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Proceedings of the 43

rd

_{International Physics Olympiad}

15

th

_{– 24}

th

_{of July 2012 • Tallinn and Tartu, Estonia}

PhysIcs

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Estonian Ministry of Education and Research The Estonian Information Technology Foundation Designed by loremipsum.ee

Edited by OÜ Komadisain Published in 2012

www.ipho2012.ee

IPhO illustrations by Toom Tragel Cover photo by Henry Teigar

Proceedings of the 43rd International Physics Olympiad is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Estonia License.

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sPEEchEs

13

Opening Ceremony 13 Closing Ceremony 19

PEOPLE

25

Participants 25 Organizers 54

PrOgrams

63

Students 63

Leaders and Observers 67

PrObLEms and sOLuTIOns

73

Theoretical Competition 73 Experimental Competition 107

rEsuLTs

131

Gold Medalists 131 Silver Medalists 133 Bronze Medalists 135 Honorable Mentions 137 Special Prizes 139

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InTErnaTIOnaL bOard

151

Minutes 151 Statutes 157 Syllabus 168

aPPEndIcEs

175

Tartu – The World Capital of Physics 175

Circulars 183

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Foreword

Estonia had the honour of hosting the 43rd International Physics Olympiad (IPhO), which took place from the 15th to the 24th of July 2012. On this occasion the dele-gations of 80 countries came together, making it one of the largest international events ever hosted by Estonia. The success of the venue became possible owing to the long-term efforts of a large number of people – the devoted members of the Steering Committee, Organizing Committee, Markers, Academic Committee, and the numerous volunteers – the Guides, Media Team, etc. Of equal importance was the comprehensive support of the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research, as well as the aid of the University of Tartu, Tallinn University of Technology, and the main sponsors. Last but not least, the success of the Olympiad stems from the support and cooperation of all the participants – contestants, leaders, observers, and visitors! Organizing such a huge event was a challenging but highly rewarding task!

The International Physics Olympiad has a long history, and many of its tradi-tions originate from an era which was very different from the current one; perhaps the most important difference lies in the communication and information tech-nologies. A dozen years ago at an IPhO, a group of team leaders had a discussion about the prospects of the IPhO in the internet era. Will it remain, or will it be superceded by online competitions? During the subsequent years, the IPhO has not only stayed but also grown. The fun of face-to-face discussions with new friends and time spent together can never be substituted by meetings in virtual space. However, the advent of new technologies requires and also makes possible certain changes in the organization of the IPhO. The organizers of the 43rd IPhO ventured to introduce several innovations, most of which received praising feedback from the participants. In particular, it was the first Olympiad where (a) the students and team leaders stayed in different cities; (b) the team leaders were asked to provide only digital copies of the problem translations (thus bypassing the hard copies); (c) there was a fully automated scanning of the students’ solutions, which made use of barcodes; (d) the distribution of the graders’ marks and submitting of the leaders’ marks was made digitally online; (e) the competition city became the

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World Capital of Physics; (d) there was a “career day” during which the students had an opportunity to visit the information booths of some of the leading uni-versities in the world; (f) the Olympiad was preceded by a 10-month-long online competition “Physics Cup – IPhO2012”.

Another innovation of this Olympiad – perhaps not as prominent but by no means less important than the ones listed above – lies in the style of the problems. To be more specific, it was not so much an innovation, but rather reverting back to the style of the problems used 20 or more years ago. During the last two decades, the problem texts had become longer and longer, with numerous sub-questions, often with multiple nested structures. The reasoning behind such a trend was simple: the number of contestants (and the number of languages in which the solutions were written) became bigger and bigger, making the grading process increasingly difficult. A larger number of smaller tasks make it easier to achieve a fair grading. However, there were also serious implications: the students needed to waste a lot of time on reading the texts; there was less room for creativity – most often, the approach to the solution was already written into the problem text.

It has been argued that the style of the IPhO problems from the last decade was closer to the real tasks of the science of physics. This claim, however, is not entirely correct. Indeed, a good physical research involves several stages: (a) find-ing a challengfind-ing and important topic; (b) makfind-ing a solvable model – neglectfind-ing marginal effects and keeping only the qualitatively important components (d) solving the problem which was formulated at the previous stage; (e) analyzing the implications of the solution. So, it is true that an immediate problem solving makes up only a small part of a physical study. Nevertheless, a good insight into physical phenomena, which is developed by solving creative physical problems, is also very important during stages (a) and (b). Furthermore, in order to advance with really important and innovative topics where a new physics is to be devel-oped, creativity is unavoidable. While the technical skills can be easily developed later, typically during university studies, creativity needs to be developed from the very beginning of physics studies. Creative problems also make physics fun, which is what attracts talented young people. This was the reasoning behind the decision of the Academic Committee of the 43rd IPhO to take the risk of making shorter and more creative problems, the solutions of which were more difficult to grade. Now, while looking back, one can say that the risk paid off: the feedback was nothing but positive. Let us cite here a contestant from China, Hengyun Zhou:

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“I liked this year’s IPhO problems very much. Having gone through most of the past papers, I think that this year’s problems are the best to date. First, they consisted of difficult enough problems, and left most of the think-ing process for the students so that we had to use all our knowledge and skills to figure out the correct approach to the problems. Many of the problems in the past paved the entire way for the students, so all students had to do was follow the instructions, but this year we had to come up with a method of our own. Additionally, this year’s problems emphasised the physics rather than mathematic skills. The most difficult part in the prob-lems was building an appropriate model, and that part really intrigued me, although I failed to build a correct model in many problems in the end.”

Jaak kIkas and Jaan kaLda

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Sir Harold Kroto

1996 Nobel Prize winner, the honorary guest of the IPhO2012

“The job of the scien-tists is to check, not to believe everything. The freedom to doubt is a privilege. If you know you are unsure, you have a chance to change the situation.” From the academic lecture by Sir Harold Kroto July 20th Tartu – the World Capital of Physics

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Speeches

Opening Ceremony

EnE Ergma

President of the Parliament of Estonia

Dear participants of the International Physics Olympiad! Dear delegation leaders, guests, ladies and gentlemen! It is a great pleasure for me to greet you in Tallinn, the capital of the Republic of Estonia.

Welcome!

Already in 1996, physicist and Member of the Academy of Sciences Jaak Aaviksoo, who was then the Minister of Education of the Republic of Estonia, submit-ted the application to hold the IPhO in Estonia in 2012. This took place only five years after Estonia had restored its independence, but already then we were convinced that the motor of progress in the 21st century would be an economy that is based on science and high technologies and needs specialists with a strong science education.

Since then, young people of Estonia have success-fully participated in several Olympiads, and have not returned home from them empty-handed. The fact that the International Physics Olympiad is held in Estonia became the reason why it was decided to declare this aca-demic year the Year of Science in Estonia, and why Tartu becomes the World Capital of Physics on the 20th of July.

But why is the year 2012 so special for physicists? I believe there is no sense in asking this question in this hall, because everybody knows the answer – Higgs

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boson does exist! The almost half-a-century-long saga of experimental discovery of this particle shows how complicated it is to get nature to reveal its secrets. But physicists are purposeful people and they are not deterred by difficulties.

