LED Matrix Display Project Report

K

ATHMANDU

U

NIVERSITY

S

CHOOL OF

E

NGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL &ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

P

ROJECT

R

EPORT

LED Matrix Display

Submitted To:

Mr. Jeevan Shrestha Project Supervisor

Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering School of Engineering

Kathmandu University

Submitted By:

Kabool Neupane (EE1, 22017) Bigyan Chapagain (EE2, 22031)

Praveen Shrestha (EE2, 22042) Manish Prajapati (EE2, 22048)

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ABSTRACT

The project LED Matrix Display is concerned with the construction of a two dimensional arrangement of LEDs in a rectangular arrangement for the purpose of displaying English Alphabets (Upper Case) and decimal numerals. The characters to be displayed are entered using a computer. Therefore, in this project the computer functions as an input device and LED Matrix Display functions as an Output device. A computer program shall also be included in the project to create a user-interface environment to enter the characters and numbers to be displayed.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We express our sincere thanks to our project supervisor Mr. Jeevan Shrestha for his kind support, encouragement and guidance throughout the course of our project work. It is because of his continuous support we were able to acheive much in this project work. We would also like to express our sincere gratitude to our project coordinator Mr. Samip Malla for his guidance on this project course. Similarly we would like to thank all the teachers and lab incharges who have helped us in every possible way. This project has helped us a lot in our understanding and experience. Besides, it has been a great excitement doing this project and we hope to achieve much more in future. We, therefore look forward to your kind support in the years to come.

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SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS

A. Symbols

Symbol Description Ω Ohm KΩ Kilo ohm µs Micro second mA Milli ampere

B. Abbreviations

Abbreviation Full Form

LED Light Emitting Diodes

PC Personal Computer

IC Integrated Circuit

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LIST OF FIGURES

Fig. No. Title Page No.

1. Block Diagram 2

2. Parts of a LED 4

3. The inner workings of LED 4

4. Eye response to color 5

5. LED Matrix 6

6. Transistor as a switch 7

7. Pulse driven LED 8

8. Pin configuration of 4017 9

9. Timing diagram of 4017 10

10. Cascade 4017 11

11. Parallel port 11

12. Parallel port configuration 12

13. IC 74244 13

14. Block diagram 14

15. Cascaded counter implementation 15

16. Cascaded LED Matrix 16

17. Code Protection circuit 17

18. Flowchart of the program 19

19. Flowchart to detect the column of matrix 20

20. LED Matrix component setup 21

21. Master transistor switch setup 21

22. Output waveform from data pin 6 22

23. Output waveform from data pin 1 23

24. LED Matrix display 24

25. LED Matrix display in PCB 27

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LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Title Page No.

1. Pin configuration of 4017 9

2. Ring counter sequence 10

3. Port pins in our project 12

4. Address of registers 13

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Abstract i

Acknowledgement ii

Symbols and Abbreviations iii

List of Figures iv

List of Tables v

Chapter 1: Introduction 1

1.1 Background theory and Objectives 1

1.2 System overview 2

1.3 Methodology 2

1.4 Overview of the Report 3

Chapter 2: Technology and Literature Survey 4

2.1 Components used 4

2.1.1 LEDs 4

2.1.2 LED Matrix configuration 6

2.1.3 Transistor as a switch 7

2.1.4 LED Driving Circuit 7

2.1.5 Counter IC 4017 9

2.1.6 Parallel port 11

2.2 Software used 13

Chapter 3: System Analysis and experiments 14

3.1 System Analysis 14

3.1.1 System analysis 14

3.1.2 Overall description of the circuit 15

3.1.3 Computer Program 18

3.2 Mathematical calculation and experiments 21

3.2.1 Mathematical calculation 21

3.2.2 Experimental observation 22

Chapter 4: Product description and performance 24

4.1 Product description 24

4.1.1 Physical description 24

4.1.2 Cost Estimation 26

4.2 Product performance 27

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Chapter 5: Discussion and performance 28

5.1 Gantt chart 29

Biblography 30

Appendix A: Mathematical Calculations 31

Appendix B: Computer program 33

Appendix C: PCB Circuit 50

Appendix D: Datasheets of components 52

D1: Datasheet of BC548 D2: Datasheet of 1N4148 D3: Datasheet of SL100 D4: Datasheet of 74244 D5: Datasheet of 7408 D6: Datasheet of 74175 D7: Datasheet of 4017

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CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background Theory and Objectives

1.1.1 Background

Nowadays, we can see various ways of visual information everywhere. One of the most common sights that we can see today is the LED Matrix Display. Nowadays these are extensively used in streets, malls, buildings, parks and other public places. LED Matrix Displays have become a basic way of visual information since they are cheaper and more reliable than LCD displays and other expensive display devices. Now, considering the growing popularity of the LED Matrix display, we decided to construct a small home based PC controlled LED Matrix display so that it could be used for small household purposes as well as for various entertainment purposes. Therefore our project deals with the construction of a LED Matrix display whose input device is a computer.

1.1.2 Objectives

This project mainly focuses on the following topics

 To study existing concepts and required materials related to a LED Matrix Display

 To design a proper circuit, for a LED Matrix Display, which is most suitable for our case.

 To create a computer program to enter data to be displayed by the LED Matrix Display.

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1.2 System Overview

Figure 1: Block Diagram

The Operational framework of the LED Matrix display is shown in Figure 1. The figure illustrates that the computer port controls the rows of the matrix and the columns are controlled by the counter. Furthermore, Computer triggers the counter of the circuit. This helps in synchronizing the timing pulse of counter with the computer signal.

1.3 Methodology

In order to complete this project work we have taken help from various books, magazines, websites, and by consulting to teachers and seniors. The procedure taken for the successful design and operation of LED Matrix Display comprises of mainly two parts i.e.

 Hardware part

 Software part

1.3.1 Hardware Part

For hardware part, the following procedures were taken: - Firstly literature survey was conducted.

- Different approaches to the circuit design were considered and the best was chosen.

- The circuit was implemented on a bread board. - Various experiments were undertaken.

- The overall system was analyzed.

- Constantly, the circuit in bread board was upgraded to get the best performance.

- Finally, the circuit was completed in PCB, obtaining successful output. Power Flow

Signal Flow

Computer Control

LED Matrix Display Control Column

Contr

ol Row

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1.3.2 Software Part

For software part, we applied the following procedures.

- The user interface program was decided to be implemented in C programming language.

- The algorithm for the program was discussed.

- Then the program was written and implemented in virtual LED Matrix environment.

- For simplicity and user friendliness, the program was further modified with function modules.

- The program was implemented in the hardware part. - Various problems were encountered, and solved. - Finally the successful output was obtained.

1.4 Overview of the report

This report gives an overview of the project “LED Matrix Display”. In the next pages, we will discuss about the processes involved in the project. We will also be dealing with the technologies used. This report also discusses about the C program implementation on accessing and controlling the parallel port. To sum up, this report gives any reader a complete overview of our project on “LED Matrix Display”.

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CHAPTER 2

TECHNOLOGY AND LITERATURE SURVEY

This project can broadly be divided into two sections:

 Software part: Software part includes programming design for the system. In this part, a C program is developed in order to send information to LED Matrix from PC via the parallel port.

 Hardware part: Hardware part includes the design and construction of the hardware parts of the system. Design of LED Matrix and construction of supporting elements like development of ring counter, implementation of transistors as switch and LED driving circuits are included in this portion. Firstly, we will discuss about main components used in the circuit and their structure. Later on, their working mechanisms and their effect in the circuit will be discussed.

