the military coup in 1962 which ended the reign of democracy in Burma, the people of Burma have been subjected to extensive human rights. Subsequent coup d'etat by General Saw Maung following the rebellion in 1988, which was renamed Myanmar as Burma, saw an increase in the abuse of the people of Burma, particularly against political dissidents and ethnic minorities. Human rights violations intensified attention to the brink of RtoP; human rights abuses by the military junta include: extensive use of forced labor, forced recruitment of tens of thousands of child soldiers, sexual violence is more widespread, seguridad murder, torture and displacement of over 1 million people of Burma .
Election victory in 1990 by the National League for Democracy (NLD), led by Aung San Suu Kyi, exacerbated harsh repression of political opposition military junta. Regime's intolerance toward deviant political opinion in the abuse of prisoners and torture of political opponents - including the most famous case of Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and leader of the NLD, the house arrest of Aung San Suu Kyi, for the most part the last two decades - and crackdowns The deadly demonstrations and restrictions on freedom of speech and assembly.
Ethnic minority groups, such as the Karen and Rohingya people, face persecution and are subject to forced labor and displacement; rape has been used as a systematic weapon of ethnic minority women. In twelve years, more than 3,000 ethnic minority villages have been destroyed or displaced, many burned and destroyed.
Neglect of the military junta, the people and by the refusal to cooperate with the humanitarian aid after Cyclone Nargis in 2008 and a violent crackdown on the Saffron Revolution in 2007, the first peaceful demonstrations by Buddhist monks and civilians, has propelled the often overlook the humanitarian crisis in Burma international attention. Responsibility to Protect has demanded a call to action by UN officials and prominent human rights activists in response to the mistreatment of the Burmese military junta population. Recent trial of Aung San Suu Kyi under house arrest for allegedly
25 violating by allowing American intruder to relax in the lakeside house refocused on errant junta political repression, prompting international criticism and anger.
Bibliografi
Aung Zaw. Burma’s Democracy Challenge Flickers Out., The Irrawaddy Online. September 3, 2007. Danielle Sabai. (2007 October). Burma: The Burmese crisis, its roots and the urgency of solidarity.
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http://www.internationalviewpoint.org/spip.php?article1328 Engaging Burma: The ASEAN Experience. Mario Aguja. April 6, 2006.
The Crisis in Burma. (2012 May). Retrieved 2012 May 4 from
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The Gathering Storm. Infections, Diseases and Human Rights in Burma. Universities of Berkeley and Johns Hopkins July 2007. http://www.hrcberkeley.org/download/BurmaReport2007.pdf
