Safe Rigging Handbook_optimozed

gr.phlc drrlgn Hasan Ozer Uzunboy

prtprrrd ly

Tekfen Construction & lnetcllalien

eo,

lne Totat 0uatity Management

1.

LIFTINGACCESSORIES...

.,.,...4

1.1. Wire

Ropes

...

'...4

1.2.

Chains

...9

1.3. SyntheticWeb

SLings

...14

1.4.

Hooks

...16

1.5.ShackLes....

...20

1.6.EyeBol.ts.

...:.

...25

1.7. Lifting and

SpreaderBeams

"...29

2.ryPESOFSL|NG|NG....

...31

2.l.SingLeVerticatHitch.

...31

2.2.ChokerHitch.

...31

2.3.BasketHitch.

...31

2.4.Legs Bridl.e

Hitches....

...31

2.5. Endtess Hitch

.

.

_"..

.32

2.6.EyeandEyeHitch.

...32

2.7. Doubl"eWrap Basket

Hitch

...32

2.8. Examplesof

Stinging

...33

3.APPENDICIES.

...45

Appendix-1 Examptes for Safe Working Load Catcutation

.

.

.

. .45

Appendix-2 TypicaL Web and Round SLings With SWL and

ModeMarkings..

...51

Appendix-3 Densityof

Materials

...52

Appendix-4 Recommended Hand Signats For Crane Operations . . . .53

Appendix-S Lifting/Rigging

Dictionary

...54

BfuetYapman

The Lifting accessories are as foltowr,

.

Wire Ropes

.

Chains

.

Synthetic Web SLings

.

Hooks

.

Shackles

.

Eye bolts

.

Lifting and Spreader Beams 1.1. Wire Ropes

B x 12 means that each rope has B strands and each strand has 12 wires. The way of manufacturing wire ropes is based on this principte. The etasticity of a strand increases with increased number of wires.

1 -1 .2.

_{8eas,er-s*l9rlryss-[erltggtUge}

R

gleg

.

Setection of wrong size retative to construction or qua[ity

.

Handting rope in contact with the load when use.

.

Faiture to timeLy lubricate the rope, causing wear to occur in rope wires during Lifting and lowering the [oad.

.

Twisting of rope.

.

Effect of temperature, moisture and acids.

.

Stretchrng ropes on one another or in reverse direction.

.

Kinking.

.

Overtoading.

1,1,-3, _$"g!qg-!ig

tt-gllA/ile

_33p99

ln seLecting and using a steelwire rope, the fotlowing properties shouLd be considered:

Rope Core

(The tength along the rope in which one strand makes a comptete revolution around the ropel

Wire Rope

.

Way of manufacturrng of wire, materialand rope core used,

.

Number of wires per strand,

.

Way of winding strands of rope,

.

Maximum load of rope and its carrying the load with a

certain safety coefficient,

slsffi

s$ffi

's$ffi

'$Fffi

*iiiW

rFrSffi

$it}ffi

Wltt, llllrtf i .1le tt,,t,ri rtr

llrr

ttrrlrt,,lt y rrr,,rrr lr jt t lt' , i t' , wr'tt _;l tl lrrrilirrr;,rnrl lo,rrl

lillttrr;

I lrt, rn;t,,tttt,, wl ty

the wire ropes are preferred ratlrcr llrirrr lrrrrrr ropes are as fotlows:

.

They are stronger, though

atthc

r';rnrl wr,tr;lrl and diameter,

.

Their strength is constant everr irrwr,l ,rrrtl rlry conditions,

.

_Their [ength does not changc in v;rtiott', ctimatic conditions,

.

They have longer lrfe and durability.

1.1.1.

Structures

of

Wire

_Fgp-gs

A rope is composed of 6 or 8 strand:, wotttrrl around a [inen core. Each webbing is bririrltrrl with thin metaL[ic wires among themsctvc',.

Standards timit visibte broken wire to 1 0% of totat

wires in a tength of eight rope diameters

o _{Ftexibi[ity and fatigue} resistance,

r

Resistance to krnkings,

.

Resistance to impacts, deformations and crushings. 1.1.4.

lnspection

of

Wire

Ropes

Frequent lnspection: ALl. sLings shal,L be inspected by the person handting the sting each day they are used. These visual checks shoutd be

concerned wlth discovering gross damage, which may be an immediate hazard:

Distortion of rope in the sLing such as kinking, crushing, unstranding, bird caging, main strand displacement, or short rope lengths or unevenness of outer strands shouLd provide evidence that the sting or slings shoutd be replaced.

Genera[ corrosion condition, number, distribution, and type of visibte broken wires shoutd atso be considered in the inspection,

Periodic lnspection: A periodic inspection shatl. be performed by a

designated person at least annuatly and shatl be recorded.

1.1.5. Removat

Criteria for Wire

Rope

Sling

No precise rutes can be given for determination of the exact time for reptacement of a wire rope sting since many variabte factors are invotved.

Conditions such as the foLLowings shoutd be sufficient reason for rep[acement.

.

Flve broken wires in one strand in one lay or ten randomty distributed broken wires in one [ay.

.

Regulations [imit visible broken wire 10 % of totatwires in a tength of eight rope diameters,

.

Severe Locatized abrasion or scraping.

.

Kinking, crushing, bird caging or any other damage resutting in distortion of the roPe structure.

.

Evldence of heat damage.

.

End attachment are cracked, deformed, or worn to the extent that the strength of the sling is substantiaLLy affected.