2.1 Components used

2.1.1 LEDs

As the name implies, a Light Emitting Diode (LED) is a diode that gives visible or invisible (infrared) light when energized. LEDs are diodes usually constructed by GaAs. In such semi-conductor p-n junction, during the recombination of holes and electrons, the energy is dissipated in the form of photons resulting in the emission of light.

Figure2: Parts of a LED aaaaALELlLLED

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The color of the LED used for the LED Matrix Display is red. The reason we have selected this LED is because it is known that human eyes are least sensitive to red color. In other words, shades of red light are least sensitive to our eyes. This implies that slight variation in the brightness of the red LED lights will mostly go unnoticed by our eyes. This fact is crucial in our product since we require constant brightness of all LEDs. Even though considerable thought and careful designing has been done to maintain constant brightness, it is nevertheless probable that slight error will arise, due to imperfect and non-uniform electronic components, which is inevitable. Therefore, red lights provide the perfect solution for this problem.

Figure 4: Eye Response to color

Figure 4 illustrates that RED and Blue lights are least sensitive to human eyes. While this fact is advantageous to our product as discussed earlier, it however implies that a red LED must have a much stronger efficiency than a green one to be visible at the same intensity. It means that sensitivity to wavelength and sensitivity to intensity are different. For a green LED and red LED to be of equal intensity, the latter‟s efficiency should be greater or in other words power transfer should be greater. Considering this fact it is ensured that optimum intensity of the red LEDs used in the product has been maintained under safe limits.

Generally Red LEDs are constructed using GaAsP and their threshold voltage is usually 1.3 V.

RED GREEN

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2.1.2 LED Matrix Configuration:

The dimension of LED Matrix chosen for our project is 5×5. It is chosen since it is relatively easy to design a character or a number in such configuration. Furthermore, since the project implies the use of parallel ports with 8 output pins, the matrix can be friendly for the port interface. In any case, a LED matrix with 5×5 dimension implies controlling of 25 LEDs at any time. To reduce this difficulty the configuration of the LED matrix is done in following way:

The configuration shown in figure 5 allows reduction of points to be controlled for the LED Matrix Display. Instead of controlling each individual LED, the configuration allows us to control entire row and column at any instance. In the configuration, the anodes of the LEDs are connected along a row and the cathodes are connected along a column. This allows control of an individual LED in any instance. For example, if we wish to control a LED at position 2×2, we can do it by controlling voltage supply at 2nd row and ground supply at 2nd column. In this way any LED in the matrix can be controlled. In case of 5×5 LED matrix, this configuration reduces the control points to 10 from 25.

For further reduction of number of control pins, we have used a counter to automatically control entire column. By doing so, the control pins are further reduced to half.

Figure 5: LED Matrix Configuration

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2.1.3 Transistor as a Switch

Transistor is a three layer semi-conductor device consisting of either two n- and one p-type layers of material or two p- and one n-type layers of material. Both types can be used for switching purpose. In such application a transistor works in saturation and cut off mode. The transistor we have used in the project is an npn type transistor BC548. This transistor has been used for switching purpose. It is set in common emitter configuration. The reason behind the use of transistor as switch is to control the power supply to the LEDs.

VCC VCC 1 0 2 3 2

2.1.4 LED Driving Circuits:

LEDs are current driven elements. It requires a constant current in order to maintain constant brightness. A LED Driving Circuit is a circuit that is designed to maintain constant brightness in LEDs.

 LED Driving Circuit:

- Delivers a constant „average‟ current under all conditions. - Controls ripple current at acceptable level under all conditions. - A LED Driving circuit is a type of power conversion circuit

that delivers constant current instead of constant voltage.

If a constant current is not maintained, a pulse circuit can be designed to generate maximum brightness from a LED without damaging it.

Figure 6: Transistor as a switch

Common configuration for tran istor as a switch

8  Pulse Circuit:

- A sufficient current pulse for the maximum brightness of a LED is sent at a suitable frequency.

- The pulse duration saves a LED from over heating by sending the average of current pulses while maintaining the brightness of a LED.

- The pulse duration and synchronization is maintained by providing the same timing pulse of computer signal to the counter. VCC 5V 1 2 3 4 5 7 11

Figure 7: Pulse Driven LED

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Column connected to counter output Code protection output

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Brief Description:

The previous diagram represents the configuration of the LED driving circuit at any instance of time. Since any column is controlled by a counter, no two columns can be active at a same time. Therefore at any instant only one such column is active. Now the transistors controlled by the parallel port provide a constant current to each LED connected to it. This configuration is thus better than the previous ones, which we have implemented, which failed to ensure constant current to each LED at all conditions. The new configuration along with the pulse driving circuit thus ensures better results.

2.1.5 Counter (IC 4017)

Figure 8: Pin configuration of IC 4017

PIN NO. SYMBOL NAME AND FUNCTION

3, 2, 4, 7, 10, 1, 5, 6, 9,

11 Q0 to Q9 decoded outputs

8 GND ground (0 V)

12 Q5-9 carry output (active LOW)

13 CP1

clock input (HIGH-to-LOW, edge-triggered)

14 CP0

clock input (LOW-to-HIGH, edge-triggered)

15 MR master reset input (active HIGH)

16 VCC positive supply voltage

Table 1: Pin configuration of IC 4017

The 4017 counter has ten outputs which go high in sequence when a source of pulses is connected to the clock input and suitable logic is applied to Reset and Enable inputs.

Internally 4017 contains five bistable subunits. These are interconnected in a pattern known as Johnson counter. The Johnson Counter is a counter in which the Q‟ output of last F/F is connected to the serial input of the first stage. The outputs of bistables are then decoded to give ten individual outputs.

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The timing diagram for the 4017 counter is shown below:

Figure 9: Timing Diagram of 4017

The behavior of a 3 stage Johnson Counter can be understood as following: (ALL F/F is reset in the beginning)

Table 2: Ring Counter sequence

5 stage Johnson counter has 10 decoded outputs (2n output states). The decoder uses 2 input NOR gates to give 10 decoded outputs.

Clock Pulses D Input Output A Output B Output C

0 1 0 0 0 1 1 1 0 0 2 1 1 1 0 3 0 1 1 1 4 0 0 1 1 5 0 0 0 1 6 1 0 0 0

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Cascading 4017:

Figure 10: Cascaded 4017

It is essential not to enable the counter on CP1 when CP0 is HIGH, or on CP0 when

CP1 is LOW as this would cause an extra count.

We cascade the 4017 IC for extending the number of decoded outputs. Decoded outputs are sequential within each stage and from stage to stage with no dead time (except propagation delays).

2.1.6 Parallel Port Introduction

Parallel port is a type of interface located at the back of PC used for communication and device control. Usually, it is used for connecting printer, so also called printer port or centronics port. The type of parallel port present in the computer is D-Type 25 Pin female connector. There may be also be D-Type 25 pin male connector. Since it is easy to program and faster compared to other ports, nowadays it is very much popular for controlling external devices. But the main disadvantage of parallel port is it requires more number of transmission lines, so it cannot be used for long distance communication and is so used for short distances only.

In our project, it is used as the bridge between the hardware component and the software component.

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Pin Configuration

In parallel port, all 8 bits of a byte will be sent to the port at a time and an indication will be sent in another line. For the accomplishment of this task, the 25 pins are grouped to various groups to accomplish the parts of this task. The below given figure illustrates it better.

Figure 12: Parallel port configuration

For the above figure, it is clear that the port is composed of 4 control lines, 5 status lines and 8 data lines and the rest of pins are for ground. The data lines send the data from port to the external device. Status lines give the information about the current status of the port and control lines control the port access. The control lines and status lines are uni-directional i.e. they can feed data only into one direction, whereas the data ports are bi-directional.

