Indoor Coverage
Indoor Coverage
Indoor Coverage
Indoor Coverage
Solutions
Solutions
Solutions
Solutions
V. Merle
V. Merle
V. Merle
V. Merle
RF Solutions Engineer
RF Solutions Engineer
RF Solutions Engineer
RF Solutions Engineer
GSM Solutions
GSM Solutions
GSM Solutions
GSM Solutions
06/17/99
06/17/99
06/17/99
06/17/99
Indoor Solutions Objectives
Indoor Solutions Objectives
Indoor Market
Indoor Market
includes a
includes a
wide range of
wide range of
applications
applications
for operators
Indoor Solutions Objectives
Indoor Solutions Objectives
Indoor Market
Indoor Market
includes a
includes a
wide range of
wide range of
applications
applications
for operators
Agenda
Agenda
Agenda
Agenda
•
•
Indoor Coverage Solutions
Indoor Coverage Solutions
Indoor Coverage Solutions
Indoor Coverage Solutions
–
– Indoor Solutions approachesIndoor Solutions approaches
–
– RF distribution SystemRF distribution System
•
•
Indoor Radio Dimensioning
Indoor Radio Dimensioning
Indoor Radio Dimensioning
Indoor Radio Dimensioning
•
•
Corporate Coverage Specificity
Corporate Coverage Specificity
Corporate Coverage Specificity
Corporate Coverage Specificity
•
•
Indoor Design Process Outlines
Indoor Design Process Outlines
Indoor Design Process Outlines
Indoor Design Process Outlines
•
•
Indoor Realizations
Indoor Realizations
Indoor Realizations
Indoor Realizations
–
Indoor Coverage Solutions
Indoor Coverage Solutions
Which Which Indoor Indoor Solution ? Solution ?
?
?
Source SourceMacrocell & Indoor Application
Macrocell Densification
• Indoor coverage improvement, especially for
higher floors
• Difficulty to get perfect indoor coverage,
especially for low floors, underground
parking & deep indoor
• No extra capacity extension
if not taken into account from the startMicrocell solution
Higher sites density
• Good coverage solution, especially for
lower floors
• High capacity solution
• High spectrum efficiency
• High density of sites
higher cost
• Problem of dimensioning the macro/micro
cell in order to cope with building generated
traffic
• Localized solution
• Problem of atypical areas
Repeater solution
Extension of the outdoor coverage coming from a macro/microcell
• Coverage everywhere in indoor areas
• Fast & low cost solution
• No extra capacity
Possible overload of the serving cell
• Limited power solution
• Possible BTS blocking & BTS desensitivity
Fine tuning of repeater amplifier gains
Picocell solution
Dedicated cells for the
considered
buildings
• Coverage everywhere in indoor areas
• Capacity extension into indoor areas
• Highest spectrum efficiency
• Higher design load : specific design for
specific building
Indoor System
2 key points
- BTS source - RF systemIndoor
Objectives
- Good coverage - Good quality - Traffic capture DAS BTS Repeater RF system *Indoor Issue
How to Integrate
the Indoor cell in your Network ? - in terms of interference - in terms of traffic capture - in terms of
Handover Outdoor cell Indoor cell
Field strength Competition Indoor/Outdoor Interference
Indoor Objectives Good coverage Good quality Traffic capture
Indoor cell resurgence
Maximize Indoor field strength,
Minimize Outdoor leakage
RF Distribution System
System choice depends on :
• Building form & size
• Required capacity/coverage/quality
• Available spectrum
• Installation constraints
• Reuse of existing infrastructure
• Resources constraints
• Cost
Repeater & Picocell solution specific Coaxial cable • + Antenna • + Leaky feeder Distributed Antenna System • Optic Fiber DAS • CATV
• Coax + Power Amplifier
Distributed Base Stations (DBS)
Indoor RF system
Existing infrastructure Confinement request Interference competition 2 Main Technologies• Coaxial feeder (antenna / leaky cable)
— widely used solution — large band system — low hardware cost
— installation constraints and costs
• Optic Fiber System (DAS)
— new technology
— possible optic infrastructure reuse — high hardware cost
— low installation cost & constraints
Coaxial cable + Antenna
— Expectation of high EIRP — Wide area to cover
— For small building coverage (3-5 floors) or small distribution distance (100 m)
— Localized source : careful attention on proximity of apertures to minimize outside leaking
— Limited deployment system — Installation constraints
Sufficient power to guarantee
antennae EIRP & compensation of feeder losses Careful attention on source position to ensure coverage over targeted area
Coaxial cable + Leaky feeder
— For small building coverage (3-5 floors) or small distribution distance
— Homogeneous indoor coverage
— Very low outside radiation application — Good confinement possibility
— Installation constraints But no strong signal … Jammer overcome ?