.

Severe corrosion of the rope or end attachments.

1.1.6 Rope End

Attachment

1.1.6.1. Wedge Socket Connection

.

Rope is Inserted into the socket by bending it in U

form.

.

Awedge rs pl.aced in rope bend as shown in the figure on side.

.

The rope end is pulLed so as to ensure that the wedge enters into the socket and tightens the rope.

.

U clamp is mounted such that it wi[[ be at a

distance of 4 rope diameters to the socket and 5

rope diameters to the roPe end.

.

Rope socket is mounted by placing the U bolts of the cLamp in a manner that they wit[ not be at the rope end. U boLt ctamps must never face to the rope end.

Correct Method

1.1.6.2. Cabl.e Cl.iP Connection

.

Rope is bent in U form and ctamped at a Ptace ctoser to the roPe end.

.

The eye piece of the rope is ctamped.

.

Other ctamps are

mounted such that there witl be a distance of 6 rope diameters between both end ctamps.

U bolts of at[ ctips shouLd be on dead end of rope. Live ends rest in ctip saddte.

As mentioned above, U boLts of the ctamps shoutd be at the rope end. Ctamps must never be offset mounted.

lFis

e)

ln the fotlowing tab[e, the number of clips, distance between ctips and ctip size to be used according to rope diameter are provided.

1.1.6.3.

lnterconnecting

_{Two Ropes}

Never use any kind of cl.ip to directLy connect two straight lenqths ol rope. lf this is necessary, use the cLips to form on eye fwith thimbte) irr

each length and connt-.r;l the eyes together.

IFis

10) Correct

Do not stagger clips

U bolts on live end

Rope

Diameter

Number

of

Distance

between

_Clip

mm inch

ctips

ctips

lmml

size

lmmt

8-16

5116-518

4

80

9,5_14

1? 314

5

110---T

7/B 5 _{130 18} 25 1 L_{J 150} 16

28

11/8 5 180 ₁₈

31

1 1/4 6 2A0 ₂₂

34

1318 7 _{230 22}

38

1 1t2 B 250 ₂₂

1.1.7. Maintenance and

Lubrication

of Steet

Wire

Ropes The first point to be noticed in maintaining steeL wire ropes is that the

r opes are correctly unwound from sheaves.

Since breaks and kinks reduce the life-cycte of a wire rope, such breaks irnd kinks shoutd be prevented. lf there is no possibiLity of fixing a sheave with steelwire rope wound on it in a manner to altow it to rotate freety, one end of the wrre rope shoutd be fixed at a proper ptace and the :;heave shoutd be rotated as much as required.

Wrre rope sheaves should not be unwound by puLling from wire rope. Otherwise, breaks occur in the rope.

When winding a newwire rope overa wire rope sheave

ordrum,

the rnrtiatwinding is very rmportant. lf the windings of a rope are wound closer to one another regutarly and tightty, the subsequent rows properl"y follow depending on the initiaIwinding rows. A properLy wound rope wiLl have less wear and [onger life compared to an improperLy wound rope. several parts and wires of a rope have relative movements. The

strands

, formed by thin wires as wel[ as the wires of such strands rub against one another during Lifting and lowering of the load since they move

continuousty. As a resutt of such rubbing, they abrade one another. ln order to prevent wear of steel ropes, entend their tife and avoid their rusting, the steel ropes shoutd be [ubricated . Lubrication should be done with a hard brush appl,ied on steel ropes. Before [ubrication, the steel rope should be cteaned with a hard brush.

1.2. Chains

Due to their structure, chains

aTe more stronger and easier-to-use lifting components. Chains have a wider range of fietds of use since they are used as a sting, resistant to impacts, suitabte to use for sharp-edge loads and they are safe.

Hardened chains are durabte. Furthermore, depending on the characteristics of a job, the high strength steel chains are atso used. When chains are not used property, rustings, crackings, wears, stretchings and bendings may occur.

1.2.1. Points

to

be

Noticed in Handling

_thains

Chains shoutd be setected depending on the characterlstics of a job for which they are to be used and the weight of load to be lifted. Chain setection should be done by the competent technical staff quatified in this fiel.d.

1.2.2. The Grades

of

Chain

The grade number of a chain is stamped on approximately every twentieth [ink or every meter. lf there is any doubt as to the grade making or if there is no load tag attached to the chain, it must be

regarded as the [owest grade ; that is , Grade 30.

1.2.3.

lnspection of

Chains

At[ chains used for lifting purposes shoutd be inspected before and after use. lt shou[d atso be inspected very ctosety for the defects every month. The fotlowing defects shoutd be looked for in each inspection:

.

Stretching or bending in any [ink of more than 10 percent,

.

Damaged [inks from sharp edges,

.

Deep rust,

.

Nicks, cut or gouges that reduce the Link diameter by 10 percent,

.

Cracks in any [ink I by soaking the chain in oit, cleaning the oiI off, then

dusting it with powder, cracks witlappear as a discotoration; a powder mixed with magnetic particles and dust onto the chain witl atso reveal cracksJ,

.

A number of smatl dents like peen _{hammer marks lthis} is an indication of fatigue or work hardeningl,

.

Wear in Link seat in more than 10 percent of [ink diameter,

.

_{Wetd defects and any other} [ink deformation,

.

Knotted chains.

Like hooks, chains can atso be X-rayed to detect some defects. Conditions such as the above shoutd be sufficient reason for reptacement.