Under our project, the port pins are used for respective purposes:

Table 3: Port pins in our project

Brief Description on parallel port setup

The data pins connected to the rows of the LED matrix (D0 to D4) are used to send

data to the Led Matrix. D0 is connected to the lowest row, D1 is connected to the row

above the one connected to D0 and so on.

D5 data pin is connected to the CP0 of the counter. This pin thus provides the

necessary clock pulse to the counter.

Register Pin No. Connected to

D0 to D4 2 to 6 Each row of the LED matrix starting from the bottom row.

D5 7 CP0 (CLK) of counter

D6 8 MR(Master Reset) of counter

D7 9 Clock to D Flip flops

S6 10 Any one counter output connected to a column.

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D6 data pin controls the Master Reset pin of the counter. This pin when high resets the

counter to its starting condition irrespective of its present state.

D7 data pin provides the clock pulses to the D flip flops which are used in the product

for code protection of the LED Matrix. This is further discussed in the sections to be followed

S6 status pin is used to detect an output pin of a counter which is connected to a

column of the matrix. This status pin is used to determine the number of columns of the matrix.

Pins 18 to 25 are shorted internally to provide a complete circuit for other pins. Thus they are used as ground for the parallel port.

Besides these other pins are not used in the project.

Port address

For the programming, we require the address of the registers present in port. Usually, the port address starts with 0x378 in most of the computers. The addresses are in hexadecimal number system. The addresses for the different registers are given below.

Registers Address

Data (+0) 0x378

Status (+1) 0x379

Control (+2) 0x379A

Table 4: Address of registers

Parallel Port protection

Parallel Port protection is necessary since it can supply and sink very limited amount of current. A little high current above certain limit may damage the parallel port. In our case parallel port protection is done using the buffer IC 74244.

Figure 13: IC 74244

2.2 Computer Program

A C program was used to create a user interface program to control the parallel port. The two functions used to control the parallel ports are:

outportb(PORT ADD,Data); (Sends one byte of data) inportb(PORT ADD,Data); (Reads one byte of data)

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CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM ANALYSIS AND EXPERIMENTS

3.1 System Analysis

3.1.1 System Analysis

Figure 14: Block Diagram

The LED Matrix display has rows and columns connected separately in order to reduce the control bits. The rows are connected via transistors, used as switch, to the parallel port. So the rows of the matrix are controlled by the computer. Similarly the columns of the matrix are connected via transistors, used as switch, to the counter. Therefore, the columns are controlled by the counter. The counter consists of 3 cascaded 4017 with 23 working output pins. Therefore, the cascaded counter is used to produce 23 bits ring counter. In order to display certain character, it is necessary to synchronize the counter triggering and data sent via parallel port. A certain combination of data is sent through the port and displayed on first column. When another bit combination is sent it is necessary to trigger the counter so that the bit pattern is displayed on second column and so on.

A particular problem may arise when the computer is restarted. Whenever a computer is restarted, the BIOS sends high bits to all parallel port pins. This may cause a problem to the LED matrix since the first column is lit at this condition. In order to prevent this we have designed a circuit which we have named code protection. In this method we have used two D flipflops whose outputs are Anded and given to a master transistor switch which acts as a switch to the whole Matrix. Now a certain bit pattern to clock input and D input of the D FFs will only set the transistor. Therefore, a particular bit pattern which acts as a code will only initialize the LED Matrix and prevent unnecessary lighting of the matrix.

Computer Control

Counter

LED Matrix Display Control Column

Contr

ol Row

Power Flow

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3.1.2 Overall description of the circuit

In this section, description and working of the entire circuit is provided. The description is done in separate parts of each major components of the circuit.

Counter: 4017BD_5V O0 3 O1 2 O2 4 O3 7 ~CP1 13 MR 15 CP0 14 O4 10 O5 1 O6 5 O7 6 O8 9 O9 11 ~O5-9 12 4017BD_5V O0 3 O1 2 O2 4 O3 7 ~CP1 13 MR 15 CP0 14 O4 10 O5 1 O6 5 O7 6 O8 9 O9 11 ~O5-9 12 4017BD_5V O0 3 O1 2 O2 4 O3 7 ~CP1 13 MR 15 CP0 14 O4 10 O5 1 O6 5 O7 6 O8 9 O9 11 ~O5-9 12 CLOCK

Figure 15: Cascade Counter Implementation

In cascading, the first decoded output of 1st IC resets the second 4017 IC and so on. Similarly, the last decoded output of the IC is ANDed with the master clock. Hence, the second IC gets clock as soon as the last decoded output of first IC is high. Since we have used 4 LED Matrix we require 23 output counter bits. So 9 bits are taken from first counter, 8 bits from second counter and 6 bits from third counter. Therefore the master reset of first counter is connected to output 7 of third counter. Therefore we have 23 bits output counter.

The clock input the counter is given via the parallel port. Also, the Master Pin is also connected to the parallel port in addition to output 7 of third column.

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LED Matrix display

... ... ... ... VCC 5V R0 R1 R2 R3 R4 ... LED MATRIX SWITCH O1 O2 O0 O3 O4 O5 O6 O7 O8 O9 To Counter Ouputs

Figure 16: Cascaded LED Matrix

The transistors connected to the buffer IC control the Vcc supply to the LEDs. Similarly the transistors connected to the counter control the ground to the LEDs. Furthermore, the anodes of LEDs in a particular row are connected together to a single transistor controlled by parallel port. Similarly, the cathodes of LEDs in a particular column are connected together to a single transistor controlled by the counter. Therefore, we have a setup where we can control any particular row and column which was our objective.

In order to display a certain character we need to synchronize the triggering of counter and the data sent through the parallel port. When a certain bit pattern is supplied one of the columns is lit. Now before the next pattern is supplied it is necessary to trigger the counter so that next column is initiated. Therefore when the next bit pattern arrives it is displayed on next column and so on. In order to synchronize the counter and the parallel port, the clock pulse to the counter is taken from the computer itself and not by external timer.

The Master LED Matrix switch is used in order to control the entire LED Matrix Display. This is used in the code protection component which is described in the following section. To Par all el P or t vi a B uf fe r I C

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Code protection

The code protection is used in order to prevent unnecessary switching on of the LED Matrix Display. One such condition arises when computer is restated. Similarly when operating software is loaded the parallel port may have unpredictable bit patterns. Furthermore, certain noise voltages may also initialize the LED Matrix. So, it is of prime importance that a design be made to prevent unnecessary lighting up of the LED Matrix Display. The design used for this purpose in our product is illustrated below: D_FF D Q ~Q RESET CLK SET D_FF D Q ~Q RESET CLK SET

Master LED Matrix Transistor 12 11 10 9 8 7 LED MATRIX VCC 5V 0

From data pin 7

From data pin 8

Figure17: Code Protection circuit

In order to initialize the LED Matrix we need to supply logic 1 to data pin 7 and clock pulse to data pin 8 so that both FFs have high outputs. At this condition the transistor is on and the LED Matrix display has ground supply. Similarly in order to disable the LED Matrix display, we need to supply logic 0 to data pin 7 and clock pulse to data pin 8 so that any one of the FFs has 0 output. At this condition the transistor is off and the LED Matrix is relinquished from ground supply.

When the LED matrix is in working condition, i.e. when characters are being displayed, the data pin 8 is at 0 pin all the time. Therefore there is no clock pulse to the D FFs and they are not affected. In this way we can control the entire LED Matrix Display at any time.