New solution :
Flat Strip
Radiax
Optic Fiber System (1)
•
Various OEM Fiber distributed antenna
solutions
— Monomode
— Multimode
•
Nearly identical RF performances
•
Best solution criteria :
— material & installation cost
Use of fiber
optic cables for signal
Optic Fiber System (2)
— Low-loss low-noise fiber optics transceivers for signal conversion — For huge building (> 5 floors) & wide distribution distance (1-2 km)
with no attenuation
— Possible infrastructure reuse
— Low installation cost and constraints – ease of installation
– small discrete flexible cable – no bulky feeder trays required
– minimal disruption to functions or staff
— Low output power & same low EIRP for all connected antennas — Critical deployment speed
— Higher hardware cost
Appropriate In- building
coverage for scattered buildings
Indoor Radio Dimensioning
How to
dimension the Indoor network ?
Indoor Solution
•
Build your Indoor solution considering :— Capacity needs — Spectrum availability — Frequency Planning — Quality of Service — Coverage requests — Interference control — Building architecture — BSS features BTS RF system &
C a p
a c i t
y
R F d
e s i g
n
2 dimensioning
points
- Capacity
- Coverage
• Repeater / BTS Constraints
— Traffic needs & capacity evolution — Spectrum availability
— Possible frequency planning — Power requirement issues — Installation issues
• Nortel Networks Solutions
Capacity dimensioning
Who is the
targeted user? Which quality of service ?
What spectrum can be used?
First input for RF design
Capacity solutions
Power solutions
• Small Capacity :
• 2 TRXs S2000L / H
• up to 3 TRXs Corporate Piconode & distributed pBTS portfolio • High Capacity : S8000 • Low Power : • 2W & 8W Piconode BTS • 2.5W S2000L • High Power : • 24W S2000H • 30W S8000
Frequency Plan
High spectrum efficiency possibility Frequency Hopping • Spectrum reuse— 3 dimensional frequency planning — by floor
— from floor to floor
• Fractional reuse
— MAIO / HSN allocation per building / floor
MA1 MA2
1 single band for the whole network
Outdoor + Indoor
•
Single band for outdoor and indoor
Is there dedicated spectrum for indoor, how
much ?
•
Designing indoor radio network with spectrum
constraints
– Careful borrow from distant macro cells for indoor frequencies
– Efficiency of the coverage confinement
•
Optimized outdoor spectrum utilization can save
some spare frequencies for indoor design
Whole spectrum for the network
Outdoor µ cell Indoor
Spectrum sharing
Nortel solutions: BCCH plan AFP TCH plan Fractional reuse Spare frequencies for indoor•
Installation constraints
— Accessibility
— Distributed system : feeder runs, feeder trays … — Antenna type (omni, panel, …)
•
Minimize Cost
— Equipment : BTS system, feeders, splitters, antennas, connectors, amplifiers, …
— Installation
— Maintenance (distributed system, active elements, …) — Transmission / Power, equipment room (leasing)
Indoor Operator Approach
•
Corporate Service Offer
— Commitments on QoS for a specific end-client — Deskset / gsm mobile interoperability
— Dedicated sub-network — PBX like Services
•
Corporate Coverage
— High quality of Coverage / QoS Improvement — Good voice quality
— Traffic Capture
— Part of PLMN Network Extension / Optimization
Operator
interests
One solution
dedicated to
one building
Corporate Coverage Specificities
•
Type of customers (operators, building owner, companyrepresentatives, …)
•
Specific Corporate environment•
High QoC & high QoS expected : corporate coverage should be optimum•
Capacity availability— Specific subscriber : high penetration rate (~ 50%) — Specific corporate call profile
•
Specific features :— dialing plan, specific billing, PBX extension, supplementary services, data ...