Dear future young colleagues!

I would like to tell you that an education in physics is the best thing in the world. Having studied physics at Moscow University and worked for many years as an astrophysicist both in science institutions and as a university lecturer, I can tell you that dealing with physics and science is really fun. And if the laboratories on Earth become too narrow for you, turn your glance towards the Universe, where the great Creator, Nature, has built the most perfect physics laboratory, the con-ditions of which scientists will never be able to reproduce on Earth.

I wish you all a successful Olympiad, a nice stay in Estonia and a successful future career in science.

And many thanks to the instructors of the young people and to the organizers of the Olympiad!

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hans JOrdEns

The President of the International Physics Olympiad

Your Excellency, Distinguished guests, Dear participants,

For all those who love physics, participation in the International Physics Olympiad is an exciting event that cannot be overestimated for its importance. Large-scale events like this one will have a profound impact on the lives of all participants whatever they will do later on. The IPhO is like a watershed: there is one life before the Olympiad and another one afterwards. And the two are very different.

For that reason, we are grateful to Estonia as the country that hosts the Olympiad today. I had the priv-ilege to visit Estonia one month ago to confer with the organizers about the progress of the organization and I was really impressed by the work they had done. You must be aware that Estonia is a young and rather small country with an even smaller population. To organize a large-scale event like the Physics Olympiad is something that is not done overnight. On top of this relatively dif-ficult job Estonia wanted to have the competition take place in two cities almost 200 km apart. The solution to that was the introduction of modern techniques, much more than we have ever used before in the IPhO. You should not be surprised that Skype, being developed in Estonia, will be one of them.

I hope you will enjoy your stay in Estonia. Estonia is

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a lovely country with very interesting cities, with ancient histories the traces of which are still very visible. But most of the country is covered by a pastoral and in some places also rough and wild nature. You will have the opportunity to enjoy all that during the excursions.

The students stay in the city of Tartu which is situated more to the south-east. You will like this small town for her nice old centre. But you will most of all remember Tartu as the city where you took the theoretical and experimental tests, which, I can assure you, pose interesting physics problems that demand all of your skills to solve them.

It is a privilege to take part in the Physics Olympiad. It is our aim to have as many countries as possible participating in the competition. I, therefore, regret that from the 104 invited countries 24 could not send a team for financial, organ-izational or other reasons. In the world today we should be able to provide free access for someone who wants to participate in this event, no matter where he or she lives. As long as I am president of the International Physics Olympiad I take it as my duty to promote that.

But still, 80 teams are present. You find yourself amongst some 400 others who have the same fascination for physics as you have. That already by itself is a great experience. I hope you take the opportunity to make friends. In this generation more than ever before it is easy to stay in touch. Science and especially physics is an international activity. And due to that physicists are able to tackle and solve problems like the proof of the existence of the Higgs boson as they just did in CERN. But while some questions are solved, new ones pop up. We are truly living in exciting times.

I, therefore, wish you all the best in this competition and I hope that it may be your first step towards a career in Physics.

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Jaak kIkas

Chairman of the Academic Committee

Honorable President of the Estonian Parliament, Honorable President of the International Physics Olympiad,

Dear participants of the 43rd International Physics Olympiad,

Honorable guests, Ladies and gentlemen,

On behalf of the Academic Committee of the 43rd International Physics Olympiad it is my pleasure to welcome you to Estonia. The IPhO is a big event for Estonia – never before have we hosted an international gathering with so many nations participating, not to mention the number of brilliant young minds – the future of world physics.

Estonia has been participating in the IPhOs since 1992, and since then we have enjoyed the hospitality of 21 countries. We very much hope that we can, in turn, provide a bit of the warmth that we ourselves have enjoyed all over the world. The Academic Committee has been working hard to make the coming Olympiad a memorable event for you. First of all, we have tried to prepare a balanced set of problems, including both simple and truly challenging questions, rich in physical content and relatively simple mathematically. We also hope that beside the examinations the Olympiad is a chance for you to find new friends, have a good time, and learn a bit about our country and the people living here. Well, yesterday you already learned something

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about the Estonian weather. To be honest, it can be better. Sometimes J

And don’t worry that after they have discovered the Higgs there’s nothing left for you to discover. Because if you raise your eyes to the skies, as academician Ergma recommended, what do you see there? Almost nothing! Because about 95% of what is up there is hidden from our sight – I mean the dark matter and dark energy. What these really are – it may well be your chance to find out. And on your road to big discoveries, participation in the IPhO is a pretty big step. On behalf of the Academic Committee I wish you every success in the forth-coming competition.

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Jaak aavIksOO

Minister of Education and Research

Dear friends of physics, I would like to start with thank-ing you, all of you. Firstly because of your love towards physics. As a physicist I know what it means. It is a personal pleasure, it is a contribution to technological development, and I hope very much it is also a contri-bution to a better world.

I would also like to thank you for making Estonia, Tallinn and Tartu the Capital of Physics for at least 7 days. It is your work, it is your love towards physics that has made it possible. Thank you for coming! Thank you for your efforts, solving complicated theoretical problems, being skilled in experiments. And last but not least, thank you for joining the physics family here in Estonia.

Of course I would like to congratulate all of you who have made their way to the prizes, be it silver, bronze or gold. I would also like to thank all of your teachers. All of those people who have helped you to achieve what you have achieved so far. I would like to thank your families. And I would like to wish you, every one of you, success in your future endeavours, in physics and in your personal lives.

And last but not least, try to make this world a bet-ter place through your love towards physics, through your love towards friends, different people, developing ways and means to contribute to social progress and a peaceful world.

Thank you for coming and congratulations on your achievements!

Photo by Karl Veskus

Closing Ceremony

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hans JOrdEns

The President of the International Physics Olympiad

Your Excellency, Distinguished guests, Dear participants.

First of all, I want to thank our hosts from Estonia who made this Olympiad a great success. Much work is needed to have an Olympiad run well, especially when you take into account the relatively large burden on the shoulders of a small country like Estonia. Hundreds of people, staff, guides and volunteers, were involved in the organization to make the competition work for some 400 participants.

So please join me in a big round of applause for the organizers and all those who made this Olympiad possible!

The Physics Olympiad is, first and foremost, a com-petition and I’d, therefore, like to say a few words, especially to those who participated: the competitors.

I really hope you enjoyed your stay here in Estonia. I hope you are satisfied with your results in the competi-tion. I hope you enjoyed the company of your peers from all over the world and I hope you could make friends with some of them. All this is important. But I also hope that you feel privileged that you could take part in the International Physics Olympiad. Taking into account the millions of young people of your age, you now belong to a very select group. The French have a nice phrase for that: “Noblesse oblige”, meaning “Nobility obliges”, or in other words, privilege entails responsibility.

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There is an aspect of being excellent of which you must be aware. From now on you will be regarded as a role model, and that gives you a certain responsibilities. Not only your peers but most of all those who are younger than you will look up to you. You have the possibility to inspire youngsters much more than anyone else, simply because you are young yourself and because you have already achieved so much.