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3.1.3 Computer Program:

Considerable time in the course of this project work has been dedicated to the construction of a computer program to control the outputs of LED Matrix display. We have constructed a C program to control the LED Matrix. The features of our program are listed below:

1. Real-Time Display: Allows user to display characters on the matrix display

in real time.

2. Scrolling Display: Allows user to scroll the characters on the matrix display. 3. Automatic detection of number of columns: A status feedback discussed

above detects the number of columns automatically. This also detects if the hardware is turned on or not. It also follows that the program supports any number of columns as long as it can maintain a good clock frequency for persistence of vision.

4. Flexibility: The program is flexible in terms of variations. Any variation such

as modifications to font style can be easily achieved.

5. Alphanumeric characters: Allows user to enter uppercase alphabets (A to

Z) and numerals (0 to 9) along with few special characters (+, -, =).

Functions used in the program and their descriptions: int essentials() : Determines and Sets pre-requisites of the program void det_col(): Determines number of columns

void det_mat(): Determines number of matrices void initials(): Sets default characters

void real_time_disp() : Real-Time Display

int real_time_screen(int *chlen): Real-Time's Menu Screen int scroll_disp(): Scrolling Display

int scroll_screen(): Scrolling's Menu Screen

void char_select(char tempch[],int strno): Selects entered characters and determines the bit pattern

void extract(int *bit[],int chlen): Extracts the bit patterns and stores them separately void byte_dec(int *bit[], int dec[]): Generates decimal equivalence of the extracted bits

sequentially

void real_matrix(int dec[]): Sends data to data port void initmat(): Enables LED Matrix display

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Flowchart of the program:

Figure 18: Flowchart of the program

START

Menu Choice Call essentials() Call det_col() Column Detected ? Try Again ? Call det_mat() Check Menu Choice Call real_time_disp() Call scroll_disp() Call real_time_screen() Call scroll_screen() Call char_select() Call extract() Call byte_dec() Call real_matrix()

STOP

_{1 or 2} Esc YES NO NO YES 1 2 Call initmat() Call stopmat()

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Flowchart to detect the column of the matrix:

The status line is connected to one of the counter outputs which is connected to one of the columns. When the output pin is high status becomes low. This initiates the counting sequence and it continues until the next state when status is again 0.

START

Status = 0? Status = 1 Count=Count+1 Status = 0? Column = Count

STOP

Clock Pulse Clock Pulse YES NO YES NO

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3.2 Mathematical Calculations and Experiments

We have performed several mathematical calculations and experiments under this project in order to achieve correct outcomes. These calculations and experiments include:

3.2.1 Mathematical Calculations

(All detail calculations are shown in Appendix A)

1. Required instantaneous current for maximum brightness = 0.2A

2. Calculation for Resistors

i. For LED Matrix resistors

1 2 0 3 4 6 Counter Port via buffer

VCC

5V 2V 3.1V 5 VCC RC RB1 RB2 8 0

Figure 20: LED Matrix component setup RC = 15Ω

RB1 = 333Ω

RB2 = 2.2kΩ

ii. For Master Led Matrix transistor

Master LED Matrix Transistor LED MATRIX

VCC

5V 0 1 RB

Figure 21: Master Transistor switch setup RB = 645Ω

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3.2.2 Experimental Observations

Experiment 1: Output Pins of Parallel Port and Buffer IC

Direct Port: 5.15V

Corresponding Buffer Output: 6.1V

Experiment 2: Voltage Drop across Diode (Red)

Voltage Drop: 1.81V ≈ 2V

Experiment 3: Frequency from the parallel port when data is sent

From Data Pin 6 (Clock input):

Figure 22: Output waveform from data pin 6

23 From Data Pin 1 (Controls Row 1 of LED Matrix):

Figure 23: Output waveform from data pin 1

Of any particular column On time ≈ 600us

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CHAPTER 4

PRODUCT DESCRIPTION AND PERFORMANCE

4.1 Product Description

4.1.1 Physical Description

The main purpose of this project “LED Matrix Display” is to display the alphanumeric characters. It is used as a basic way of visual information. These are best used to advertise, display news on streets, malls, buildings, parks and other public places. However our product is designed for small purposes such as calculators and games.

The final product consists of LEDs arranged into 2 dimensional, 5×5 matrix. There are 4 such matrices with three additional columns, a D25 male connector for connection between the parallel port of pc and the display device, LED Matrix Display.

Figure 24: LED Matrix Display in PCB

Feature of LED Matrix Display

The final product of LED Matrix display can be divided into two parts: They are: Hardware part and software part.

Hardware part

 Code protection:

The code protection feature prevents unwanted lighting of the LED Matrix under certain conditions such as computer restart and noise. This therefore ensures safety of LEDs.

 Maintenance of constant current in the LEDs:

The constant current is maintained in each LEDs of the LED Matrix, Hence this provides equal brightness of LEDs when it is on.

 Absence of high level circuits:

The circuit is build up by using simple electronic components like transistors and counter ICs. Advanced components such as microcontrollers which are usually used to construct LED Matrix display are not used. Hence, this feature helps to reduce the price of our final product.

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Software part

 Real-Time Display:

Allows user to display characters on the matrix display in real time.

 Scrolling Display:

Allows user to scroll the characters on the matrix display.

 Automatic detection of number of columns:

The computer program detects the number of columns automatically. This also detects if the hardware is turned on or not. Similarly it indicates if the parallel port is connected or not. It also follows that the program supports any number of columns as long as it can maintain a good clock frequency for persistence of vision.

 Flexibility:

The program is flexible in terms of variations. Any variation such as modifications to font style can be easily achieved.

 Alphanumeric characters:

Allows user to enter uppercase alphabets (A to Z) and numerals (0 to 9) along with few special characters (+, -, =).

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4.1.2 Cost Estimation

Cost Estimation of “LED Matrix Display” Hardware Cost

Item Quantity Rate Price (Rs.)

LEDs 150 1.5 225 Transistor (BC548) 29 4 116 Transistor (SL100) 1 20 20 IC 74244 1 65 65 IC 4017 5 40 200 IC 7408 1 30 30 IC 74244 Holder 1 30 30 IC 4017 Holder 5 10 50 IC 7408 Holder 1 10 10 Zener Diode 5 5 25 Resistor (2.2kΩ) 23 1 23 Resistor (10Ω) 5 1 5 Resistor (300KΩ) 5 1 5 Resistor (450Ω) 3 1 3 Resistor (3.3KΩ) 1 1 1 PCB Board (6‟×6‟) 1 300 300 TOTAL Rs. 1108

Table 5: Cost Estimation

Software Cost

LED Matrix Software = Rs.2500 Labour Cost

Labour cost per hour = Rs. 8

Total hour worked per week = 6 hours Labour cost per week = Rs. (8×6) = Rs. 48 Labour cost per month = Rs. (48×4) = Rs. 192

TOTAL LABOUR COST of 8 months = Rs. (192×8) = Rs. 1536 TOTAL COST without profit = Rs. (1108+2500+1536) = Rs. 5144 Profit

5% profit = Rs. 257.2

27

4.2 Product Performance

Algorithm

1. Connect the parallel port cable to parallel port of the computer. 2. Give 5V DC supply to the circuit.

3. Run the program and follow the menu instructions.

When the above procedure was followed the LED Matrix display worked properly. The LEDs were lit with constant brightness and the Matrix did not turn on in unwanted conditions.

4.3 Final Product.

28

CHAPTER 5

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION

The final product of our project has been done on a PCB board. The final product represents the design concept of our product. The same concept can be utilized to construct other LED Matrix displays for other purposes such as calculators and LED Matrix display game.

