L
HELGOLANDER MEERESUNTERSUCHUNGEN Helgol~inder Meeresunters. 49, 243-254 (1995)G u e s t r e s e a r c h f a c i l i t i e s at t h e B i o l o g i s c h e A n s t a l t
H e l g o l a n d : p a s t a n d p r e s e n t
J. Harms *
Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (Meeresstation); D-27483 I-felgoland, Germany
ABSTRACT: The Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (BAH) offers unique possibilities for r e s e a r c h and education in marine sciences in the southern part of the North Sea. Besides its own research duties, the Institute provides research facilities and technical assistance for guest scientists, assists in the teaching and education of university student groups, and conducts its own courses. The Institute further supplies universities and research institutions on the mainland with marine organisms. The marine station on Helgoland has 14 laboratories, with a total of 32 working places available for guest scientists. The W a d d e n Sea Institute in List on the island of Sylt offers 6 laboratories with a total of 18 working places. Furthermore laboratory classrooms are located on Helgoland and in List for 50 and 20 participants, respectively. For the c o n v e n i e n c e of the guest researchers szaying at the BAH guest-houses are run on Helaoland IArthur-Hagmeier-Haus. Wilhelm-Mielk-Haus] und in List iAdolf-Biickmann-Hausl. Guest researchers have b e e n welcome since the founding of the Institute in 1892. Heincke gave a brief report on the activities of the first visitors from 1892 to 1897. Only sporadic reports are available for the first 60 years of this century. Guest scientists and their activities have only b e e n recorded in detail m the annual reports of the BAH since 1962. The n u m b e r of researchers and the length of their visits have increased continuously since 1962. The research facilities on Helgoland. in List and H a m b u r g have b e e n m o d e r n i z e d during the last 20 years. In 1971. four m o d e r n laboratories for guest researchers could be o p e n e d on Helgoland with financial support of the G e r m a n Research Foundation IDFG). The n u m b e r of guest researchers in List a n d H a m b u r g increased after the completion of n e w buildings in 1979 and 1982. The recent increase in research activities by guest scientists is due to numerous students from many different universities, using the superb research facilities to do their Masters thesis, or Ph.D. Guest researchers and students either perform their o w n research or cooperate with scientists of the BAH.
T h e i s l a n d of H e l g o l a n d is s i t u a t e d s o m e 50 k m a w a y f r o m t h e n e a r e s t m a i n l a n d . T h e r e f o r e , t h e m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t a r o u n d H e l g o l a n d d i s p l a y s a n o f f s h o r e c h a r a c t e r . w h i c h is for t h e m a j o r p a r t of t h e y e a r u n d e r t h e i n f l u e n c e of N o r t h S e a w a t e r b o d i e s ( M a r t e n s , 1978). H e l g o l a n d is t h e o n l y " m a r i n e " i s l a n d a n d t h e o n l y n a t u r a l h a r d b o t t o m s u b s t r a t e in t h e s o u t h e r n N o r t h S e a . M o r e t h a n 150 m a c r o s c o p i c a l g a e ( K o r n m a n n & S a h l i n g , 1983a. b) a n d 700 m a c r o b e n t h i c o r g a n i s m s ( H a r m s , 1993) c a n b e f o u n d a r o u n d H e l g o l a n d . C o m p a r e d w i t h t h e s u r r o u n d i n g s o f t b o t t o m h a b i t a t s , t h e r o c k y s u b s t r a t e of H e l g o l a n d is l i k e a n o a s i s i n a d e s e r t . T h i s s p e c i e s r i c h n e s s w a s o n e of t h e r e a s o n s w h y s c i e n t i s t s w e r e a l r e a d y c o m i n g to H e l g o l a n d w h e n it b e l o n g e d to t h e E n g h s h ( H a g m e i e r . 1990). In 1831, a b o o k b y H. C. T r e d e ( p h a r m a c i s t o n H e l g o l a n d ) , a b o u t M a c r o a l g a e , w a s p u b h s h e d b y H o f f m a n n & C a m p e i n H a m b u r g . In 1835. P r o f e s s o r C. G. E h r e n b e r g
9 Present address: Forschungszentrum Jfilich, Projekttr~iger BEO, Bereich Meeresforschunq, See-
stral~e 15, D-18119 Warnemfinde G e r m a n y
Guest research facilities at the BAH 245
discovered the o r g a n i s m responsible for m a r i n e l u m i n e s c e n c e in the North Sea
(Noc-
tiluca miliaris).