So don’t spend all your time just studying science. Participate in outreach activities as well and use the abilities you have obtained from being here and the position of the role model you have become. I would say: show the world that science is fascinating and exciting. That it can be understood and that it should be understood in order to make proper decisions. There is a significant amount of scientific illiteracy amongst people who rule the world. Science not only teaches you about the laws of nature but it stimulates a critical attitude towards what you observe. It teaches you to distinguish between facts and fiction. It is that critical attitude that keeps people’s eyes open in the quest for truth. And you are the ambassadors to advocate that.

I’d like to conclude by wishing you all the best in your future lives and let us hear from you, if not as a Nobel Prize Laureate then at least as someone who made a difference. Try to become a happy person and let physics help you to achieve that.

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nIELs chrIsTIan harTLIng

President of Organising Committee IPhO 2013

Distinguished guests, ladies and gentlemen,

Denmark has participated in the International Physics Olympiad since Oslo 1996. A few years later, in 1999, it was decided that Denmark should host the International Physics Olympiad in 2013.

The year 2013 was mainly chosen in memory of the 100th anniversary of Niels Bohr’s theory of the hydro-gen atom. One may say that this theory marks the very beginning of quantum mechanics. Therefore, it seemed natural to celebrate this year with young physics stu-dents from all over the world. And to be quite honest: We also hoped that the anniversary would help us gather the necessary funds.

Back in 1999, we had a feeling that the year 2013 was a distant future. But as time flies, we now realize with some surprise that there is only one year left.

Estonia and Denmark have a lot in common. We are both small nations, more or less the same size, with a coastline on the Baltic Sea, and we have the same weather. What you may not know is that, according to legend, Denmark got its flag in Estonia. During a bat-tle against Estonia on the 15th of June 1219, the Danish army was about to lose. Then suddenly a flag fell from the sky, and a voice said, “Under this flag you will win”! The Danish Army did win, and we got our red and white flag, which is the oldest in the world. So we may say that we got our national flag from Estonia! [And today, Photo by Merily Salura

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once more, we received a flag in Estonia.]

This year we’ve had a wonderful time here in Estonia, and finally I want to thank our hosts for these amazing days, which we will never forget. You have made a fantastic arrangement. Now Estonia hands over the baton to Denmark, but it will not be easy to match this marvelous organization.

We look very much forward to welcoming you in Copenhagen, Denmark, to the 44th International Physics Olympiad in 2013.

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People

Participants

InTErnaTIOnaL PhysIcs OLymPIad cOmmITTEE

President Hans Jordens

Executive Secretary Ming Juey Lin

aLbanIa

Student Geri Emiri

Arled Papa

Leader Antoneta Deda

armEnIa

Student Vardan Avetisyan

Aram Mkrtchyan Virab Gevorgyan Aleksandr Petrosyan Razmik Hovhannisyan

Leader Gagik Grigoryan

Bilor Kurghinyan

azErbaIJan

Student Haji Piriyev

Valeh Farzaliyev Ramazan Ramazanov Farid Mammadov Ahmad Mehribanli

Leader Mirzali Murguzov

Rana Mammadova

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ausTraLIa

Student Eric Huang

Jonathan Lay Nicholas Salmon Siobhan Tobin Christopher Whittle

Leader Matthew Verdon

Bonnie Zhang

Observer Alix Verdon

ausTrIa

Student Oliver Edtmair

Christoph Weis Tobias Karg Maximilian Ruep Martin Stadler

Leader Helmuth Mayr

Engelbert Stuetz

bangLadEsh

Student Kinjol Barua

Wasif Ahmed Shinjini Saha Shovon Biswas Ahmed Maksud

Leader Fayez Ahmed Jahangir Masud

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bELarus

Student Ihar Lobach

Albert Samoilenka Aliaksey Khatskevich Aliaksandr Yankouski Vadzim Reut

Leader Anatoli Slabadzianiuk

Anton Mishchuk

Observer Leonid Markovich

bELgIum

Student Romain Falla

Leandro Salemi Basile Rosen Basile Vermassen Mathias Stichelbaut

Leader Bernadette Hendrickx

Philippe Leonard

Observer Sophie Houard

Matthieu Dontaine

bOLIvIa

Student Cesar Tapia

Leader Veronica Subieta

bOsnIa and hErzEgOvIna

Student Selver Pepic

Amer Ajanovic Nudzeim Selimovic Sladjan Veselinovic Stefan Gvozdenovic

Leader Rajfa Musemic

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brazIL

Student Luis Gustavo Lapinha Dalla Stella

Guilherme Renato Martins Unzer Lara Timbo Araujo

Ivan Tadeu Ferreira Antunes Filho Jose Luciano De Morais Neto

Leader Euclydes Marega Junior

Fernando Wellysson de Alencar Sobreira

Observer Leonardo Bruno Pedroza Pontes Lima

Ronaldo Fogo

Antonio Giacomo Pedrine

buLgarIa

Student Katerina Naydenova

Yordan Yordanov Veselin Karadzhov Kaloyan Darmonev Konstantin Gundev

Leader Victor Ivanov

Miroslav Abrashev

canada

Student Sepehr Ebadi

Yun Jia (Melody) Guan Tristan Downing Henry Honglei Wu Simon Blouin

Leader Andrzej Kotlicki

Jean-François Caron

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cOLOmbIa

Student Daniel Eduardo Fajardo Fajardo

Andres Rios Tascon Andres Zorrilla Vaca

Leader Fernando Vega Salamanca

Eduardo Zalamea Godoy

crOaTIa

Student Samuel Bosch

Bruno Buljan Luka Skoric Karlo Sepetanc Grgur Simunic

Leader Nikolina Novosel

Ticijana Ban

czEch rEPubLIc

Student Ondřej Bartoš

Jakub Vošmera Stanislav Fořt Martin Raszyk Lubomír Grund Leader Jan Kříž Bohumil Vybíral