J.,2.f,_tlgalDamggg

Do not expose a chain to temperatures greater than 260'C. Safe working loads need to be reduced when chains have been exposed to such temperatures. When exposed to 480'C or greater, chain must be

condemned.

1' ?r.9

=""-clet-o-U

s qge

.

Never exceed a chain's safe working load.

.

Do not use a damaged chain.

.

Avoid shock-toading chain ; that is, loading chain suddenty.

r

Do not cross , twist, kink or knot chain.

.

Do not drop chain from a height.

.

Use packing on loads with sharp edges.

.

Use onty the correct size and grade of chain.

.

Do not wetd or oxycut.

.

Hammerlocks and pin lock fitting may be used to atter or repair chains.

.

Ensure that chain fittings have a safe working load equatto or more than the chain attached.

.

Do not use mild steel chain of less than 8mm diameter or attoy steel chain of less than 6mm diameter.

.

Do not place the [inks of a chain on the load hook, but use a ring or an attachment I for exampte, a chain shortenedJ.

.

Onty use chains with a safe working load tag.

1.2.6.

Storage

and Maintenance

lnspect every chain regutarty, and remove damaged sections or reptace the whote chain.

Do not repair or hammer chain, and do not heat-treat it.

11

Chains shoutd atways be inspected before being stored. They should be stored under cover in a dry area. Where possible, chains shoutd be hung off racks or pegs. Chains that are not to be used for long periods shoutd be LightLy oiLed.

@ ldentification ol ofAttoysteet chain

R.-Maarura tha trma srctlon aftrr

ur

to d?trrmlna Nmount ot str!tch

@ Look for chain stretch During lnspections

&

Twisted Link ₊

@ lnspect Att Links for Bends, Twlsts and Damrgc @

Never Twist or Knot a chain

The depth of al[ chips, cuts etc. must not exceed that a[[owed.

Extreme Wear at Bearing Surfaces Measure the remaining

material and discard if it is less than altowed

@ lnspect Atl Links for wear at the Bearing Surfaces

ffi(o'n'lrws,

1.3. Synthetic Web Stings

synthetic web slings offer a number of advantages for rigging purpose:

'

Their retative softness and width means that they have much less tendency to mar or scratch finety machined, highty potished or painted surfaces and have tess tendency to deformation, crush fragiLe objects compared to fibre rope, wire rope or chain sLings.

'

Because of their ftexibil.ity ,they tend to mol,d _{themsetves to the shape} of load.

o _{They are not affected by moisture and certain chemicats.}

.

They do not rust and thus do not stain ornamental precast _{concrete or} stone.

r

They are non-sparking and can be used safety in explosive atmosphere.

r

They minimize twisting and spinning during Lifting,

.

Their light weight permits ease of rigging, their softness prectudes hand cuts ,and the danger of harm from a bump by a free swinging is

minimat.

o They are etastic and stretch under load more than either wire rope or chain and are thus abte to absorb heavy shocks and cushion the toad,

synthetic web stings are avaitable in a number of configurations find application in the industry:

Endtess or Grommet Sting

-

both ends of one piece of webbing are

Lapped and sewn to form a continuous piece. They can be used as verticat hitches, bridte hitches, in choker arrangements or as basket stings .Because load contact points can be shifted with every [ift, wear is eventy distributed and sting life is extended.

Standard Eye and Eye _{- webbing assembted and sewn to form a flat} body sLing with an eye openings in the same ptane as the sr.ing body. The eyes may either be futtweb width or may be tapered by being fol.ded and sewn to a width narrower than the webbing width.

Twisted Eye - an eye and eye type _{with twisted terminations at} both ends, The eye openings are at 90oto the plane of the sting body. This

configuration is atso avaitabte with either ful.twidth or tapered eyes.

@ svnthetic web stings do not Damage or Crush Like Wire Ropes or Chain

@ Pipe handting ltlustrates the tendency of webbing slings to mold themselves to [oad, This allows handling irregu[arly shaped loads securely.

@ Endless or grommet stings. _@ st"ndard Eye and Eye stings.

1.3.1. lnspectio_n

of Synthetic

Web

Stings

Synthetic web sLings must be vrsualty inspected before each use' sting shaLL be removed from service if inspections reveal any one of the fottowing defects.

ACID CAUSTIC DAMAGE AND/OR BURNS

E_

EXPOSED .,CORE WARNING" THREADS ABRASION

TENSILE DAMAGE

1. lf sLings rated capacity tag is missing or not readabte,

2. Acid or caustlc burns, 3. Mel.ting or charring of

any part of sLings

surface,

4. Snags, punctures, tears or cuts, 5. Broken or worn

stitches,

6. GeneraI wear, stretch, or tensite damage exceeding the manufacturer's standards, 7. Expose " Core Warning" threads.

t.A.t.

Correct

U

when the incl.uded angLe is greater than 90", use shacktes to attach the

sLing Legs to the hook. Using a shackLe prevents the slings from coming

out of the hook and the rated capacity of the hook from being reduced'

when using two sLings pLaced in a hook ensure that the inctuded angte between the sl.ings is not greater than 90 Degrees. This prevent the stings from coming out of the hook and prevents point loading which reduces hook capacity. [Fig. 25)

Never side Load, back Load, or point load a hook. ALL reduce hook strength

and create an unsafe condition. Point Loading can reduce hook capacity as much as 60 %. tFig. 26)

1.4. Hooks

Hooks are one of the mostty used type of rigging hardware. They are made in many different sizes and shapes to meet a wide range of appl,ications. They can be attached to load btocks, slings, and other lifting devices such as Lifting beams. PreferabLy, hooks shoutd be embossed with the size, rated capacity and equipped with latcheslcatches).