We have tried to make our product better in every possible way. For this we have spent considerable time and put on a lot of effort on it. In the course of the construction of the LED Matrix display we feel that we have achieved much knowledge and acquired immense experience.

The following is the list of work accomplished during the project course:

 Work accomplished:

- Literature survey on existing LED matrix displays and related materials.

- Designing a proper LED Matrix display circuit most appropriate for our purpose. - Creating a C program to enable user interface between the hardware and the

computer.

- Fabrication of the circuit on a PCB board.

Though we have tried to make the product as complete as possible there is always room for improvements. The major improvement that can be done in the software portion is constructing a proper delay function to ensure proper frequency. In our case we have devised a proper way to maintain appropriate frequency which however can be computer dependent. When a proper delay function is devised one can also create a program which can set the on-time and off-time automatically to set proper frequency automatically for any number of columns. In further improvements, the C program can be made compatible for Windows NT and higher systems. In hardware portions suitable parallel port slot and dc supply slot can be created to make the product portable.

Therefore considering all the facts discussed in this report, it can be assured that our product works properly and is reliable. The product is quite unique in the sense that the design concept is in many ways different from that of existing LED Matrix displays. Thus in the allocated time we have successfully completed our project work and come up with a fine product.

29

5.1 Gantt Chart

March April May June

Proposal writing Proposal defense Literature review Prototype design Testing and Implementation Final presentation

Figure 25: Gantt chart

Work Remaining Work Completed

30

Bibliography

• Boylestad, Robert L & Nashelsky, Louis. „Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory‟. 9th

edition. Prentice Hall. India. 2008 • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Led

• http://www.doctronics.co.uk/4017.htm

• http://electrosofts.com/parallel/parallelwin.html

• http://logix4u.net/Legacy_Ports/Parallel_Port/A_tutorial_on_Parallel_port_Int erfacing.html

31

APPENDIX A

MATHEMATICAL CALCULATIONS

1. Calculation for required instantaneous current for maximum brightness

Iav =

Since Iav = =8mA

Iins = =0.18A =0.2A

2. Calculation for Resistors

(i) For LED Matrix resistors

1 2 0 3 4 6 Counter Port via buffer

VCC

5V 2V 3.1V 5 VCC RC RB1 RB2 8 0

We have, Isat = 0.2A

Now, RC = =15Ω IB1 = = =5.2×10-4A V 600us 14ms t

32 We take IB1, slightly greater

i.e. IB1 =6×10-4A

Now,

RB1 = =333.33Ω

So, we have used 310Ω resistor. Similar for RB2,

RB2 = =2.6kΩ ≈2.2kΩ

(ii) For Master LED Matrix transistor

Master LED Matrix Transistor LED MATRIX

VCC

5V 0 1 RB ICsat =0.2×5 =1A IB1 = =6.67×10-3A Therefore, RB = =645Ω

33

APPENDIX B

COMPUTER PROGRAM

/*LED MATRIX DISPLAY PROGRAM FOR MATRIX OF 5 ROWS*/

#include<stdio.h> #include<conio.h> #include<dos.h> #include<ctype.h> #include<string.h> #include<math.h> #include<stdlib.h>

#define PORT 0x378 /* PORT'S REGISTER ADDRESS */ #define ON_TIME 1

#define OFF_TIME 0 #define ROW 5

int **byte; /* Stores character patterns */ char check; /* Checks choice in menu */

int COL; /* No. of columns */

int MAT; /* No. of matrices */

int charlen=100; /* Maximum number of characters */ char ch[100];

int essentials(); /* Determines and Sets pre-requisites of the program */ void det_col(); /* Determines number of columns */

void det_mat(); /* Determines number of matrices */ void initials(); /* Sets default characters */

void real_time_disp() ; /* Real-Time Display */ int real_time_screen(int *chlen); /* Real-Time's Menu Screen */

int scroll_disp(); /* Scrolling Display */

int scroll_screen(); /* Scrolling's Menu Screen */

void char_select(char tempch[],int strno); /* Selects entered characters and determines the bit patterns */

void extract(int *bit[],int chlen); /* Extracts the bit patterns and stores them seperately */

void byte_dec(int *bit[], int dec[]); /* Generates decimal equivalence of the extracted bits sequentially*/

void real_matrix(int dec[]); /* Sends data to data port */

void initmat(); /* Enables LED Matrix */

34

int main(){

while(1){ clrscr();

gotoxy(30,20);

printf("Please enter a choice:\n"); gotoxy(31,22);

printf("1: Real Time Display\n"); gotoxy(31,24);

printf("2: Scrolling Display\n"); gotoxy(36,28); printf("Esc: Exit:\n\n"); gotoxy(40,30); check=getch(); delay(100); if(check=='\033') return 0; if(essentials()==0) continue; initmat(); if(check=='1') real_time_disp(); if(check=='2') scroll_disp(); stopmat(); outportb(PORT,0); } outportb(PORT,0); free(ch); free(byte); return 0; } void initmat(){ outportb(PORT,0); outportb(PORT,64); delay(10); outportb(PORT,192); delay(10); outportb(PORT,64); delay(10); outportb(PORT,192); delay(10); outportb(PORT,64); delay(10); outportb(PORT,0); }

35 void stopmat(){ outportb(PORT,0); outportb(PORT,0); delay(10); outportb(PORT,128); delay(10); outportb(PORT,0); delay(10); outportb(PORT,128); delay(10); outportb(PORT,0); delay(10); outportb(PORT,128); } int essentials(){ int i; char chtry; while(1){ det_col();

if(COL==-1){ /* Column not detected */

clrscr();

gotoxy(33,20);

printf("Column not detected\n"); gotoxy(24,23);

printf("Please check the connection and try again"); gotoxy(30,28);

printf("Press any key to try again"); gotoxy(29,30);

printf("Press Esc to return to menu"); gotoxy(42,32); chtry=getch(); if (chtry=='\033') return 0; else continue; } det_mat(); initials();

byte=(int *)malloc(charlen*sizeof(int*));/*Create memory to store bit patterns*/ for(i=0;i<charlen;i++){ byte[i]=(int *)malloc(5*sizeof(int)); } break; } return 1; }

36 void det_col(){ int counter,count=0,checker=0; int F=0; int data; clrscr(); while(1){

checker++; /* Sets the time limit for the counting sequence */ data=inportb(PORT+1);

counter=(data & 0x40)/0x40;/* Checks the status line connected to a counter output */

gotoxy(38,25); printf("LOADING");

if(counter==0){ /* Initiate counting sequence */

while(1){

checker=0;

outportb(PORT,32); /* Clock Pulse for the counter */ delay(1);

outportb(PORT,0); delay(1);

data=inportb(PORT+1); counter=(data & 0x40)/0x40;

count++; /* Incremented with every timing pulse */ if(counter==0){ /* The counting is stopped */

F=1; break; } }

}

outportb(PORT,32); /* Clock Pulse for the counter */ delay(1);

outportb(PORT,0); delay(1);

if(F==1) break;

if(checker==1000){ /* If no status detection till checker limit hardware error */ count=-1; break; } } COL=count; outportb(PORT,0); }