cyPrus

Student Nicolas Shiaelis

Anastasios Stylianou Marios Ioannou Marios Maimaris Fidias Ieridis

Leader Demetrios Philippou

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dEnmark

Student Molte Emil Strange Andersen

Jakob Lass

Christian Aamand Witting Kasper Tolborg

Nikolaj Theodor Thams

Leader Jens Ulrik Lefmann

Christian Thune Jacobsen

Observer Niels Christian Hartling

Marianne Hartling Niels Østergård

Maja Lehmann Jacobsen Henrik Bruus

EL saLvadOr

Student Bryan Alexander Escalante Castro

Valerie Argentina Dominguez Rivera Julio Carlos Chorro Huezo

Leader Jose Roberto Dimas Valle

Raúl Alvarenga

EsTOnIa

Student Jaan Toots

Tanel Kiis Kaur Aare Saar Kristjan Kongas Andres Erbsen

Leader Mihkel Kree

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FInLand

Student Iiro Lehto

Matias Mannerkoski Jyri Maanpää Arttu Yli-Sorvari Tapio Hautamäki

Leader Heikki Mäntysaari

Lasse Franti

FrancE

Student Jonathan Dong

Jean Douçot Paul Kirchner

Theodor Misiakiewicz Simon Pirmet

Leader Christian Brunel

Nicolas Billy

Observer Solene Chevalier-Thery

gEOrgIa

Student Jemal Shengelia

Giorgi Kobakhidze Sergi Chalauri Saba Kharabadze Sandro Maludze

Leader Vladimir Paverman

Kakhaber Tavzarashvili

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gErmany

Student Qiao Gu Sebastian Linß Vu Phan Thanh Lorenz Eberhardt Georg Krause

Leader Stefan Petersen

Gunnar Friege

Observer Jochen Kröger

grEEcE

Student Stavros Efthymiou

Fotios Vogias

Emmanouil Sakaridis Emmanouil Vourliotis Michalis Halkiopoulos

Leader George Kalkanis

Panagiotis Tsakonas

hOng kOng

Student Lam Ho Tat

Lai Kwun Hang Chan Cheuk Lun Fung Tsz Chai Lo Hei Chun

Leader Dik Wai Yin

Wong Kwok Yee

Observer Ng Siu Cho

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hungary

Student Péter Juhász

Áron Dániel Kovács Zoltán Laczkó Roland Papp Attila Szabó

Leader Péter Vankó

Máté Vigh

Observer Ferenc Sarlós

IcELand

Student Hólmfríður Hannesdóttir

Atli Thor Sveinbjarnarson Freyr Sverrisson

Pétur Rafn Bryde Stefan Alexis Sigurðsson

Leader Ingibjörg Haraldsdóttir

Martin Swift

IndIa

Student Bijoy Singh Kochar

Jeevana Priya Inala Kunal Singhal Pulkit Tandon Rahul Trivedi

Leader Patrick Dasgupta

Raghavendra Maigur Krishna

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IndOnEsIa

Student I Made G.N. Kumara

Luqman Fathurrohim

Ramadhiansyah Ramadhiansyah Werdi Wedana Gunawan

Adrian Nugraha Utama

Leader Mohammad S. Rosid

Kamsul Abraha

Observer Bobby Eka Gunara

Visitor Bambang Hartono

IrELand

Student John Cristopher Horatio Mulholland

Dale Alexander Hughes Liam Tomas Mulcahy

Thomas Sherlock Wyse Jackson

Leader Eamonn Cunningham

David Rea

IsLamIc rEPubLIc OF Iran

Student Mohamad Ansarifard

Mehrdad Malak Mohammadi Amir Yousefi

Ramtin Yazdanian Sajad Khodadadian

Leader Mehdi Saadat

Ayoub Esmailpour

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IsraEL

Student Itay Knaan Harpaz

Chen Solomon Yigal Zegelman Ittai Rubinstein Eden Segal

Leader Eli Raz Somech

Igor Lisenker

Observer Yoav Merhav

ITaLy

Student Federica Maria Surace

Roberto Albesiano Michele Fava Martin Vlashi Federico Re

Leader Dennis Luigi Censi

Paolo Violino

Observer Giorgio Busoni

Francesco Minosso

JaPan

Student Yuichi Enoki

Tasuku Omori Kazumi Kasaura Kohei Kawabata Hiromasa Nakatsuka

Leader Fumiko Okiharu

Kazuo Kitahara

Observer Tadao Sugiyama

Masashi Mukaida Yuto Murashita Katsuhiko Shinkaji Masao Ninomiya

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kazakhsTan

Student Ivan Senyushkin

Ilya Vilkoviskiy

Kaisarbek Omirzakhov Nurzhas Aidynov Mussa Rajamov

Leader Askar Davletov

Guliya Nurbakova

Observer Yernur Rysmagambetov

kuwaIT

Student Nour Alsajari

Rawan Alsenin Suad Alasfoor Maryam Ramadan Zainab Busalehhah

Leader Tareq Abdullah

Eman Hamad

Observer Anoud Alkandari

Visitor Yousef Alsenin

Muhammad Alsajari Huda Esmail

Khaled Malak Nozhah Almatrood

kyrgyzsTan

Student Fedor Ignatov

Salizhan Kylychbekov Zakirbek Mamatayir uulu Ermek Belekov

Meder Kutbidin uulu

Leader Raia Sultanalieva

Abdymanap Tashmamatov

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LaTvIa

Student Luka Ivanovskis

Georgijs Trenins Kristaps Znotins Andris Gerasimovics Maris Serzans

Leader Vyacheslavs Kashcheyevs

Andris Muznieks

LIEchTEnsTEIn

Student Benedikt Kratochwil

Lukas Lang David Hälg

Leader Fritz Epple

Daniel Oehry

LIThuanIa

Student Mantas Abazorius

Tomas Čerškus Daumantas Kavolis Marius Kerys

Žygimantas Stražnickas

Leader Pavelas Bogdanovičius

Edmundas Kuokštis

Observer Indrė Grigaitytė

macaO, chIna

Student Chan Lon Wu

Wai Pan Si Ka Fai Chan Wai Hong Lei Wai Hei Hoi

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macEdOnIa

Student Vesna Bacheva

Filip Simeski Biljana Mitreska Ljupcho Petrov

Leader Stanisha Veljkovikj

maLaysIa

Student Lee Yuan Zhe

Yeoh Chin Vern Ooi Chun Yeang Koay Hui Wen Imran Ariffin

Leader Wan Mohd Aimran Wan Mohd Kamil

Chin Mai Ying

Observer Rosman Md Ajis

mExIcO

Student Eduardo Acosta-Reynoso

Javier Mendez-Ovalle Kevin Bustillos-Barrera Alberto Trejo-Avila Jorge Torres-Ramos

Leader Victor Romero-Rochin

Raul Espejel-Morales

mOLdOva

Student Cristian Zanoci

Ion Toloaca Nicoleta Colibaba Dinis Cheian Ilie Popanu

Leader Victor Paginu

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mOngOLIa

Student Tsogt Baigalmaa

Battushig Myanganbayar Munkhtsetseg Battulga Battsooj Bayarsaikhan Bilguun Batjargal