H

EET

CFI

H

TI

tr

EET

Er

Hl

GN

EN

ru

rFn

EFI

F{

Side Load Back Load Point Load

The sting or lifting device must always be seated property in the bowl of the hook. lFig.271

1.4.2.

lnspection of

Hooks

Before use, hooks must be inspected

by a competent person and removed from service when any of ihe

fottowi ng conditions exists:

.

Cracks, nicks or gouges.

.

Twist exceeding 10 degrees from ptane of unbent hook. [Fig. 28]

.

Latch engagement, damage or matfunction.

.

_Throat opening exceeding 15 %. IFig. 28)

.

Wear exceeding 10% of original dimension. (Fig. ₂₈₁

.

Damage from heat.

r

Unauthorized repairs

Never repair, atter, or reshape a hook byweLding, heating burning or bending, untess approved by the hook manufacturer.

H

rrl

Hl

Hl

cr

cr

EI

EI

ET

ET

HT

Ell

GT

cb

-t

-b

_J.

d-d.

d-d.

A

+

l0olo maxlmum twist 10% maximum allowable wear

fl

Correct I I

I

Check for cracks & twisting

Check for wear and deformation

Check for signs of oPening uP

Check for wear and cracks

@sl@

HooK lnspecrton Areas

Batanced Load 1t,. 0fl Center 1tz 0ff Center 3t. ofl Center Point Loading LOAD LOAD

Can Carry 100 Can Carry % of rated toad APProx.86% of

rated load

LOAD LOAD LOAD

Can Carry Can Carry Can Carry Approx.80% of Approx. 70% of Approx' 40% of

rated toad rated toad rated toad

|!ll!@@ Elfect of Eccentric Loads on Hook capacity

1.5. Shacktes

1.5.1.

Correct

Use of Shacktes

t^*-,.ffid

in a mannerthat attows the shackle

body to take load in a true Line _{atong its centertine. Not in such a way that}

bending loads are induced, other than those forwhich the shackie has been designed. [Fig. 34)

The correct way to use a shackte with a

positioned across the hook. IFig. 36)

H

rn

FI

FT

EI

H

ET

ET

cr

GT

tl

ry

Hl

A

g

d-dr

d-dt

J-;r

dt

+

hook is with the shackte pin

When the used hook is smatt, some packing is required to stabilize the shackte [Fig. 37)

Avoid using a shackte with the sting riding across the pin. This movement coutd cause it to unscrew. IFig. 38)

Correct

Never reptace shackle pin with a bolt

The toad witt

bend the bolt

lncorrect reptacement of shackle pin

lncorrect

&$

Correct lncorrect

Shackte pin must be in the hook and the stings should be instatted into the shackte body. IFis.3el

1.5.2.

lnspection

of Shacktes

Shacktes shoutd be inspected before use to ensure that:

.

The body of the shackte and the pin are both identifiabl.e as being of the same quatity grade,

.

A[[ markings are readabte speciatty the Safe Working Load. ISWLI,

.

The pin is of the correct type,

.

The threads of the pin and the body are undamaged and seated wett,

.

The shackte and pin are not distorted and must be aLigned,

.

_{The shackte and pin are not undutyworn [in case of more than 10%}

reduction in diameter, they must be reptaced),

'

The shackle and pin are free from nicks, gouges, cracks and corrosion, Never Exceed 120 _{Degrees inctuded angte. Because the capacity of the} shackte wiLl" be tremendousty reduced.

'A

Y

l--l ,n.o..".,

U

r

Screw pin anchor shackle

Round pin anchor shackle

Safety type anchor shackle

Screw pin chain shackle

Round pin chain shackle

Safety type chain shackIe

@rvpicat

shacktes

Never replace a shackle pin with a bott

Check for wear Check for wear and straightness Check that pin is atways seated

Check that shackte is not "opening up"

The load witt bend the bott

@ Reptacing shackte Pins _@ sn"ckte lnspection Area3

Poor Practice Never allow shackle to

be putted at an angle

-the tegs wi[[ open up

Good Practice Pack in the pin with

washers to centralize the

shackle--@ Eccentric shackte Loads

lf the toad shifts the sting witt unscrew the

shackte pin

@ Do not use Screw Pin Shacktes if the Pin can Rol[ Under Load end Unscrcw

1.5. Eye Botts

Eye Bol.ts are often al.ready instalted in etectric motors, etc, but stitLthey have to be checked atways for a safe working load stamp before using them to tift a Load. lf there is no safe working load stamped on the bo[t, do not use it and find atternative means of slinging the [oad.

There are two types of eye botts used:

Ptain or shoutderl.ess eye botts: onty to be used for lifting at an ang[e, as with two or more stings.

Cottared or fLanged eye botts: can be used for Lifting at an angte, as with two or more stings.

1-.6.1.

Correct

Use

of

Eye

Botts

lf using a singl.e eye boLt to Lift a load, use some means to prevent the

load from turning and the bol.t from undoing. Attach a fibre rope ltagl,ine) to controtthe [oad.

Do not Lift the load any higher than is absotutely necessary'

The correct method of attaching a sling to an eye bolt is to use a shackte. Never pass the sLings through the eye and back to the hook.