37

void det_mat(){

int m,r; m=COL/5; r=COL%5;

if(r!=m-1) m=m-1; /* Sets the most feasible matrix number */

MAT=m; clrscr(); printf("Column=%d Matrix=%d",COL,MAT); getch(); } void initials(){ int i; for(i=0;i<=MAT;i++){ ch[i]=' '; } } void real_time_disp(){ int i=0,j,k,value; int *bit[ROW]; int *dec; char *tempch; char key;

dec=(int *)malloc(COL*sizeof(int)); /* Stores decimal values of bit's pattern to be sent */

tempch=(char *)malloc(MAT*sizeof(char)); /* Stores temporary character which has to printed at that moment */

for(j=0;j<MAT;j++){ tempch[j]=ch[j]; }

for(j=0;j<ROW;j++){ /* Stores all bits associated with the characters entered */

bit[j]=(int *)malloc(COL*(sizeof(int))); }

clrscr();

char_select(tempch,MAT); /* To make the matrix display blank initially */

extract(bit,MAT); byte_dec(bit,dec); gotoxy(27,10);

printf("LED MATRIX REAL TIME DISPLAY"); gotoxy(27,35);

printf("Press Esc to return to menu"); while(1){

gotoxy(29,20);

cprintf("PLEASE ENTER THE STRING:"); gotoxy(40,22);

38 value=real_time_screen(&i);

if(value==0) break; /* Esc or Enter Pressed */

if(value==-1) continue; /* Maximum character reached */ k=i;

gotoxy(20,20);

if(i<MAT){ /* To fill the matrix initially */ for(j=0;j<MAT;j++){

tempch[j]=ch[j]; }

}

else{ /* After the matrix is full */

for(j=MAT-1;j>=0;j--){ tempch[j]=ch[k-MAT+j]; } } char_select(tempch,MAT); extract(bit,MAT); byte_dec(bit,dec); } real_matrix(dec); } }

int real_time_screen(int *chlen){

int xco,yco; int i; i=*chlen; ch[i]=toupper(getch()); xco=wherex(); yco=wherey();

if(ch[i]=='\033'||ch[i]=='\015') return 0; /* Enter or Esc */ if(ch[i]=='\010'&&i>0){ /* Backspace */ if(i<=MAT) ch[i-1]='\000'; ch[i]='\000'; i--; gotoxy(26,15); printf(" "); gotoxy(xco,yco); *chlen=i; return 1; }

if(i>=charlen-1){ /* Maximum character check */

gotoxy(26,15);

printf("Maximum character limit reached"); gotoxy(xco,yco);

return -1; }

if((ch[i]>=060&&ch[i]<=071)||(ch[i]>=0101&&ch[i]<=0132)||

(ch[i]==055||ch[i]==053||ch[i]==075||ch[i]==040||ch[i]==0140)){ /* To allow certain characters only */

39 i++; *chlen=i; return 1; } return -1; } int scroll_disp(){ int i=0,j,x=40; int xco,yco; int col=0; float check=0; int shift; int start=COL,add=0; float scroll_speed; int swap_shift=0; int chlen; int *bit[ROW],*temp[ROW]; int *dec; char keystr,tempch; dec=(int *)malloc(COL*sizeof(int));

for(i=0;i<ROW;i++){ /* Create temporary memory to use in

scrolling */ temp[i]=(int *)malloc(COL*sizeof(int)); for(j=0;j<COL;j++){ temp[i][j]=0; } } chlen=scroll_screen(); shift=(chlen*6-1); char_select(ch,chlen);

for(i=0;i<ROW;i++){ /* Create bit memory to hold the

character bits */ bit[i]=(int *) malloc(shift * (sizeof(int)));

}

extract(bit,chlen); scroll_speed=10; while(1){

if(kbhit()){ /* To control speed */

keystr=getch(); if(keystr=='\033') break; if(((keystr=='=')||(keystr=='+'))&&(scroll_speed>2.5)){ scroll_speed-=0.5; x++; } if((keystr=='-')&&(scroll_speed<17)){ scroll_speed+=0.5; x--; }

40 if(check>scroll_speed) check=scroll_speed-1; gotoxy(5,5); //printf("%d ",scroll_speed); } gotoxy(25,25); cprintf("<--->"); gotoxy(x,25); cprintf("|"); gotoxy(40,26); printf("%f %f",scroll_speed,check); check++; byte_dec(temp,dec); real_matrix(dec);

if(check>scroll_speed){ /* Change pattern of output */ shift--;

check=0;

if(swap_shift==0){ /* Scroll the characters to the left */ start--;

if(start<0){ /* Set conditions once display is filled */ add++;

start=0; col=add; }

else col=0;

for(i=start;i<COL;i++){ /* Fill bits from the right end */ for(j=0;j<5;j++){ temp[j][i]=bit[j][col]; } col++; } }

if(swap_shift==1){ /* Vanish bits at left end and fill zeros at right end */ for(i=0;i<ROW;i++){ for(j=1;j<COL;j++){ temp[i][j-1]=temp[i][j]; } } for(i=0;i<ROW;i++){ temp[i][COL-1]=0; } }

if(shift==0){ /* Set initial conditions of scrolling */ shift=COL; if(swap_shift==0) swap_shift=1; else { swap_shift=0; shift=chlen*6-1; add=0; start=COL;

41 } } } } return 0; } int scroll_screen(){ int i=0; char tempch; int xco,yco,init_yco; clrscr(); gotoxy(26,1);

printf("LED MATRIX SCROLLING DISPLAY"); gotoxy(1,6);

printf("PLEASE ENTER THE CHARACTER SEQUENCE: "); init_yco=wherey();

while(1){ /* To compensate the

problem with getch() */ xco=wherex();

yco=wherey();

if(i>charlen){ /* Maximum character

reached */ gotoxy(25,10);

printf("Maximum character limit reached"); gotoxy(xco,yco); } else{ gotoxy(24,10); printf(" "); gotoxy(xco,yco); } tempch=toupper(getch());

if(tempch=='\015'||tempch=='\033') break; /* If Enter or Esc */

if(tempch=='\010'){ /* If Backspace */ if(i>0){ ch[i]='\000'; i--; if(wherey()!=init_yco&&wherex()==1) gotoxy(80,wherey()-1); else gotoxy(wherex()-1,wherey()); clreol(); } continue; } if(i>charlen) continue; if((tempch>=060&&tempch<=071)||(tempch>=0101&&tempch<=0132)|| (tempch==055||tempch==053||tempch==075||tempch==040)){ /* To allow

certain characters only */ putchar(tempch);

42 i++; } } gotoxy(24,10); printf(" "); gotoxy(24,15); printf("PRESS:\n"); gotoxy(27,17);

printf("+ : Increase scrolling speed"); gotoxy(27,19);

printf("- : Decrease scrolling speed"); gotoxy(28,40);

printf("Press Esc to return to menu"); if(i==0){ ch[0]=' '; return 1; } else return i; }

void extract(int *bit[],int chlen){

int i,j,k,l,r,q;

for(i=0;i<ROW;i++){ /* 1 to 5th ROW */

l=chlen*6-1;

for(j=chlen-1;j>=0;j--){ /* Start from the last character */ q=byte[j][i];

for(k=0;k<5;k++){ /* Extract each bit from byte starting from right end */ r=q%10; bit[i][--l]=r; q=q/10; } if(l<0) break; bit[i][--l]=0; } } }

void byte_dec(int *bit[], int dec[]){ int i,j;

for(j=0;j<COL;j++){ /* Calculate decimal equivalence of a column of bits */ dec[j]=0; for(i=0;i<ROW;i++){ dec[j]+=(pow(2,i)*bit[i][j]); } } }

43

void real_matrix(int dec[]){

int i; float j=0;

outportb(PORT,64); /* Master Reset */

for(i=0;i<COL;i++){

outportb(PORT,dec[i]); /* Required Bit Pattern */ while(j<21000) j++;

j=0;