Professor J o h a n n e s Mfiller h a d visited H e l g o l a n d since 1845 to study p l a n k t o n . In 1854 he was a c c o m p a n i e d b y Ernst Haeckel, who was fascinated b y the m a r i n e organisms. A p h o t o g r a p h from 1865 (see H a g m e i e r , 1990) shows p a r t i c i p a n t s of a m a r i n e excursion to H e l g o l a n d (Prof. Dohrn, Dr. Salverda, Dr. Greef, Dr. Marchi, Prof. Haeckel). T h e s e early activities a n d successful studies, especially in the field of develop- m e n t a l biology a n d p l a n k t o n research, led to the f o u n d a t i o n of the Biologische A n s t a l t H e l g o l a n d in 1892 (see Werner, 1993).To s u p p l y r e s e a r c h facilities for " a m b u l a n t e Gelehrte" (itinerant academics) was the first p o i n t on the list of duties of the n e w l y - f o u n d e d Institute (see Wiss. M e e r e s u n t e r s . [Abt. H e l g o l a n d ] 1893: 1; p. 3). The second p o i n t was the o r g a n i z a t i o n of s t u d e n t courses a n d s u p p l y of research material for institutions on the m a i n l a n d . Up to the p r e s e n t time, the s u p p l y of research facilities for guest r e s e a r c h e r s is o n e of the major duties of the Biologische A n s t a l t Helgoland. This p a p e r will give a g e n e r a l overview a b o u t these activities; more d e t a i l e d information a b o u t research facilities is g i v e n in H e i n c k e (1894, 1897, 1905, 1906, 1918), Mielck (1925, 1926, 1930), H a g m e i e r (1935, 1939, 1952) a n d BLickmann (1959).
In the b e g i n n i n g , there was not e n o u g h m o n e y to b u i l d a m o d e r n institute i m m e d i - ately. A n old Logirhouse (lodging-house) close to the old post office was the first b u i l d i n g of the n e w Institute I P h o t o d o k u m e n t a t i o n . see Wiss. M e e r e s u n t e r s . [Abt. Helgoland] 1893: 1: p. 6). T h e two-storey house h a d 19 rooms in total ( H e i n c k e 18941. 2 rooms were a v a i l a b l e for 4 " i t i n e r a n t academics". A small a q u a r i u m room I P h o t o d o k u m e n t a t i o n . see Wiss. M e e r e s u n t e r s . [Abt. Helgoland] 1893: i; p.8) was located in the cellar. The w o r k i n g - p l a c e s for the visiting guest researchers w e r e e q u i p p e d with dissection instru- m e n t s a n d d r a w i n g utensils similar to the zoological station in Naples (Heincke. 18941. Later (in 1897) the old post office was b o u g h t by the Institute. i n c r e a s i n g the w o r k i n g - places for g u e s t r e s e a r c h e r s to 7 or 8 (Heincke. 1897).
T h e a c c e p t a n c e of the n e w research facilities for g u e s t scientists d u r i n g the first years was lower t h a n e x p e c t e d (Fig. 1). Possible r e a s o n s w e r e g i v e n b y Professor H e i n c k e in his s e c o n d report (Heincke, 1897). Firstly, there was a n i n c r e a s e of research institutes a l o n g the E u r o p e a n coasts at that time. coinciding with a d e c l i n e in the n u m b e r of s t u d e n t s i n t e r e s t e d in m a r i n e biology. H e i n c k e wrote that t h e limitations of a q u a r i u m facilities m i g h t h a v e b e e n the major r e a s o n w h y only a few zoologists came to H e l g o l a n d d u r i n g the first years. T h e s e difficulties were solved after the construction of a n e w a q u a r i u m in 1902 (see Schultheil3. 1988. p. 82), w h i c h was m a d e possible b v a d o n a t i o n b y M. O p p e n h e i m (Heincke. 1905).