Indoor Design
Process Outlines
Indoor RF Design Process
2 Strategies : • Careful design Measurements mandatory • Fast design only Optimization Cooperation needed with : • Building owner • Site engineer • I&C team P r e r e q u i s i t e s P h a s e R F D e s i g n P h a s e S y s t e m D e p l o y m e n t P h a s e 1- Customer requirements 2- RF prerequisites 4- RF design 5- RF validation 3- BTS / Repeater choice RFM Measurements & Site surveyRFM Measurements Simulations
I&C
7- System deployment
8- System validation RSV Measures
Example 1 : Coax + Antenna
Antenna Splitter
Coax
3 floors building, S2000L
• 7/8“ foam coax cablepropagation attenuation : 4.2 dB/100m
• 1/2” superflexible coax cable
propagation attenuation : 11.5 dB/100m
Limiting point : RF distribution loss
13 dB (50m 1/2 ’’ + 2 splitters)
Solution widely used in HK, Singapore,..
S2000
BTS parameters Hybrid coupler Jumpers
2*1:2 splitter
50 m coax cable + connectors 2dBi antenna
RF Distribution loss Slow mobile margin Body loss
Mobile antenna gain Mobile parameter Downlink 34 dBm 3 dB 1 dB 6 dB 6 dB 2 dBi 13 dB 6 dB 3 dB 2 dBi 33 dBm -104 dBm Uplink Total Link
Worst Link budget Indoor minimum field EIRP antenna #1 EIRP antenna #2 EIRP antenna #3 Design Threshold 112 dBm 112 dBm -91 dBm 23 dBm 20 dBm 19 dBm -78 dBm Downlink 115 dBm Downlink limited Uplink
Example 1 : Coax + Antenna
-3 dB -3 dB -1 dB 29.5 dBm (-10) 19.5dBm -1dB -1dB -1dB -1 dB 14.5 dBm 10.5 dBm 10.5 dBm Splitter 1*2 Antenna 1 2 3 Power splitter usual or directionalBidirectional amplifier/ repeater for huge deployment scale
Amplifier gain to be tuned carefully Impact on Noise figure and sensitivity
Antenna location - EMC risks - MPE limits - Blocking
Solution used in UK, Singapore
BTS S2000L
Example 2 : Corporate Coverage
with PicoNode
Corporate Offer
•
NORTEL provides a dedicated Corporate
approach with PicoNode ensuring one local
GSM Switching with PBX connection to
provide one unique solution to end-users.
•
This solution is somehow equivalent to one
small sized GSM system as it integrates
MSC, BSC & some BTS in one really compact
system.
Combo :
MSC/BSC/BTS in one box
Corporate Coverage with
PicoNode specificities (1)
•
Picocell traffic management
— The objective is to save some resources of the picocell; non-Corporate subscribers must be directed to the macrocellular network.
— Need for “better field strength” approach implying accurate RF design & tuning
– careful attention on frequency plan change – careful attention on new BTS introduction
•
HO characteristics
— Handover facility requested to ensure a seamless service at entrance points.
— No HO Ping-Pong between the Picocell & the Macrocell.