Before using an eye bolt to lift a load: o _{lt must} be checked for defects,

o _{lt must} be packed so that the eye bott is screwed down ftush with packing or surface,

o _{lt must be turned to the direction} of the putt,

CORRECT -Shoulderless

INCORRECT -lf shoulderless and ring bolts are

eye and ring bolts are designed for

vertical toads only

pulled at an angle as shown they witl either bend of break.

Shoulderless

ring bott Shouldertess

Shoulderless eye bott

shoutdertess ring bott

eye bott

@ur"of

EyeBotts

Correct for Shoulder Type Eye & Ring Botts -Providing loads are reduced to account for angular loading

INCORRECT

-z _washersPack with

Ensure Ensure that that bott tapped hote

is is deep tightened enough. into place. to ensure that shoutder is firmly Nut must be property torqued. in contacl with surface must be in futl contact with surface.

@ use of Shoutder Type Eye and Ring Botts

CORRECT Load is in the ptane of

the eye.

INCORRECT When the toad is apptied

to the eye in this direction it will bend.

\

w

@o.i"ntation of Eye Botts

CORRECT -use a shackle

INCORRECT

@ Neverlnsertthe Point of a Hook in an Eye Bolt

Never run a sling through a pair of eye as shown.

The loads in this tifting resutt in an effective load at much more severe

The load angle is reduced from P to 0 and the loads A and B Use a pair of shackles instead. combine to give C.

@Lifting with Eye Bott

@nrisnmentof

Eye Bott

1.5.2.

lnspection of

Eye

Botts

Before use, eye botts must be inspected visuatty by a competent person. lf any of the fottowing conditions exists, the eye bott must be removed off service:

.

Bent or distorted eye or shank,

.

_{Nicks and gouges,}

.

Obvious wear,

.

Worn, corroded and/or distorted threads, o _{Heat damage,}

.

Absence of Safe Working Load [SWL) marking.

1.7. Lifting and Spreader Beams

Lifting beams support a load during a Lift. They are designed for bending, and have a top-centered lug or hole at each end on the bottom side. Spreader Beams help to maintain the distance of a rigging device [sling, [ink, shackte) so that side-toading on a load or Lifting lug does not occur. Lifting and Spreader Beams hetp to eliminate the possibility of a load tipping, siiding, bending or being crushed by a sting.

A Lifting Beam, Spreader or Equatizer Beam should be designed by a

quatified engineer. For questions or concerns retated to any beam used in tifting on a project, contact your safety representative.

A Lift or Spreader Beam shoutd be:

.

lnspected frequentty by a quatified engineer,

.

Stamped with a maximum capacity,

.

ldentified by some recordable marking/number,

.

Load tested to design specifications.

Lifting Beam Spreader Beam

H

f,n

FT

Inr

Grr

H

G[

+

dr

#

+

H

dr

A

d.

-b

*

d-dt

*

*

*

+

ln addition, tapped receiving hotes must be cleaned and inspected for thread wear and deterioration. Any atteration or repair to eye botts, such as grinding, machining, wetding, notching, stamping, etc. is not

permissibte. Eye bolts which have visibte signs that alterations or repairs have been made must be removed from service and shouLd be

destroyed.

C{

Irl

H

2.1. Singte Verticat Hitch

ln this type of sLinging, it is very difficul't to control the [oad. A srngle vertrcal sling may turn when the Load is hung' As a resutt of such turning, the rope may be broken or scraped. Since the whole load is on a single

sLing, Lifting and carrying

wi[[not

be performed safelY. [Fig. 54)

2.2. Choker Hitch

The choker hitch is used for b[ock loads with baLanced center of gravity' The

loads are choke-hitched exactty at their center of gravity. The weight of load

is

'

equal.l,y distributed over both [egs'

IFis

55) 2.3. Basket Hitch

ln this type of sl.inging, either a singl.e sling atone or two stings are used together in form of a basket. ln a basket hitch, the load is

equalLy drstributed over both Legs' ln this type of sl.inging, care shoutd be taken to avoid crushing of the sLing under Load or jamming etsewhere. [Fig. 56)

ffiW

ffiffi

2.1. Legs Bridl'e H itches

ln this type of hitches, the I'egs of the sling are downward. The sLing ends are instalted on the [oad, whil.e its center is instat[ed on the

hook. [Fig. 57) Spreader Beams

AB

l-l

ill

HW

v

Loads in A & B do not change when beam angle changes

Loads in C & D wltt chrngr ll

beam angle chrngu

@ spreader and Equatlzer Bcrm!

{x

*fu

W

#

W

&

ffi

&Ae

AAA

UA

2.5.Eye and Eye Hitch

Eye and Eye hitches have two types: wire rope or chaln, varying according to the name of use. Singte eye sling shoutd never be used atone. Othen,uise, It causes the load to turn and retease.

IFig. 5e)

2.7. Double Wrap Basket Hitch

2.5. Endtess Hitch

This type of hitch is mostty used in

chain stings. The load is equatty distributed over both tegs. The center of gravity of the [oad shoutd be taken into account in rigging, Special.ty for cytindricattoads, care should be taken to avoid sLiding of the load through the sting. IFig. 58)

Ij\A/fu

AA&

bLr&

A doubte wrap basket hitch is used for tifting ptain cylindrical loads. Since the load is kept within sting wrapping, the sting keeps contact with the Load by 360o. Care shoutd be taken for slinging cytindrica[ [oads at their center of gravity. IFig. 601

2.8. Examptes of Stinging

@ Leg Bridte Hitches 12 tegsl

Noter Load may be supported on onty 2 legs while 3rd leg batances it.