D u r i n g the years that followed, the Institute e x p a n d e d more a n d more and, finally, i n 1914 more t h a n 14 different houses b e l o n g e d to it (Heincke, 1918), i n c r e a s i n g the p l a c e s for visiting r e s e a r c h workers to 16. A major p r o b l e m for g u e s t researchers w e r e t h e high living e x p e n s e s o n the island. H e i n c k e (1918) m e n t i o n e d that the costs for c o m i n g to H e l g o l a n d w e r e too high, especially for y o u n g scientists. - a l t h o u g h the Institute m a n - a g e d to r e d u c e t h e cost for the ferry, h e a l t h - t a x a n d e n t r a n c e fee for the b a t h s b y half. These p r o b l e m s h a v e n o t c h a n g e d very m u c h recently. T h e cost of living o n H e l g o l a n d is still h i g h e r t h a n o n the m a i n l a n d , except for a few d u t y - f r e e products.
246 J. Harms
(Hagmeier, 19391 B(ickmann, 1959). T h e n e w b u i l d i n g offered 20 w o r k i n g - p l a c e s for visiting research workers. Furthermore, there w a s a m o d e r n l e c t u r e - r o o m a v a i l a b l e for 32 participants a n d a room e q u i p p e d with r u n n i n g s e a w a t e r for the cultivation of m a n n e organisms. U n f o r t u n a t e l y the n e w b u i l d i n g was destroyed at the e n d of World War II (Rickmers et al., 1986: p. 62).
A first s u m m a r y of the activity of visiting researchers from 1893 to 1897 w a s g i v e n by H e i n c k e (1894; 1897). T h e information a p p e a r s here in more detail (Table 1), b e c a u s e W e r n e r (1993, p. 121) wrote that there was no i n f o r m a t i o n a v a i l a b l e for 1892-1896. D u r i n g these first five years, 44 scientists visited the Institute (Table 1), some of them more t h a n once. T h e a c c e p t a n c e of the research facilities in these early years was c o m p a r a b l e to the response in the other n e w l y - f o u n d e d institutes in P l y m o u t h a n d B e r g e n (Heincke, 18971. Only the station in Naples, had h i g h e r n u m b e r s of guests. T h e research activity was m a i n l y c o n c e n t r a t e d on morphological, t a x o n o m i c a n d physiologi- cal studies of m a r i n e organisms. Bird watchers also came to the Biologische Anstalt H e l g o l a n d in the early years. By 1893, a w o m a n (J. von M e y e r - P e t e r s b u r g ) h a d a l r e a d y visited the n e w l y - f o u n d e d institute; u n f o r t u n a t e l y n o information a b o u t her subject of interest is available. In 1896, Professor O ' G r a d y from the U n i t e d States w o r k e d for a m o n t h on her r e s e a r c h c o n c e r n i n g the fertilization of E c h i n o d e r m eggs on H e l g o l a n d . H e i n c k e gave a s e c o n d s u m m a r y of the activity of g u e s t researchers in 1917 ~Heincke, 1918). During the first 21 years of its existence, the Institute was visited b y 470 scientists - 19 % of t h e m c o m i n g from foreign countries, especially from Austria, Russia, the United K i n g d o m a n d the U n i t e d States. After World War t, d u r i n g which time the Institute was closed, t h e activity of g u e s t researchers on H e l g o l a n d steadily increased. No complete records are a v a i l a b l e a b o u t the topics of the research activities of g u e s t scientists b e t w e e n 1900 a n d 1930; u n f o r t u n a t e l y the a n n u a l reports by H e i n c k e 11905, 1906), M i e l c k 11925, 1926, 1930b H a g m e i e r (1934, 1939, 1951~ a n d Bfickmann (1959) do not m e n t i o n a n y activities of g u e s t researchers. T h e a v a i l a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n a b o u t guest r e s e a r c h e r s a n d their activities from 1897 u n t i l 1945 was found b y c h a n c e in some p u b l i c a t i o n s that are s u m m a r i z e d b y W e r n e r (I993, pp. 126-128).
G u e s t r e s e a r c h f a c i l i t i e s a t t h e B A H 2 4 7
T a b l e 1. N a m e a n d a c t i v i t y of g u e s t r e s e a r c h e r s v i s i t i n g t h e B i o l o g i c a l S t a t i o n on H e l g o l a n d b e t w e e n 1892 a n d 1897. * R e s u l t s of t h e r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t y a r e p u b l i s h e d ( H e i n c k e , 1897)
Des. Arts, stud. oec., H a m b u r g . 4 . - 5 . 9 . 1893.
Prof. A s k e n a s y - H e i d e l b e r g . 1 4 . 8 , - 1 4 . 9 . 1896 - M e e r e s a l g e n .