Leader Batsukh Garmaa

Baatarchuluun Tsermaa

Observer Sharavsuren Byamba

Soyolmaa Dorjyanjmaa

mOnTEnEgrO

Student Petar Tadic

Marko Petric Nikola Potpara Vladimir Pejovic Janko Radulovic

Leader Jovan Mirkovic

Nevenka Antovic

Observer Tatijana Carapic

nEThErLands

Student Koen Dwarshuis

Troy Figiel

Ruben Doornenbal Thijs van der Gugten Martijn van Kuppeveld

Leader Ad Mooldijk

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nIgErIa

Student Ayomide Andrae Bamidele

Musa Muhammed Damina John Nwankwo Chijioke Anthony Okonkwo

Michael Tari Charles Okhide

Leader Ayhan Yaman

Lewis Obagboye

Observer Alaba Aminat Agbaje

Okey Junior Chikezie

nOrway

Student Tiantian Zhang

Håkon Tásken Oda Lauten Anders Strømberg Marius Leiros

Leader Torbjørn Mehl

Joakim Bergli

PakIsTan

Student Muhammad Suhaib Qasim

Usman Ayyaz Usman Ali Javid

Muhammad Taimoor Iftikhar

Leader Shahid Qamar

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41

PEOPLE’s rEPubLIc OF chIna

Student Wenzhuo Huang

Yijun Jiang Hengyun Zhou Siyuan Wei Chi Shu

Leader Xiaolin Chen

Kun Xun

Observer Liangzhu Mu

Chunling Zhang Feng Song

POLand

Student Bartlomiej Zawalski

Michal Pacholski Kacper Oreszczuk Filip Ficek Jan Rydzewski

Leader Jacek Jasiak

Jan Mostowski

POrTugaL

Student Francisco Machado

Pedro Paredes Manuel Cabral Matheus Marreiros Simão João

Leader Fernando Nogueira

Rui Travasso

PuErTO rIcO

Student Logan Abel

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42

rEPubLIc OF kOrEa

Student Woojin Kweon

Sooshin Kim Wonseok Lee Jaemo Lim Suyeon Choi

Leader Sung-Won Kim

Ki Wan Jang

Observer Chan Ju Kim

Hyun Joo Lee Yuri Kang Weon Kyun Mok Kug-Hyung Lee

rEPubLIc OF sIngaPOrE

Student Ding Yue

Huan Yan Qi Kuan Jun Jie, Joseph Soo Wah Ming, Wayne Ang Yu Jian

Leader Rawat Rajdeep Singh

Chung Keng Yeow

Observer Chng Chia Yi

Berthold-Georg Englert

Visitor Aleksandra Englert

rOmanIa

Student Tudor Giurgică-Tiron

Dan - Cristian Andronic Sebastian Florin Dumitru Tudor Ciobanu

Roberta Răileanu

Leader Delia-Constanţa Davidescu

Adrian Dafinei

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43

russIa

Student Alexandra Vasilyeva

Nikita Sopenko Ivan Ivashkovskiy Lev Ginzburg David Frenklakh

Leader Valery Slobodyanin

Dmitry Aleksandrov

Observer Mikhail Osin

saudI arabIa

Student Sulaiman Almatroudi

Abdullah Alsalloum Ali Alhulaymi Mohammad Alhejji Homoud Alharbi

Leader Najm Al Hosiny

Sandu Golcea

Observer Abdulaziz Alharthi

Mahmoud Nagadi Hind Aldossari Laila Babsail

Visitor Aljoharah Almetrek

Abdulaziz Alrashed

sErbIa

Student Tamara Šumarac

Milan Kornjača Milan Krstajić Jovan Blanuša Ilija Burić

Leader Aleksandar Krmpot

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44

sLOvakIa

Student Peter Kosec

Patrik Svancara Patrik Turzak Andrej Vlcek Samuel Beznak

Leader Ivo Cap

Lubomir Mucha

Observer Lubomir Konrad

Visitor Klara Capova

sLOvEnIa

Student Domen Ipavec

Matevž Marinčič Jan Šuntajs Jurij Tratar Miha Zgubič

Leader Ciril Dominko

Jurij Bajc

sOuTh aFrIca

Student Thiolan Prevan Naidoo

Avthar Sewrathan Xolela Jara

Lloyd Mahadeo

Shihal Menesher Sapry

Leader Mervlyn Moodley

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45

sPaIn

Student Roberto Alegre

Francesc-Xavier Gispert Sánchez David Trillo Fernández

Marc Rodà Llordés Aitor Azemar

Leader Juan Leon

Esperanza García-Carpintero Romero

srI Lanka

Student Chanaka Manoj Singhabahu

Dombagaha Gedara Prasad Randika Maithriepala Liraj Harsha Prabath Kodithuwakku

M. Janidu Chandrashantha Gunarathna

Edurapotha Gamaralalage Inoka Amanthie Dharmasena

Leader Ramal Vernil Coorey

surInamE

Student Chaandnie Bandhoe

Raynesh Kanhai Priya Kasimbeg Suraj Kishoen Misier

Leader Tjien Bing Tan

Ignaas Jimidar

Visitor Chantal Hewitt

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46

swEdEn

Student Johan Runeson

Andréas Sundström Carl Smed

Viktor Djurberg Simon Johansson

Leader Max Kesselberg

Bo Söderberg

Observer Anne-Sofie Mårtensson

Visitor Margareta Kesselberg

swITzErLand

Student Thanh Phong Lê

Dominic Schwarz Sebastian Käser Laura Gremion

Christoph Schildknecht

Leader Lionel Philippoz

Simon Birrer

Observer Johanna Nyffeler

syrIan arab rEPubLIc

Student Ghadeer Shaaban

Osama Yaghi

Mohamad Nour Ahmad Mohamed Alrazzouk

Leader Akil Salloum

(47)

47

TaIwan

Student Kai-Chi Huang

Jun-Ting Hsieh Wei-Jen Ko Yu-Ting Liu Chien-An Wang

Leader Chih-Ta Chia

Shang-Fang Tsai

Observer Chung-Yu Mou

Tzong-Jer Yang Chon Saar Chu Jiun-Huei Wu Yen-Chen Yu

TaJIkIsTan

Student Abdukhomid Nurmatov

Rabboni Bafoev Adhamzhon Shukurov Shakhzodi Rustamdzhon Isfandiyor Safarov

Leader Ilkhom Khotami

ThaILand

Student Pongsapuk Sawaddirak

Puthipong Worasaran Paphop Sawasdee Supanut Thanasilp

Nathanan Tantivasadakarn

Leader Sirapat Pratontep

Phichet Kittara

Observer Suwan Kusamran

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48

TurkEy

Student Atinc Cagan Sengul

Oguzhan Can Abdurrahman Akkas Mustafa Selman Akinci Mehmet Said Onay

Leader Ibrahim Gunal

Onur Ozcan

TurkmEnIsTan

Student Mekan Toyjanov

Meylis Malikov Kemal Babayev Agajan Odayev

Övezmyrat Övezmyradow

Leader Halit Coşkun

Gylychmammet Orazov

ukraInE

Student Volodymyr Sivak

Vsevolod Bykov Vladysslav Diachenko Volodymyr Rozsokhovatskyi Yevgen Cherniavskyi

Leader Boris Kreminskyi

Stanislav Vilchynskyi

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49

unITEd kIngdOm

Student Adam Brown

Richard Thorburn Peter Budden Eric Wieser Frank Bloomfield

Leader Robin Hughes

Paul Nicholls

Observer Sian Owen

Visitor Muriel Irene Hughes

unITEd sTaTEs OF amErIca

Student Allan Sadun

Eric Schneider

Jeffrey Cai Jeffrey Yan Kevin Zhou

Leader Paul Stanley

Andrew Lin

vIETnam

Student Xuan Hien Bui

Viet Thang Dinh Phi Long Ngo Ngoc Hai Dinh Huy Quang Le

Leader The Khoi Nguyen

Minh Thi Tran

Observer Van Vinh Le

Van Pham Tran Quang Tuan Ngo Thai Hoc Bui Van Vu Ha Xuan Thanh Ha

(50)