@ Leg Bridte Hitch 13 tegsl

Note: The capacity of basket hitches are affected by their sting angles.

e

<-all+

@sinste

Basket Hitch

Leg length can be adiusted with turnbuckles

Where a large load is to be tifted, a four-leg bridte sling can be made into a targe double basket sling. RrcHr

// \

_['rli;:'J'

//

\\

stipprns

a-4---!-*tttl\

,:"nn"',Hl'"0'

-+/-rtl-^

,/\

ro prrvrnt

.rf{-

\

stlPP.9. k..p

</

\

,,]'angtc60dogrm

I /---Y

I ormorr

q\t

60 degree or more

E@

ooubte Basket Hitches

The hitch compresses

e Wrap the load and

itch prevents it from stipping out of the slings. @ Doubtewrap Basket Hltch Choker hitches are not suited to long loose bundtes Not r when long loads are

w

#

Doubted Choker Use a Doubled Choker to

turn loads

W

RIGHT

/n

t-w

_r.-1r

WRONG recommended

Chokers do not full support for toose loads-materiaI can fall out

@

sinsle choker Hitches

o

The hitch compresses the toad and prevents it from stipping out of the slings.

Pair of Doubte Wrap Baskct Hltchm

@l Doubte Wrap choker Hitches

Note: Ensure that the sptice is atways clear of the hooks and load

Endlcrr rtlng ln doubtc bukrt hltch conllgur.tlon Endless or 9rommet sting in verticaI hitch configuration Endless sting in Choker Hitch Configuration

@

Endtess Stings or orommet sllngg Sting Doubte Wrap Basket Hitch

2 Grommct or.ndlart

slings ln doubh b.rkal

hltch conflgumtlon

1A 37

When sting legs are not of equal length use smattest H/L ratio

Weight = SWL lof single verticat hitchl xH/Lx2

@ Determination of capacity of 2-Leg Bridte Hitches

When tegs of equal length use sma[lest H/ L ratio

@fl

Determination of Capacity of 3- Leg Bridte Hitches

Note: Load may be supported on onty 2 legs white 3rd [eg balances it. Therefore the recommended safe weight to load is

Weight = SWL. I of singte verticat hitchl x H/L x 2

@ Determination of Capacity of 4- Leg Bridte

Hitches L When tegs are not of

equa[ length use smallest H/L ratio

Note: Load may be carried bY

onty 2 legs while other legs onty batance it. Therefore tho recommended safe weight to load is:

H

ril

ElI

H

dr

+

q.

Ell

-I

_Eh

-L

dr

dr

+

H

s

*

+

_Ef

d.

Eb

*

+

lnclined Legs Weight = SWL lof single vertical hitch I x H/Lx2 Vertical Legs Weight = SWL (of singte vertical hitch

lx2

@ Determination of Capacity of Singte Basket Hitch

Weight = SWL lof single verticat hitch I x H/Lx4

ooo

_oo

lr-,

o

.o

@ Determination of Capacity of Double Basket Hitch and lnclined Logs

@ Determination of Capacity of Single Choker Hitch

When this angle is greater than 45o

Weight = SWL I of single vertical hitch I x 3/4

@ Determination of Capacity of Doubte choker Hitch

When the choker angle is greater than 450 Weight =SWL (of singte verticat hitchl x 314 x Hll x2

tess than 45o

Weight =SWL lof singte vertical hitchl x A/B x H/L x 2 When this angle is less than 450

Weight =SWL I of singte verticat hitch I x A/B

Hook in Master Llnk

-nO reduction

@O'.instings

40 _l+1

H

@@

Keep the Load under Control at All Times

Rapid swinging causes load to drift out- increasing radius and load on

Everything below the boom point is

@ntr Rigging Equipment Must be Counted as Part of the Load

@arr

stings shoutd carry identification Tags

Rrdlus of contect should bs equal to 1

rope lay

@@ Never wrap a Rope Around a Hook

Severe bending

@@ Do not Permit Bending Near Any sptice or Attached Fitting

lf L is greater than S then stlng rngh lr 0K

@cn"ck

on sting Angte

The tension

@lf!

Know what the Load in Each Sting Leg witt be Betore the Lift is Made Carrying Fut[ Load

@ on a Rigid object the Load Coutd Be Carried 0n Onty 2 Legs or Sting White Other Legs Onty Serve to Batance

Let the eye ride higher and keep this angte approximatety 45 degrees or

more

Get severe toading in stings because of low sling angles

t_:_l

Ll

[:

@wn"never2or

more ropes are to be Ptaced

Over a Hook- Use a Shackle @![

ut" Tag Lines to Controt Ail Loads

@

a"rore Being Unhooked Att Loads Must Be Safely Landed and Properly Locked

@f, Load and Secure Att Materiltr

so as to Prevent Any Movement or Possibitity of Distodgement

@ sa"y Away From Me when They are Being pulled out From Under Loadg.

Appendix-l

Examples for Safe Working Load Calculation A way to find the capacity of the required sling:

SWL = UH x Weight/No of Sl"ings

No of Slings = 1 [For 1-teg sLings]

No of Stings = 2[For 2-Leg sl.ings)

No of Stings = 2lFor 3-l,eg sl,ings)

No of Stings

=2lFor

4-Leg sLings)

Note: For 3-[eg and 4-teg stings, 2 legs shoutd be considered to carry the load whereas the others to balance it.