Future effective solution [R6] : SOLSA
Corporate Coverage with
PicoNode specificities (2)
• Frequency sharing
— Leakage issues
– from “no specific attention” to “no field radiated outside”
specific requests of radio thresholds : highest limit for outside radiation (e.g. -90 dBm@50%)
— Spectrum issues
– dedicated spectrum or reuse of some spectrum used outdoor macrocells :
number of frequencies = number of TRXs
2 key points
• Leakage • Spectrum
Piconode Datafill Parameters
Setting (1)
•
Favor selection & reselection towards the
Piconode network for all mobiles entering
in the corporate building
– RxLevAccessMin(pcells) <= RxLevAccessMin(ext. cells) - 10 – BA list(ext. cells) = all picocells
•
Ensure Piconode services & coverage
continuity in the building
– BA list(pcells) = neighbors of 2nd crown
– CellReselectionHysteresis(pcells) at max value (14dBm)
PicoCells : same celltype as PLMN cells
2 users types (public & hybrid)
Piconode Datafill Parameters
Setting (2)
•
Reserve radio resources for Corporate users & push out
public users
— Favor HO towards external cells – HO inter-BSC for visitor users
– No possible HO for Hybrid users (inter-MSC)
– HO neighbors(pcells) = external cells
– Standard value for RxLevMinCells(ext. Cells)
– Min. value of HO Margin
— Harden HO towards picocells except if external cells coverage is not good enough
– High value for RxLevMinCells(pcells)
Corporate approach
Nortel GSM Hdq, Guyancourt, FranceCorporate network BTS B PicoNode BTS A PicoNode Splitter B Feeder Feeder Antenna Leaky cable Antenna Antenna Leaky cable Leaky cable Connector Connector Feeder Feeder Feeder Feeder Feeder Splitter dry column dry column Wing B Wing A 3rd F 2nd F 1st F Gd F 1st Gd F Liftr Lift Load 50 Ohms Load 50 Ohms Load 50 Ohms LGC-FMH Fiber Fiber Fiber F i b e r F i b e r F i b e r F i b e r Twisted pair Feeder Feeder Feeder Feeder Feeder Feeder Feeder EH RAU RAU RAU RAU RAU RAU RAU Splitter Splitter Splitter Splitter Splitter Splitter Splitter EH EH EH Twisted pair Twisted pair
Strategic Locations
• 1 antenna per floor
• 2 antennae per floor
• 3 antennae per floor
• Leaky feeder input power Pico Cells definition : • one or a group of floors • a wing of a building •a building among a scattered campus
Coax + Leaky feeder (1)
Leaky cable 120mGuyancourt, France, Montgolfier Corporate application
Design threshold -70dBm 1/2 ’ Superflex leaky cable
Downlink Uplink BTS parameters 33dBm -104 dBm Hybrid coupler 3dB
Jumpers 1dB
1:4 splitter 6dB 10m coax cable +connector 2dB 120m leaky cable 11.5dB 50% coupling loss@6m 68dB 90% coupling loss@6m 80dB slow mobile margin 6dB Bodyloss 3dB Mobile antenna gain 2dBi
Mobile parameter 33dBm -102dBm
Downlink Uplink Total Link 31dBm 33dBm
Worst Link budget 31dBm Downlink limited Indoor minimum field -91dBm
Leaky feeder input power 20 dBm End Leaky feeder power 9.5dBm
•
Site Eng’ inputs
— cable runs & Safety / EMC issues — cable diameter
•
Leaky Cable inputs
( example : 1/2” cable) — propagation attenuation – 10dB/100m — coupling loss – 68dB@6m@50%
•
Confidence margin
— with abaccus – 50% ->90% (12dB)•
Link Budget
LGC Distributed Wireless Access
• Main Hub • Up to 4 Expansion Hubs • Multimode fiber up to 1Km • +10 dBm maximum input power for O1 • +7 dBm maximum input power for O2• Expansion Hub • Supports up to 4 Antenna Hubs • Distributes RF over UTP/STP Cat 5 Expansion Hub • Antenna Hub pBTS Coax F i b e r U T P o r S T P U T P o r S T P U T P o r S T P U T P o r S T P F i b e r F i b e r F i b e r Expansion Hub
Fiber Main Hub
Expansion Hub Expansion Hub
• UTP or STP in (RJ45) up to 50 m • Loop powered via UTP or STP • Coax out (SMA)
• 1 FMH per pBTS