(51)

51

(52)

(53)

53

(54)

54

Organizers

sTEErIng cOmmITTEE

Chairman

Janar Holm Estonian Ministry of Education and Research

Secretary

Viire Sepp Gifted and Talented Development Centre

of University Tartu

Members

Ergo Nõmmiste University of Tartu, Institute of Physics

Jaak Kikas University of Tartu

Jaan Kalda Tallinn University of Technology, Institute of Cybernetics Jakob Kübarsepp Tallinn University of Technology

Kaido Reivelt Estonian Physical Society

Kristjan Haller University of Tartu

Marco Kirm University of Tartu, Institute of Physics

Peeter Saari Estonian Academy of Sciences

Rait Toompere Archimedes Foundation

Raivo Stern National Institute of Chemical Physics and Biophysics Toomas Sõmera Estonian Information Technology Foundation

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55

acadEmIc cOmmITTEE

Jaak Kikas Head of the Academic Committee

Head of Experimental Examination

Jaan Kalda Head of Theoretical Examination

Alar Ainla Eero Uustalu Endel Soolo Mihkel Heidelberg Oleg Košik Rünno Lõhmus Siim Ainsaar Stanislav Zavjalov Taavi Adamberg

OrganIzIng cOmmITTEE

Ene Koitla Head of the Organizing Committee

Marily Hendrikson Project Manager

Annika Vihul Head of accounting,

transportation and accommodation

Eneli Sutt Head of information technology

Kerli Kusnets Head of media

Malle Tragon Head of events and catering

Anna Gureeva Heads of group leaders

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56

markErs

Helle Kaasik Head of the Markers Team

Aigar Vaigu Estonia

Alar Ainla Estonia

Aleksandr Bitjukov Estonia

Aleksandr Morozenko Estonia

Aleksandr Pištšev Estonia

Andreas Valdmann Estonia

Andres Jaanson Estonia

Anna-Stiina Suur-Uski Finland

Ants Remm Estonia

Antti Karjalainen Finland

Arvo Mere Estonia

Bahar Mehmani Germany

Christian Laut Ebbesen Denmark

Eemeli Samuel Tomberg Finland

Eero Vaher Estonia

Endel Soolo Estonia

Erik Paemurru Estonia

Filip Studnička Czech Republic

Gleb Široki Estonia

Gyula Honyek Hungary

Hannu Jaakko Lauri Siikonen Finland

Heiki Niglas Estonia

Helle Kaasik Estonia

Henri Johannes Ylitie Finland

Herry Kwee Indonesia

Jaak Jaaniste Estonia

Jaakko Uusitalo Finland

Jaan Katus Estonia

Jaanus Sepp Estonia

Juho Kahala Finland

Kadi Liis Saar Estonia

Kert Pütsepp Estonia

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57

Kristian Kuppart Estonia

Madis Ollikainen Estonia

Maksim Säkki Estonia

Markko Paas Estonia

Mihkel Pajusalu Estonia

Mihkel Rähn Estonia

Mikko Ervasti Finland

Oleg Košik Estonia

Oleksii Chechkin Ukraine

Otso Olavi Ossian Huuska Finland

Ottb Rebane Estonia

Rauno Siinmaa Estonia

Reio Põder Estonia

Riho Taba Estonia

Roland Matt Estonia

Sami Kivistö Finland

Sanli Faez Germany

Shahabedin Chatraee Islamic Republic of Iran

Stanislav Zavjalov Estonia

Zainul Abidin Indonesia

Taavi Vaikjärv Estonia

Teemu Johannes Hynninen Finland

Tiit Sepp Estonia

Timo Olli Johannes Voipio Finland

Valter Kiisk Estonia

Vasja Susič Slovenia

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58

vOLunTEErs

Agnes Vask Airike Jõesaar Allan-Cristjan Puks Anastassia Samovitš Andreas Ragen Ayal Andres Ainelo Andres Allik Andres Mihkelson Anete Merilin Leetberg Anete Sammler Anete Viise Anna Dunajeva Anna Jazõkova Anna Krajuškina Annemari Sepp Anni Müüripeal Anni Sandra Varblane Annika Lukner Annika Pille Ants Johanson Anu Viks Artur Panov Arvo Ehrstein Ats Kurvet Auli Relve Ave-Stina Udam Bety Mehide Brenda Rauniste Diana Oidingu Dmitri Lanevski Donatas Braziulis Egert Vinogradov Elina Libek Enna Elismäe Eno Paenurk Erik Ilbis Eva Mõtshärg Evelin Pihlap Eveli Soo Gerli Krjukov Gerli Vaik Gertrud Metsa Grete Helena Roose Grethe Aikevitšius Hanna Britt Soots Hanna Kadri Metsvaht Hanna Kivila Hanna Moor Hanna-Loore Hansen Hedvig Tamman Helbe-Laura Nikitkina Helena Ainsoo Helena Talimaa Heli Aomets Heli Pärn Henry Teigar Ida Rahu Inger Kangur Ivo Kruusamägi Jaanika Jensen Jane Lihtmaa Janne Disko Jasper Kursk Jelizaveta Dõljova Jelizaveta Žatkina Johanna-Maria Muuga Joonas Jäme Jorma Veiderpass

(59)

59 Juhani Almers Julia Gavrilova Kadi Ainsaar Kadi Külasalu Kadri Alumets Kadri Ann Rebane Kadri Eek Kadri Tinn Kaisa Jõgi Karl Kütt Karl Veskus Karl-Mattias Tepp Karolin Rõõm Kaspar Märtens Kati Randmäe Katrin Tuude Keidi Suursaar Ken Riisalu Kerli Kalk Kerstin Kivila Krista Kallavus Kristi Kartus Kristiina Štõkova Kristin Ehala Kristin Liiksaar Kristine Diane Liive Kristine Leetberg Kristjan Kalve Ksenia Kukuskina Laura Liisa Lankei Laura Soon Liina Nõmm Liis Kass Liis Nurmis Liis Talimaa Liisa Hunt Liisa Veerus Liisi Liivalaid Liisi Mõtshärg Liisi Sünd Liisu Miller Lisett Kiudorv Lona-Liisa Sutt Ly Pärnaste Maksim Ivanov Maksim Mišin Marek Järvik Maria Krajuškina Mari-Liis Jaansalu Mariliis Maamägi Mari-Liis Tamm Maris Ertmann Maris Palo Marit Puusepp Mark Gimbutas Marren Tiivits Mart Ernits Marta Tanaga Marta Vihtre Mary-Ann Kubre Merilin Kalavus Merilin Vesingi Merily Salura Merle Lust Merlin Russak Mette-Triin Purde Mihkel Lepik Mihkel Tali Minna-Triin Kohv Mirjam Laurimäe

(60)