0ne-teg Stings:

SWL = VH x WeighVNo of SLings SWL=1/1x100011

SWL = 1000 ks

Sting capacity must be at least 1000 kg. (Fis. _9a) Min. SWL = 1000 k9 Two-leg Stings: SWL = VH x Weight/No of SLings SWL=1/1x100012 SWL = 500 kg

Each sting capacity must be at least 500 kg. [Fig. 951

H

H

I

H _{= 0.866 m}

I

The required sting safe working load at angte [2 Leg sl.ings)

SWL = UH x WeighVNo. of stings SWL = 1/0.866x1000/2

SWL = 577 kg

Each sting capacity must be at least 577 kg. [Fig. 96)

For-teg Stings

L=1m&H=0.866m

Weight = 1500 kg SWL = UH x WeighVNo. of stings = 110.866 x 1500/2 = 1.15 x 750 = 962 kg

Each sting capacity must be at l"east 862 kg. [Fig. 98)

Sting Angte Factors

Finding Sting AngLe lthe angl'e between stings, which is in this case AJ

Sting Length = L

Tle distance between the Lifting Lugs = L1

lfL=L1

A = 60 Degrees

lf L = 3/4 of

L1

A = 90 Degrees lf L = Hal.f of

L1

A=

120 Degrees

"Angte Factors" that appLy to Two-Legged Stings, are the factors used to catculate the tension according to the ang[e between

slings-Sling angLe factors Sting angte Factor 30o and

beltow

load x 0.5 31o to

60o

load x 0.6 61o to

90o

load x 0.7 91o to

120o

[oad x 1

Therefore, if you sling a load using two stings at an angte of 60" muttipty the weight of the Load by 0.6 to find out how much tension is in each sling. The answer witL give you required safe working load of each sting. Three-Leg Sl.ings SWL = VH x Weight/No. of stings

L=1m&H=0.866m

Weight = 1500 kg SWL = 110.866x1500/2 = 1.15 x 750

=862k9

Each sting capacity must be at least 862k9.

[Fis

eTl

Note: Atways consider number of stings are 2 for both three and four leg stings. The other legs onty balances the load.

/;\

t-l

LI

Appendix-3 Density of MateriaLs

Note:

1- ln some cases the above figures average on[y and the actualwcir;lrt may vary according to particu[ar composition / water content, otr

2

A[tfigures have been rounded for conveinence of use.

3- when dea[ing with hollow body, check for any contents and wht:tlr.r such contents are Liabte to move.

4- For ca[culation purposes:

Weight 1 kg = 2.2lbs lpound) Density To convert tbs/ft3 to kglm3, muLtipty by 16.02.

M4prigl .

r _Density

kg/m'

Density

tb/ft'

Aluminium Brass

B'ronze

8650

540

Qqppq{

,

,'

rBB2o

550

lrqn,

_,

,

7690

₄₈₀ l*ead 1

1350

₇₀₈

Mabne5iurn

'

, 1770

_1i0

0i[

,' , ,

gx0

₅₀ Paper: 1

130

7A

Steel

7850

490 Water

fSaft]

102{

₆₄

Water

l,Average)

8CI0

_b0

t52

0perations Cease

Appendix-4 Recommended Hand Signats For Crane Operations

Emergency Stop

Ctench and Unctench Fingers to Signat 'Take The Strain' 0r

'lnch _{The Load'}

T

S[ew ln Direction lndicated

Tetescoping

Jib

ffi

jk.'#;,ffi

on head Retract Jib Jib Up

/fo^':ilHli"dfu

'Y

Inctuded angle less than or equaL to 120o

To catcutate each sling size for the above toad of 2000 _{kg and sting angte} of 120" _{the fottowing procedure appties:}

Tension=Loadxl

Tension = 2000 x 1 = 2000 kg

2000 kg or

2 tonnees

Appendix-2 Typicat Web and Round Stings With SWL and Mode Markings

THE S.W.L ARE IN TONNES

A safe working Load [swL) and working Load Limit IwLLJ r.abet is sewn into the sting, the capacity can atso be designated by colour coding the entire fabric of the sling.

EI

|[llltE

Slngte Lcg Stlng

Assemb[y Mode Straight Choke Basket

Parattel Basket 90o

Endtess Web Sting & Round Sling

Mode Factor 1 0.8 2 1.1

W,L,L, Cotor SWL - Mode of Assembly - S.W.L.

0.5 0.5 0.t, 1.0 0.7 1.0 Violel 1.0 0.8 2.0 1.4 1.5 White 1.5 1.2 3.0 2.1 2.0 Green 2.0 1.6 11.0 2.8 3.0 Yellow 3.0 2.4 5.0 4.2 4.0 0range 14.O 3.2 8.0 5.6 5.0 Red 5.0 4.0 10.0 7.O 6.0 Brown 6.0 lt-8 12.0 8.4 8.0 Blue 8.0 5.4 16.0 11.2 10.0 10.0 8.0 20_o 14.0 12.0 12.0 9.6 24.0 16.8 50 51