//delay(ON_TIME);

outportb(PORT,32); /* Clock Pulse for the counter */ while(j<100) j++; j=0; //delay(OFF_TIME); } outportb(PORT,0); }

void char_select(char tempch[],int strno){

int i; for(i=0;i<strno;i++){ switch (tempch[i]){ case '0': byte[i][0]=1110; byte[i][1]=10001; byte[i][2]=10001; byte[i][3]=10001; byte[i][4]=1110; break; case '1': byte[i][0]=100; byte[i][1]=1100; byte[i][2]=100; byte[i][3]=100; byte[i][4]=11111; break; case '2': byte[i][0]=11110; byte[i][1]=1; byte[i][2]=1110; byte[i][3]=10000; byte[i][4]=1111; break; case '3': byte[i][0]=11110; byte[i][1]=1; byte[i][2]=11110; byte[i][3]=1; byte[i][4]=11110; break; case '4':

44 byte[i][0]=10001; byte[i][1]=10001; byte[i][2]=11111; byte[i][3]=1; byte[i][4]=1; break; case '5': byte[i][0]=11111; byte[i][1]=10000; byte[i][2]=11110; byte[i][3]=1; byte[i][4]=11110; break; case '6': byte[i][0]=1110; byte[i][1]=10000; byte[i][2]=11110; byte[i][3]=10001; byte[i][4]=1110; break; case '7': byte[i][0]=11111; byte[i][1]=1; byte[i][2]=10; byte[i][3]=100; byte[i][4]=1000; break; case '8': byte[i][0]=1110; byte[i][1]=10001; byte[i][2]=1110; byte[i][3]=10001; byte[i][4]=1110; break; case '9': byte[i][0]=1110; byte[i][1]=10001; byte[i][2]=1111; byte[i][3]=1; byte[i][4]=1110; break; case 'A': byte[i][0]=1110; byte[i][1]=10001; byte[i][2]=11111; byte[i][3]=10001; byte[i][4]=10001; break; case 'B':

45 byte[i][0]=11110; byte[i][1]=10001; byte[i][2]=11110; byte[i][3]=10001; byte[i][4]=11110; break; case 'C': byte[i][0]=1111; byte[i][1]=10000; byte[i][2]=10000; byte[i][3]=10000; byte[i][4]=1111; break; case 'D': byte[i][0]=11110; byte[i][1]=10001; byte[i][2]=10001; byte[i][3]=10001; byte[i][4]=11110; break; case 'E': byte[i][0]=11111; byte[i][1]=10000; byte[i][2]=11110; byte[i][3]=10000; byte[i][4]=11111; break; case 'F': byte[i][0]=11111; byte[i][1]=10000; byte[i][2]=11110; byte[i][3]=10000; byte[i][4]=10000; break; case 'G': byte[i][0]=11111; byte[i][1]=10000; byte[i][2]=10111; byte[i][3]=10101; byte[i][4]=11101; break; case 'H': byte[i][0]=10001; byte[i][1]=10001; byte[i][2]=11111; byte[i][3]=10001; byte[i][4]=10001; break; case 'I': byte[i][0]=11111;

46 byte[i][1]=100; byte[i][2]=100; byte[i][3]=100; byte[i][4]=11111; break; case 'J': byte[i][0]=1111; byte[i][1]=10; byte[i][2]=10; byte[i][3]=10010; byte[i][4]=1100; break; case 'K': byte[i][0]=10011; byte[i][1]=10100; byte[i][2]=11000; byte[i][3]=10100; byte[i][4]=10011; break; case 'L': byte[i][0]=10000; byte[i][1]=10000; byte[i][2]=10000; byte[i][3]=10000; byte[i][4]=11111; break; case 'M': byte[i][0]=10001; byte[i][1]=11011; byte[i][2]=10101; byte[i][3]=10001; byte[i][4]=10001; break; case 'N': byte[i][0]=10001; byte[i][1]=11001; byte[i][2]=10101; byte[i][3]=10011; byte[i][4]=10001; break; case 'O': byte[i][0]=1110; byte[i][1]=10001; byte[i][2]=10001; byte[i][3]=10001; byte[i][4]=1110; break; case 'P': byte[i][0]=11110; byte[i][1]=10001;

47 byte[i][2]=11110; byte[i][3]=10000; byte[i][4]=10000; break; case 'Q': byte[i][0]=1110; byte[i][1]=10001; byte[i][2]=10101; byte[i][3]=10011; byte[i][4]=1111; break; case 'R': byte[i][0]=11110; byte[i][1]=10001; byte[i][2]=11110; byte[i][3]=10100; byte[i][4]=10011; break; case 'S': byte[i][0]=1111; byte[i][1]=10000; byte[i][2]=11110; byte[i][3]=1; byte[i][4]=11110; break; case 'T': byte[i][0]=11111; byte[i][1]=100; byte[i][2]=100; byte[i][3]=100; byte[i][4]=100; break; case 'U': byte[i][0]=10001; byte[i][1]=10001; byte[i][2]=10001; byte[i][3]=10001; byte[i][4]=1110; break; case 'V': byte[i][0]=10001; byte[i][1]=10001; byte[i][2]=10001; byte[i][3]=1010; byte[i][4]=100; break; case 'W': byte[i][0]=10001; byte[i][1]=10001; byte[i][2]=10101;

48 byte[i][3]=11011; byte[i][4]=10001; break; case 'X': byte[i][0]=10001; byte[i][1]=1010; byte[i][2]=100; byte[i][3]=1010; byte[i][4]=10001; break; case 'Y': byte[i][0]=10001; byte[i][1]=1010; byte[i][2]=100; byte[i][3]=100; byte[i][4]=100; break; case 'Z': byte[i][0]=11111; byte[i][1]=10; byte[i][2]=100; byte[i][3]=1000; byte[i][4]=11111; break; case '`': byte[i][0]=11111; byte[i][1]=11111; byte[i][2]=11111; byte[i][3]=11111; byte[i][4]=11111; break; case '-': byte[i][0]=0; byte[i][1]=0; byte[i][2]=11111; byte[i][3]=0; byte[i][4]=0; break; case '+': byte[i][0]=100; byte[i][1]=100; byte[i][2]=11111; byte[i][3]=100; byte[i][4]=100; break; case '=': byte[i][0]=0; byte[i][1]=11111; byte[i][2]=0; byte[i][3]=11111;

49 byte[i][4]=0; break; case '^': byte[i][0]=100; byte[i][1]=1010; byte[i][2]=10001; byte[i][3]=0; byte[i][4]=0; break; default: byte[i][0]=0; byte[i][1]=0; byte[i][2]=0; byte[i][3]=0; byte[i][4]=0; } } }

50

APPENDIX C

PCB Circuit

51

52

APPENDIX D

DATASHEETS

The following pages contain datasheets of the components used in the final product. The datasheets are organized sequentially in following order:

1. Datasheet of BC548 2. Datasheet of 1N4148 3. Datasheet of SL100 4. Datasheet of 74244 5. Datasheet of 7408 6. Datasheet of 74175 7. Datasheet of 4017

BC548 / BC548A / BC548B / BC548C

NPN General Purpose Amplifier

BC548

BC548A

BC548B

BC548C

This device is designed for use as general purpose amplifiers and switches requiring collector currents to 300 mA. Sourced from Process 10. See PN100A for characteristics.

Absolute Maximum Ratings* TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted

*These ratings are limiting values above which the serviceability of any semiconductor device may be impaired.

NOTES:

1) These ratings are based on a maximum junction temperature of 150 degrees C.

2) These are steady state limits. The factory should be consulted on applications involving pulsed or low duty cycle operations.