Dr. C. G r a f A t t e m s - W i e n , 1 . 9 . - 1 7 . 10. 1894 - R h a b d o c o e l e T u r b e l l a r i e n ".
Prof. B a l l o w i t z - G r e i f s w a l d . 1 4 . 8 . - 3 . 9 . 1895 - E l e k t r i s c h e s O r g a n d e r R o c h e n ' . 9 . - 2 6 . 9 . 1896 - E l e k t r i s c h e s O r g a n d e r R o c h e n * .
Dr. Ph. B a r t h e l s - K b n i g s w i n t e r . 1 7 . - 2 4 . 4 . 1896 - H i s t o l o g i e d e s O e s o p h a g u s v o n S e e v f g e l n " . Dr. reed. B e h m e r , M a r i n e S t a b s a r z t , H e l g o l a n d 1897.
A. B e t h e , c a n d . reed., M f i n c h e n , 2 7 . 7 . - 2 9 . 8 . 1894 - N e r v e n s y s t e m d e r d e c a p o d e n C r u s t a c e e n * . B o t t e m a n n e , stud. rer. nat., B e r g e n op Zoom. 2 4 . 8 . - 1 1 . 10. 1895.
Prof. D a h m e s - Berlin. F r e q u e n t l y b e t w e e n 1893 a n d 1897 - G e o l o g i s c h e S t u d i e n f i b e r H e l g o -
land.
Dr. G, Duncker, cand. phil., Hamburg. 14.8.-18, 9. 1893- Variation bei Plattfischen ~ . Prof. Ehlers- Gbttingen. 15.8.-6.9. 1893- Polychaeten. 12.8.-1.9. 1894 -Polychaeten, Pedi-
cellinen.
Dr. med. K. Escherich- Regensburg. 7.-25.9. 1896.
Dr. Gottsche - Hamburg. Frequently between 1893 and 1897. - Geologische Studien tiber Helgoland.
Prof. Dr. O, H e r t w i g - Berlin. 1 4 , - 1 8 . 5 , 1 8 9 4 - E c h i n o d e r m e n - E i e r . H e c h t , c a n d , p h a r m . , N f i r n b e r g . 1 8 . 7 . - 2 9 . 9 . 1894.
Dr. C. H o f f b a n e r - W e r n i g e r o d e . 1 4 . 3 . - 3 . 7 . a n d 18. 10.-16. 12. 1893 - K~fer v o n H e l g o l a n d 21. 1 . - 2 7 . 7 a n d 20. 10.-20. 12. 1894 - O v a r i u m d e r K n o c h e n f i s c h e . 2 7 . 6 . - 3 . 7 . a n d 1 2 . 8 . - 2 0 . 12. 1895 - F i s c h p r a p a r a t e . 10. 1 . - 1 . 4 1896 - F i s c h p r ~ p a r a t e .
B. I s s a t s c h e n k o - P e t e r s b u r g . 1 3 . - 1 9 . 8 , 1 8 9 5 - M e e r e s a l g e n . Dr. P. K n u t h - Kiel. 8 . - 1 2 . 7 . 1895 - L a n d f l o r a v o n H e l g o l a n d " . Prof. W. K r a u s e - Berlin. 2 3 . - 2 9 . 8 . 1894 - R e t i n a d e r H a i e .
R. L a u t e r b o r n . c a n d . rer. nat. H e i d e l b e r g . 1 6 . 8 . - 1 8 . 9 . 1893 - P r o t o z o e n u n d R o t a t o r i e n " O s c a r Levy, stud. m e d . . Berlin. 3 . - 1 5 . 8 1896.
Dr. H. L o h m a n n - Kiel. 2 2 . - 2 5 . 8 . 1892 - H a l a c a r i n e n .
Prof. Dr. Lotsy, J o h n s H o p k i n s U n i v e r s i t y B a l t i m o r e . 1 6 . 8 . - 5 . 9 . 1 8 9 4 - F l o r i d e e n * . Dr. reed. M a r t i n . M a r i n e S t a b s a r z t . H e l g o l a n d . 2 2 . 6 , - 1 . 8 . 1896,
Dr. m e d . M a r t i n i . K r e i s p h y s i k u s , H e l g o l a n d . 1896. Frl. J, v o n M e y e r - P e t e r s b u r g . J u l y 1893.