Appendix-S Lifting

/

Rigging Dictionary A2B lAntiTwo Btockingl

Abrasion Angte Back up atarm Banksman Basket Hitch Bend Bott Boom Boom angLe

Boom angte indicator Brake Broken wire Cab Center of gravity Certificate Chain Chain grade Choker hitch Cotour code Corrosion Counteruueight Cracked Crane Crane levelting Crawler Crane Crushing Cut Damage Defect Deformed Density Diamater DispLay Distortion Double

lki ycinLLi emniyet svicteri Asrnma

Aqr

Gerivites atarmr isaretci

Sepet tipi sapantama

EQitme Civata Bom Bom acrsr

Bom aqr gcistergesi Fren Krrrk tel Kabin AQrrl.rk merkezi Sertifika Zincir

Zincir atasrm degeri Bo$ma sapanlama Renk kodu Korozyon/Pastanma Denge aQrrlrQr Catl.ak Vinq Vinci duzteme Patettivinc Ezitme Kesi[me Hasar Kusur Defotu Malzeme yoQunLugu cap Gosterge Deformasyon

cift

Doubte wrap basket hitch Drum

Excava!ion Extension

Eye bott Factor of safety

Futty extended outrigger Gantry crane Gross load Ground Ground condition Hand signats Hardhat Heat damage Hook Hook btock Horn Housekeeping ldentification tag lnspection Jib Kinked Knot Lattice boom Lay Length Levetting Lifting Lifting accessories Lifting equipment Lifting tug Lifting ptan Lifting point Lifting tackte Limit switch Link

LMI lLoad Moment lndicator)

CiftLisepet baQtama Tambur

Kazt Uzatma

Vidatr askr mapasr Emniyet katsaysr

Tamamen acr[mrs vinq ayaQr Ayakl.r kdprLitri vinc

Gros yrik Zemin Zemin durumu E[isaretleri Baret lsrdeformasyohu Kanca Kanca bloku Korna Temiztik/Drlzen Etiket Denetteme Jib BtikriLmLis DriQrim Kafes Bom Hatat adrmr Uzunluk Duzteme Katdrrma Katdrrma aksesuvarlarr Ka[drrma ekipmantarr Katdrrma noktasr Katdrrma planr Katdrrma noktasr Ka[drrma takrmr Limit akrm kesicisi Askr halkasr

Load Load chart Load radius Log book Lubrication Maintenance Manbasket Master [ink Mobite crane Moment 0ir 0utrigger Over heat

Overhead power [ines Overtoad indicator Pad

PedestaI crane Permit

PersonaI Protective _{Equipment IppE)} Pin Portat crane Pressure Radius Rigger Rope Route

Safe load indicator Safety [atch Screen wiper Shackte Shackte pin Shave Singte

Singte vertical, hitch Sting

Sting angLe Sptice

Ytik

Yrik diagramr

Yrik katdrrma yanqapr JurnaI

Yagtama Bakrm/onarrm insan katdrrma sepeti Ana askl hatkasr Mobitvinq

Dcindurme kuweti Yag

Vinc ayagr Hararet

Acrk havai hattar Agrrr yuk gdstergesi

fayakJ takozu Rlhtrm vinci izin

KisiseI koruyucu matzeme MandaI Gezer vinc Basrnc Yarrqap Sapancr Urgan hatat Rota

GLiventi yrik kaLdrrma gostergesi Giiventik mandatr Sitecek Mapa Mapa mandair Makara Tek Tek hatattrsapantama Sapan Sapantama aqlsl Ekteme Spreader beem Storage StraBd Swinging SwiveI

SWL lSafe Working Load] Synthetic potyester sting

Syfthetie web sting Tcg tine Tcndem tifts Teteseoping boom Tensi[e Thread damage Throetopcning Tcwer

gene

Turnbuekte Twiet Tyre Tyre preseure Undcrground utititics Weietcort Wedge Eo€k€t Wdght Whectehok Wind Wind speed WFe rope Wire r"ope elips Wire rope sling

WLL lWorking Load Limit] Working radius Wern Ka[dtrma traversi Depotama Kordon Saltanma Frrdcindu

GUventi Katdrrma Yuku Bez sapan

Bez sapan Krtavuz hatat Cift vincle katdrrma Teleskopik bom Geritme

Vida disi hasan Kanca aQrz aqtktrQr Kute vinc Vidatr gerdirme Burkutma Lastik Lastik basrncr Al.tyapr hizmetteri Yetek Kamatr bas[rk AQrrLrk Takoz Rrizgar Rrizgar hrzr Qel.ik hatat Ketepce Te[halat

Ca[rsma aQrrLrQr [imiti Catrsma yanqapr Asrnmrs

56

T=Lr0.5 T=Lx0.6

T=Lx0.70 T=Lxl

Tr Tension lfor each slingl

L: Load

1000 kg or

I tonnes

lncluded angte less than or equal to 30o

Tension=Loadx0.5

TensioN = 1000 x 0.5 = 500 [kg)

Thus the tension on each Leg is 500 kg

,,oo',.,4,,00*n

7/

rrttnernrrr coo

\

/\

2000 k9 or 2 ton

lnctuded angte less than or equal to 60o

At a sting angte of 60o, the stings wit[ have the same lenght as the distance between their anchorage points.

To catcutate each stings size for the above load of 2000 kg and sLing

angte of 60o, the fottowing procedure appties:

Tension=Loadx0.6

Tension = 2000 x 0.6 = 1200 kg

lnctuded angle less than or equal to 90o

To catcutate each sLing size for the above load of 2000 kg and sling angte of 90o, the fotlowing procedure appties.

Tension=Loadx0.70

Tension = 2000 x 0.7 = 1400 kg

OOr

1400 kg 1400 k9

\_/

sting angte 90o

2000 kg or