Thermal Characteristics TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted

Symbol Parameter Value Units

VCEO Collector-Emitter Voltage 30 V

VCES Collector-Base Voltage 30 V

VEBO Emitter-Base Voltage 5.0 V

IC Collector Current - Continuous 500 mA

TJ, Tstg Operating and Storage Junction Temperature Range -55 to +150 °C

Symbol Characteristic Max Units

BC548 / A / B / C PD Total Device Dissipation

Derate above 25°C

625 5.0

mW mW/°C RθJC Thermal Resistance, Junction to Case 83.3 °C/W

RθJA Thermal Resistance, Junction to Ambient 200 °C/W

E

B_C TO-92

BC548 / BC548A / BC548B / BC548C

NPN General Purpose Amplifier

(continued)

Electrical Characteristics TA = 25°C unless otherwise noted

OFF CHARACTERISTICS

Symbol Parameter Test Conditions Min Max Units

V(BR)CEO Collector-Emitter Breakdown Voltage IC = 10 mA, IB= 0 30 V

V(BR)CBO Collector-Base Breakdown Voltage IC = 10 µA, IE = 0 30 V

V(BR)CES Collector-Base Breakdown Voltage IC = 10 µA, IE = 0 30 V

V(BR)EBO Emitter-Base Breakdown Voltage IE = 10 µA, IC = 0 5.0 V

ICBO Collector Cutoff Current VCB = 30 V, IE = 0

VCB = 30 V, IE = 0, TA = +150 °C 15 5.0 nA µA ON CHARACTERISTICS hFE DC Current Gain VCE = 5.0 V, IC = 2.0 mA 548 548A 548B 548C 110 110 200 420 800 220 450 800 VCE(sat) Collector-Emitter Saturation Voltage IC = 10 mA, IB = 0.5 mA

IC = 100 mA, IB = 5.0 mA

0.25 0.60

V V VBE(on) Base-Emitter On Voltage VCE = 5.0 V, IC = 2.0 mA

VCE = 5.0 V, IC = 10 mA

0.58 0.70 0.77

V V

SMALL SIGNAL CHARACTERISTICS

hfe Small-Signal Current Gain IC = 2.0 mA, VCE = 5.0 V,

f = 1.0 kHz 125 900 NF Noise Figure VCE = 5.0 V, IC = 200 µA, RS = 2.0 kΩ, f = 1.0 kHz, BW = 200 Hz 10 dB

DATA SHEET

Product data sheet

Supersedes data of 2002 Jan 23

2004 Aug 10

DISCRETE SEMICONDUCTORS

1N4148; 1N4448

High-speed diodes

M3D176

2004 Aug 10 2

NXP Semiconductors Product data sheet

High-speed diodes

1N4148; 1N4448

FEATURES

• Hermetically sealed leaded glass SOD27 (DO-35) package

• High switching speed: max. 4 ns • General application

• Continuous reverse voltage: max. 100 V • Repetitive peak reverse voltage: max. 100 V • Repetitive peak forward current: max. 450 mA.

APPLICATIONS

• High-speed switching.

DESCRIPTION

The 1N4148 and 1N4448 are high-speed switching diodes fabricated in planar technology, and encapsulated in hermetically sealed leaded glass SOD27 (DO-35) packages.

MARKING

TYPE NUMBER MARKING CODE

1N4148 1N4148PH or 4148PH

1N4448 1N4448

Fig.1 Simplified outline (SOD27; DO-35) and symbol.

The diodes are type branded. handbook, halfpage MAM246 k a ORDERING INFORMATION TYPE NUMBER PACKAGE

NAME DESCRIPTION VERSION

1N4148 − hermetically sealed glass package; axial leaded; 2 leads SOD27

2004 Aug 10 3

NXP Semiconductors Product data sheet

High-speed diodes

1N4148; 1N4448

LIMITING VALUES

In accordance with the Absolute Maximum Rating System (IEC 60134).

Note

1. Device mounted on an FR4 printed-circuit board; lead length 10 mm.

SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. MAX. UNIT

VRRM repetitive peak reverse voltage − 100 V

VR continuous reverse voltage − 100 V

IF continuous forward current see Fig.2; note 1 − 200 mA

I_FRM repetitive peak forward current − 450 mA

IFSM non-repetitive peak forward current square wave; Tj = 25 °C prior to surge; see Fig.4

t = 1 µs − 4 A

t = 1 ms − 1 A

t = 1 s − 0.5 A

Ptot total power dissipation Tamb = 25 °C; note 1 − 500 mW

Tstg storage temperature −65 +200 °C

Tj junction temperature − 200 °C

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Tj = 25 °C unless otherwise specified.

SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS MIN. MAX. UNIT

VF forward voltage see Fig.3

1N4148 IF = 10 mA − 1 V

1N4448 IF = 5 mA 0.62 0.72 V

I_F = 100 mA − 1 V

IR reverse current VR = 20 V; see Fig.5 25 nA

VR = 20 V; Tj = 150 °C; see Fig.5 − 50 µA

IR reverse current; 1N4448 VR = 20 V; Tj = 100 °C; see Fig.5 − 3 µA

Cd diode capacitance f = 1 MHz; VR = 0 V; see Fig.6 − 4 pF

trr reverse recovery time when switched from IF = 10 mA to

IR = 60 mA; RL = 100 Ω;

measured at I_R = 1 mA; see Fig.7

− 4 ns

Vfr forward recovery voltage when switched from IF = 50 mA;

tr = 20 ns; see Fig.8

− 2.5 V

THERMAL CHARACTERISTICS

Note

1. Device mounted on a printed-circuit board without metallization pad.

SYMBOL PARAMETER CONDITIONS VALUE UNIT

Rth(j-tp) thermal resistance from junction to tie-point lead length 10 mm 240 K/W

© 2000 Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation DS008442 www.fairchildsemi.com August 1986 Revised March 2000 DM74LS244 Octa l 3-ST A T E Buf fer /Li ne D rive r/L ine Recei ver

DM74LS244

Octal 3-STATE Buffer/Line Driver/Line Receiver

General Description

These buffers/line drivers are designed to improve both the performance and PC board density of 3-STATE buffers/ drivers employed as memory-address drivers, clock driv-ers, and bus-oriented transmitters/receivers. Featuring 400 mV of hysteresis at each low current PNP data line input, they provide improved noise rejection and high fanout out-puts and can be used to drive terminated lines down to

133Ω.

Features

■3-STATE outputs drive bus lines directly

■PNP inputs reduce DC loading on bus lines

■Hysteresis at data inputs improves noise margins

■Typical IOL (sink current) 24 mA

■Typical I_OH (source current) −15 mA

■Typical propagation delay times

Inverting 10.5 ns

Noninverting 12 ns

■Typical enable/disable time 18 ns

■Typical power dissipation (enabled)

Inverting 130 mW

Noninverting 135 mW

Ordering Code:

Devices also available in Tape and Reel. Specify by appending the suffix letter “X” to the ordering code.

Connection Diagram Function Table

L = LOW Logic Level H = HIGH Logic Level

X = Either LOW or HIGH Logic Level Z = High Impedance

Order Number Package Number Package Description

DM74LS244WM M20B 20-Lead Small Outline Integrated Circuit (SOIC), JEDEC MS-013, 0.300 Wide

DM74LS244SJ M20D 20-Lead Small Outline Package (SOP), EIAJ TYPE II, 5.3mm Wide

DM74LS244N N20A 20-Lead Plastic Dual-In-Line Package (PDIP), JEDEC MS-001, 0.300 Wide

Inputs Output

G A Y

L L L

L H H