Dr. reed. M e w i u s , K r e i s p h y s i k u s , H e l g o l a n d 1894, 1895. - B a k t e r i o I o g i s c h e S t u d i e n . Prof. M b b i u s - Berlin. 8 . - 1 2 . 8 . I 8 9 2 - T i e r e d e r H e l g o l S n d e r A u s t e r n b a n k ' .
Prof. Dr. M o r g a n - B r y n M a w r , A m e r i c a . 2 4 . 6 . - 2 8 , 8, 1894 - B e f r u c h t u n g s - u n d E n t w i c k l u n g s - v o r g & n g e a n E i e r n v o n F i s c h e n u n d E c h i n o d e r m e n ".
L. N e i d e r t . stud. zooL. W i i r z b u r g . 1 9 . 7 . - 1 5 . 9 . 1 8 9 4 . 1 . - 2 8 . 8 . 1 8 9 6 - G e s c h l e c h t s o r g a n e v o n A m p h i o x u s u n d C i r r i p e d i e n .
K o r v e t t e n * K a p i t S n N e i t z k e - W i l h e l m s h a v e n . 2 6 . 2 . - t 0 , 3. 1897.
Prof. O ' G r a d y - V a s s a r C o l l e g e , NY., A m e r i c a . 6. 8 . - 7 . 9 . 1 8 9 6 - B e f r u c h t u n g s v o r g a n g e a n E c h i n o d e r m e n - E i e r n .
Dr. F. R O m e r - J e n a . 2 0 . 8 . - 1 1 . 9 . 1894.
H. S a n d s t e d e - Z w i s c h e n a h n . J u n e 1892 - F l e c h t e n v o n H e l g o l a n d ' Dr. S c h e n k - Bonn. S e p t e m b e r 1895 - M e e r e s a l g e n .
Dr. M, S c h m i d t - O l d e n b u r g L Gr. 2 4 . 9 . - 2 . 10. 1894 D i a t o m e e n . Dr, r e e d . S e n t M a r i n e A s s i s t e n z a r z t , W i l h e l m s h a v e n . 2 6 . 2 . - 1 0 . 3 . 1897 A. S o k o l o w s k y - Zfirich, 13.-17. 8. 1 8 9 6 - A m p h i p o d e n y o n E t e l q o l a n d . Dr. J. T h i e l e - D r e s d e n . 9 . 7 . - 2 . 8 . 1894 - M o U u s k e n .
Dr. R. T i m m - H a m b u r g . 2 4 . - 2 8 . 7 . 1893 - C o p e p o d e n " . Dr. V a l k e n i e r S u r i n g a r - L e i d e n . 6 . - 1 4 . 9 . 1896,
Dr. W. W e l t n e f ' - B e r l i n . 7 . - 2 7 . 9 . '1894 - S p o n g i e n , C i r r i p e d i e n . S f i B w a s s e r f a u n a * . 1895. R W o l t e r e c k s t u d . rer. nat. F r e i b u r g i. Br. 2 3 . 8 , - 2 9 ~ 9. 1896.
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ers w e r e e q u i p p e d with m o d e r n t e c h n o l o g i c a l a p p a r a t u s with the financial h e l p of the G e r m a n A c a d e m i c R e s e a r c h F o u n d a t i o n (DFG). T h e s e w o r k i n g places w e r e at that time r e n t e d e i t h e r b y the Ministry for Cultural Activity of one of the states of t h e F e d e r a l R e p u b l i c of G e r m a n y , or by the DFG and the M a x - P l a n k Association (Biickmann, 1959). Scientists w h o w a n t e d to w o r k on H e l g o l a n d h a d to ask o n e of t h e s e o r g a n i z a t i o n s for a w o r k i n g place. T h e costs w e r e 1500 DM a y e a r or 6,50 DM a day. D e t a i l e d descriptions a n d g r a p h i c a l illustrations of the l a b o r a t o r i e s are g i v e n by B i i c k m a n n (1959). Kinne (1971) g a v e an e x c e l l e n t o v e r v i e w of the w o r k i n g facilities for g u e s t r e s e a r c h e r s at the e n d of the 'sixties. At that time, t h r e e w o r M n g - p l a c e s w e r e a v a i l a b l e in List on Sylt a n d 15 on H e l g o l a n d . A c c o m o d a t i o n for students a n d scientists h a v e b e e n a v a i l a b l e on H e l g o - l a n d since 1960 in the " A r t h u r - H a g m e i e r - H a u s " , a n d since 1968 in the " W i l h e l m - M i e l k - H a u s " , w h i c h was built with the financial h e l p of the " V o l k s w a g e n s t i f t u n g " . T h e "Adolf- B f i c k m a n n - H a u s " in List on Sylt w a s m o d e r n i z e d in 1979, w h e n m a j o r r e c o n s t r u c t i o n for a n e w l a b o r a t o r y b u i l d i n g for g u e s t r e s e a r c h e r s w a s finished (Annual Report, 1979). This a c c o m o d a t i o n has often b e e n b o o k e d out in r e c e n t years, e s p e c i a l l y in s p r i n g and s u m m e r , so m o r e a n d m o r e scientists h a v e to be r e j e c t e d b e c a u s e of the limited r e a s o n a b l y - p r i c e d accomodation. Private a c c o m o d a t i o n is, like in early times (especially for students a n d scientists from overseas) too e x p e n s i v e , b e c a u s e b o t h islands are i m p o r t a n t h o l i d a y resorts.