60 Mirjam Mikk Morten Piibeleht Natalia Nekrassova Nele Kriisa Olga Bulgakova Oliver Grauberg Ott Kekišev Paap Koemets Paul Liias Pille-Riin Peet Raimo Armus Rando Porosk Rasmus Kuusmann Reile Juhanson Rene Rünt Riinu Ansper Rudolf Bichele Saile Mägi Sander Benga Sander Kütisaar Sander Soo Sander Udam Sandhra-Mirella Valdma Sergei Jakovlev

Siim Kaspar Uustalu Siim Pille Siiri Mägi Sille Hausenberg Simona Kalatšov Sirje Kollom Sten Aus Stina Avvo Teisi Timma Terje Kapp Tiina Pärtel Tiina Turban Triin Rebane Triin Ärm Triinu Hordo Uku-Kaspar Uustalu Ulla Meeri Liivamägi Urmet Paloveer Üllar Kivila

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61

(62)

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63

Programs

Students

sunday, 15

Th

_{OF JuLy}

Arrival and registration at Sokos Hotel Viru

17:00 – 17:30 Departure from the hotel,

transportation to Open Air Museum

18:00 – 21:00 Icebreaking – Estonian Open Air Museum

21:00 – 22:00 Arrival to the hotel

mOnday, 16

Th

_{OF JuLy}

07:00 – 08:00 Breakfast

08:00 – 09:00 Departure from the hotel, putting luggage onto buses Mobile phones and laptops being collected by the organisers

09:15 – 09:45 Walk to Opening Ceremony

10:00 – 12:00 Opening Ceremony – NOKIA Concert Hall

The Ceremony will be broadcasted over the Internet and videotaped.

12:00 – 13:30 Welcome Banquet – NOKIA Concert Hall

13:30 – 17:00 Transportation to Tartu hotels

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64

17:30 – 19:00 Free time and preparation for theory

19:00 – 21:00 Dinner – Restaurant Dorpat

TuEsday, 17

Th

_{OF JuLy}

06:00 – 07:30 Breakfast

08:00 Transportation to Theoretical Examination

09:00 – 14:00 Theoretical Examination –

Sports building of Estonian University of Life Sciences 14:00 – 16:00 Transportation and lunch – Tartu Adventure Park 15:00 – 19:00 Games & activities – Tartu Adventure Park

19:00 – 21:00 Dinner - Restaurant Dorpat

wEdnEsday, 18

Th

_{OF JuLy}

07:00 – 09:00 Breakfast

09:00 – 20:00 Excursion: Rakvere Castle

20:00 – 23:00 Free time and preparation for experiment

Thursday, 19

Th

_{OF JuLy}

06:00 – 06:45 Students group A: Breakfast

07:00 – 09:00 Students group B: Breakfast

07:00 Students group A: Departure to Experimental Examination

08:00 – 13:00 Students group A: Experimental Examination 09:00 – 12:30 Students group B: Excursion: AHHAA Science Centre 12:30 – 13:50 Students group B: Lunch – AHHAA Science Centre 13:00 – 14:30 Students group A: Lunch – Restaurant Dorpat

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65

13:50 Students group B: Departure to Experimental Examination

14:30 – 17:30 Students group A: Excursion: AHHAA Science Centre 15:00 – 20:00 Students group B: Experimental Examination

17:30 – 19:00 Students group A: Free time

19:00 – 21:00 Students group A: Dinner – Restaurant Volga 20:00 – 22:00 Students group B: Dinner – Restaurant Atlantis 21:30 – 22:30 Students group A: Skype meeting with Leaders 22:30 – 23:30 Students group B: Skype meeting with Leaders

FrIday, 20

Th

_{OF JuLy}

Tartu – the World Capital of Physics

08:00 – 10:00 Breakfast

10:00 – 17:00 Tartu – the World Capital of Physics – public science activities

13:00 – 15:00 Lunch at Tartu restaurants

17:00 – 18:00 Lecture: Sir Harold Kroto

(The 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry) – Vanemuise Concert Hall 18:00 – 20:00 Reception by Mayor of Tartu – Vanemuise Concert Hall

saTurday, 21

sT

_{OF JuLy}

08:00 – 10:00 Breakfast

10:00 – 13:00 Transportation to Tallinn

13:00 – … Free time; lunch and dinner at Tallinn restaurants

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66

sunday, 22

nd

_{OF JuLy}

07:00 – 09:00 Breakfast

09:00 – 13:00 Football tournament

13:00 – 15:00 Lunch – Football Stadium

14:00 – 18:00 Football tournament continued

18:00 – 23:00 Free time and dinner at Tallinn restaurants

mOnday, 23

rd

_{OF JuLy}

07.00 – 09.00 Breakfast

09.00 – 13.00 Free time

13.15 – 13.45 Walk to Closing Ceremony

14.00 – 17.00 Closing Ceremony – NOKIA Concert Hall

17.00 – 17.30 Walk to the hotel

18.00 Transportation to the Farewall Party

18.30 – 01.00 Farewell Party – The Tallinn Song Festival Grounds 23.00 – … Round-the-clock transportation back to the hotel

TuEsday, 24

Th

_{OF JuLy}

Departure

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67

Leaders and Observers

sunday, 15

Th

_{OF JuLy}

Arrival and Registration at Radisson Blu Hotel Olümpia

17:00 – 17:30 Departure from the hotel, transportation to Open Air Museum 18:00 – 21:00 Icebreaking - Estonian Open Air Museum

21:00 – 22:00 Arrival to the hotel

mOnday, 16

Th

_{OF JuLy}

07:00 – 09:00 Breakfast

09:15 – 09:45 Walk to Opening Ceremony

10:00 – 12:00 Opening Ceremony – NOKIA Concert Hall

12.00 – 13.30 Welcome Banquet – NOKIA Concert Hall

13:30 – 14:00 Walk to the hotel

14:00 – 19:00 International Board Meeting: Discussion of theoretical problems – Radisson Blu Hotel Olümpia Conference Centre

19:00 – 21:00 Dinner – Restaurant Senso

21:00 – … International Board Meeting:

Translation of theoretical problems

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68

TuEsday, 17

Th

_{OF JuLy}

06:00 – 07:00 Breakfast

07:00 Departure from the hotel

07:00 – 10:00 Excursion: trip to Saaremaa

10:00 – 13:00 Excursion: Kaali crater and Kuressaare

13:00 – 14:30 Lunch - Mändjala Camping

14:30 – 20:00 Excursion: Saaremaa and Muhu

20:00 – 21:30 Arrival to the hotel and dinner - Restaurant Senso 20:30 – 21:30 Distribution of theory papers from the IPhO office

wEdnEsday, 18

Th

_{OF JuLy}

07:00 – 09:00 Breakfast

09:00 – 12:00 Free time

11:30 – 13:00 Lunch - Restaurant Senso

13:00 – 19:00 International Board Meeting:

Discussion of experimental problems

21:00 – … International Board Meeting:

Translation of experimental problems

Thursday, 19

Th

_{OF JuLy}

07:00 – 09:00 Breakfast

09:00 – 12:00 Free time

12:00 – 13:00 Collection of marks from Leaders (theory) – Online

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69

15:00 – 19:00 Free time

19:00 – 21:00 Leaders group A: Distribution of practical papers from IPhO office

21:30 – 22:30 Leaders group A: Skype meeting with Students 22:30 – 23:30 Leaders group B: Skype meeting with Students 01:00 – 02:00 Leaders group B: Distribution of practical papers

from IPhO office

FrIday, 20

Th

_{OF JuLy}

Tartu – the World Capital of Physics

07:00 – 09:00 Breakfast

07:00 – 08:00 Leaders group B: Distribution of practical papers from IPhO office

09:00 – 11:30 Transportation to Tartu

12:00 – 17:00 Tartu – the World Capital of Physics – Public science activities

13:00 – 15:00 Lunch at Tartu restaurants

17:00 – 18:00 Lecture: Sir Harold Kroto

(The 1996 Nobel Prize in Chemistry) - Vanemuise Concert Hall 18:00 – 20:00 Reception by Mayor of Tartu – Vanemuise Concert Hall 20:00 – 22:30 Transportation to Tallinn

22:30 – 23:30 Collection of marks from Leaders (experiment) – Online

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70

saTurday, 21

sT

_{OF JuLy}

07:00 – 09:00 Breakfast

10:00 – 12:00 International Board Meeting

11:00 Distribution of marks (theory) - Online

Moderation of theoretical papers

19:00 Distribution of marks (experiment) - Online

sunday, 22

nd

_{OF JuLy}

07:00 – 09:00 Breakfast

Moderation of experimental papers

12:00 – 14:00 Lunch – Restaurant Senso

Deciding final marks and medals

19:00 – … Free time and dinner at Tallinn restaurants

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71

mOnday, 23

rd

_{OF JuLy}

07:00 – 09:00 Breakfast

09:00 – 13:00 Free time

13:15 – 13:45 Walk to Closing Ceremony – NOKIA Concert Hall

14:00 – 17:00 Closing Ceremony

17:00 – 17:30 Walk back to the hotel

18:00 Transportation to the Farewell Party

18:30 – 01:00 Farewell Party - The Tallinn Song Festival Grounds 23:00 – … Round-the-clock transportation back to the hotel

TuEsday, 24

Th

_{OF JuLy}

Departure

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73

Problems and

solutions

The 43

rd

International Physics Olympiad

— Theoretical Competition

Tartu, Estonia — Thursday, July 17

The 43

rd

International Physics Olympiad — Theoretical Competition

th

₂₀₁₂

Tartu, Estonia — Tuesday, July 17

th

₂₀₁₂

• The examination lasts for 5 hours. There are 3 problems worth in total 30 points. Please note that the point values of the three theoretical problems are not equal.

• You must not open the envelope with the prob-lems before the sound signal of the beginning of competition (three short signals).

• You are not allowed to leave your working place without permission. If you need any assistance (broken calculator, need to visit a restroom, etc), please raise the corresponding flag (“help” or “toilet” with a long handle at your seat) above your seat box walls and keep it raised until an organizer arrives.

• Your answers must be expressed in terms of those quantities, which are highlighted in the problem text, and can contain also fundamental constants, if needed. So, if it is written that “the box height is a and the width — b” then a can be used in the answer, and b cannot be used (unless it is highlighted somewhere else, see below). Those quantities which are highlighted in the text of a subquestion can be used only in the answer to that subquestion; the quantities which are highlighted in the introductory text of the Problem (or a Part of a Problem), i.e. outside the scope of any subquestion, can be used for all the answers of that Problem (or of that Problem Part).

• Use only the front side of the sheets of paper.

• For each problem, there are dedicated Solution Sheets (see header for the number and pictogramme). Write your solutions onto the appropriate Solution Sheets. For

each Problem, the Solution Sheets are numbered; use the sheets according to the enumeration. Always mark which Problem Part and Question you are deal-ing with. Copy the final answers into the appropriate boxes of the Answer Sheets. There are also Draft pa-pers; use these for writing things which you don’t want to be graded. If you have written something what you don’t want to be graded onto the Solution Sheets (such as initial and incorrect solutions), cross these out. • If you need more paper for a certain problem, please raise

the flag “help” and tell an organizer the problem num-ber; you are given two Solution sheets (you can do this more than once).

• You should use as little text as possible: try to ex-plain your solution mainly with equations, numbers, sym-bols and diagrams.When textual explanation is un-avoidable, you are encouraged to provide English translation alongside with the text in your native language (if you mistranslate, or don’t translate at all, your native language text will be used dur-ing the Moderation).

• The first single sound signal tells you that there are 30 min of solving time left; the second double sound signal means that 5 min is left; the third triple sound signal marks the end of solving time. After the third sound signal you must stop writing immediately. Put all the papers into the envelope at your desk. You are not allowed to take any sheet of paper out of the room. If you have finished solving before the final sound signal, please raise your flag.

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74

The 43

rd

_{International Physics Olympiad — Theoretical Competition}

Tartu, Estonia — Tuesday, July 17

th

₂₀₁₂

— page 1 of 5 —

The 43

rd

International Physics Olympiad — Theoretical Competition

Tartu, Estonia — Tuesday, July 17

th

12+11+05+Kogumik+FINAL

Proceedings of the 43

International Physics Olympiad

15

– 24

of July 2012 • Tallinn and Tartu, Estonia

PhysIcs

Contents

sPEEchEs

13

PEOPLE

25

PrOgrams

63

PrObLEms and sOLuTIOns

73

rEsuLTs

131

InTErnaTIOnaL bOard

151

aPPEndIcEs

175

Foreword

Jaak kIkas and Jaan kaLda

Sir Harold Kroto

Speeches

Opening Ceremony

EnE Ergma

hans JOrdEns

Jaak kIkas

Jaak aavIksOO

Closing Ceremony

hans JOrdEns

nIELs chrIsTIan harTLIng

People

Participants

InTErnaTIOnaL PhysIcs OLymPIad cOmmITTEE

aLbanIa

armEnIa

azErbaIJan

ausTraLIa

ausTrIa

bangLadEsh

bELarus

bELgIum

bOLIvIa

bOsnIa and hErzEgOvIna

brazIL

buLgarIa

canada

cOLOmbIa

crOaTIa

czEch rEPubLIc

cyPrus

dEnmark

EL saLvadOr

EsTOnIa

FInLand

FrancE

gEOrgIa

gErmany

grEEcE

hOng kOng

hungary

IcELand

IndIa

IndOnEsIa

IrELand

IsLamIc rEPubLIc OF Iran

IsraEL

ITaLy

JaPan

kazakhsTan

kuwaIT

kyrgyzsTan

LaTvIa

LIEchTEnsTEIn

LIThuanIa

macaO, chIna

macEdOnIa

_{International Physics Olympiad}

_{– 24}

_{of July 2012 • Tallinn and Tartu, Estonia}

_{OF JuLy}

_{OF JuLy}

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_{OF JuLy}