T h e last m o d e r n i s a t i o n of the facilities for g u e s t r e s e a r c h e r s was u n d e r t a k e n on H e l g o l a n d in 1972, with the financial h e l p of the DFG, w h i c h s p e n t 1.9 Million D M in total for n e w e q u i p m e n t of four laboratories and for the e m p l o y m e n t of t e c h n i c i a n s and o n e scientist, w h o l o o k e d after the g u e s t scientists. This was the f o u n d a t i o n of the n e w division "Gastforscher B e t r e u u n g " at the Biologische Anstalt H e l g o l a n d , w h i c h is r e s p o n s i b l e for the supply of e q u i p m e n t a n d g i v e s all possible help to g u e s t scientists. Well k n o w n scientists w e r e r e s p o n s i b l e for the a c q u i s i t i o n of the n e w laboratories: for the Histology Laboratory it was Professor S i e w i n g . T h e laboratory for e l e c t r o p h y s i o l o g i c a l studies was e q u i p p e d by Professor Hensel. the laboratory for b i o c h e m i s t r y a n d physiol- o g y by Professor Karlson a n d for p h o t o p h y s i o l o g y by Professor Nultsch (for m o r e details. s e e A n n u a l report, 19721. T h e s e scientists w e r e closely r e l a t e d to the B i o l o g i s c h e Anstalt H e l g o l a n d , all of t h e m u s e d the r e s e a r c h facilities r e g u l a r l y t h e m s e l v e s , or s e n t students. With the o p e n i n g of the " E x p e r i m e n t e l l 6 k o l o g i s c h e s L a b o r a t o r i u m " in 1976, the institutes on H e l g o l a n d n o w can supply a total of 32 w o r k i n g places for g u e s t scientists.
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Furthermore, there was a drastic i n c r e a s e in the n u m b e r of scientists g o i n g to List after the c o m p l e t i o n of n e w b u i l d i n g s in 1972 a n d 1979. After the o p e n i n g of the n e w central b u i l d i n g in H a m b u r g in 1982, guest scientists b e g a n to go also to H a m b u r g to cooperate with scientists w o r k i n g there. In total, 3152 scientists visited the institutes of the Biologische Anstalt H e l g o l a n d since 1962 (up to 1991). 485 scientists (15 %) c a m e from 43 foreign countries, m a i n l y from Europe, A m e r i c a a n d Asia (Fig. 3). So far, only a few scientists, have come from Africa.
S t u d e n t courses have b e e n held at the Biologische Anstalt H e l g o l a n d since 1920 (Fig. 4). After World War I, the Institute got a n e w b u i l d i n g (Rickmers & W o o s n a m , 1992; p. 65) from the Navy, in the h a r b o u r r e g i o n (close to the position w h e r e we n o w a d a y s find the " H e i n c k e Halle"), which was ideal for s t u d e n t courses. Statistics a b o u t the n u m b e r s of p a r t i c i p a n t s are given by W e r n e r (1993). D u r i n g these earlier times, most of the s t u d e n t courses were directly o r g a n i z e d by the Biologische Anstalt Helgoland. Today, a b o u t 1 0 0 0 s t u d e n t s each year either come to H e l g o l a n d or List to s t u d y the m a r i n e e n v i r o n m e n t (Fig. 5). S t u d e n t s find ideal r e q u i r e m e n t s for doing studies of m a r i n e o r g a n i s m s in their
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n a t u r a l h a b i t a t . L a b o r a t o r y c l a s s - r o o m s a r e l o c a t e d o n H e l g o l a n d a n d i n List, for 50 a n d 20 p a r t i c i p a n t s , r e s p e c t i v e l y . T h e c o u r s e r o o m s a r e w e l l e q u i p p e d a n d s t u d e n t s f i n d i d e a l c o n d i t i o n s to s t u d y m a r i n e o r g a n i s m s i n d e t a i l . M o s t s t u d e n t c o u r s e s a r e r u n b y t h e U n i v e r s i t i e s t h e m s e l v e s . T h e B i o l o g i s c h e A n s t a l t H e l g o l a n d o n l y r u n s a f e w s p e c i a l c o u r s e s - a n d t w o g e n e r a l m a r i n e b i o l o g y c o u r s e s in t h e s u m m e r .
B r o c h u r e s w i t h all t h e n e c e s s a r y i n f o r m a t i o n o n h o w to a p p l y for w o r k i n g f a c i l i t i e s at t h e B i o l o g i s c h e A n s t a l t H e l g o l a n d a r e a v a i l a b l e o n r e q u e s t . In 1992, t h e I n s t i t u t e h a d its h u n d r e d t h a n n i v e r s a r y . N o w , t w o y e a r s l a t e r , m a j o r o r g a n i s a t i o n a l c h a n g e s for t h e B A H a r e b e i n g d i s c u s s e d w i t h i n t h e M i n i s t r y of R e s e a r c h a n d T e c h n o l o g y . It is to b e h o p e d t h a t g u e s t r e s e a r c h e r s a n d s t u d e n t s will also, in t h e f u t u r e , f i n d s i m i l a r l y g o o d r e s e a r c h f a c i l i t i e s as in t h e p a s t , w h e n c o m i n g to t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s o n H e l g o l a n d , List or i n H a m b u r g . In m y o p i n i o n , it is t i m e for a m a j o r n e w i n p u t i n t o t h e m o d e r n i z a t i o n of t h e l a b o r a t o r i e s . S p e c i a l e q u i p m e n t is n e e d e d for m o d e r n f i e l d s in b i o l o g y , s u c h as g e n e t i c a n d m o l e c u l a r b i o l o g y . Life o r i g i n a t e d i n t h e s e a , w h i c h h a s o f f e r e d c o n s t a n t l i v i n g c o n d i t i o n s for l o n g p e r i o d s . M a r i n e o r g a n i s m s , w h i c h d i d n o t h a v e to d e v e l o p s p e c i a l a d a p t a t i o n s l i k e o r g a m s m s l i v i n g i n f r e s h w a t e r or o n l a n d . a r e still r e l a t i v e l y s i m p l y o r g a n i z e d . T h e r e f o r e . t h e y a r e e s p e c i a l l y f a v o u r a b l e s u b j e c t s for t h e d e t e c t i o n of p r i n c i - p l e r u l e s , a n d for b a s i c r e s e a r c h in m o d e r n a r e a s of b i o l o g y . T h e B i o l o g i s c h e A n s t a l t H e l g o l a n d h a s a l o n g t r a d i t i o n i n s u p p l y i n g r e s e a r c h f a c i l i t i e s to u n i v e r s i t i e s a n d o t h e r i n s t i t u t e s . T h e s u p p l y of m o d e r n e q u i p m e n t a n d t e c h n i c a l a s s i s t a n c e b o t h w a s . a n d w i l l b e t h e b a s i s for t h e s u c c e s s f u l r e s e a r c h a c t i v i t i e s of v i s i t i n g s c i e n t i s t s a t t h e B i o l o g i s c h e A n s t a l t H e l g o l a n d .
Acknowledgements. I am spemally ti3anKiuJ to u. Alexander. wl[nout whose help this puDllcat~on would have not b e e n possible. I am further grateful to I. Renckhoff. B. Sysoew a n d W. Sisolewsky for their assistance in literature research and literature supply. My thanks are also due to two anonymous referees for constructive comments on an earlier draft of the m a n u s c r i p t
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